General Chemistry
Prof. Dr. Diyar S. Ali
[email protected] 4-01-2025
Quiz Group
Question 1: Define the three classifications of electrolytes and provide an example for each.
Question 3: Explain the differences between physical and chemical changes with an example for each.
Outline
Outline 12-1-2025
• Learning Outcomes • Atomic Number
• What is the importance of Chemistry? • Atomic Mass
• Chemistry for our Health • Isotopes
• Is chemistry essential to being a good pharmacist? • Key to the Periodic Table
• Medicines or Drugs and Chemistry • Periodicity
• Sources of drug molecules • Chemical Formulas
• Atom • Ions
Learning Outcomes
• Exploring the Role of Chemistry in Pharmaceuticals: Students will be able to
explain how chemistry contributes to drug development, design, and formulation.
• Understanding Matter: Students will be able to classify matter based on its
physical and chemical properties and distinguish between its states.
• Exploring Atomic Structure: Students will be able to describe the fundamental
components of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and their
roles.
What is the importance of Chemistry?
• It is the science of the composition, structure, properties, and reaction of
matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.
1- Understanding chemical structures and properties of drugs
2- Drug design and synthetic chemistry
3- Drug formulation/compounding
4- Pharmacokinetics and metabolism
Chemistry
Chemistry is a fundamental, essential scientific discipline that forms
the foundation for pharmacy education. An in-depth understanding of
chemistry principles is critical for pharmaceutical students as it
underlies all aspects of the pharmacist’s role in drug design,
development, formulation, manufacturing, compounding, quality
control, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and more.
Chemistry for our Health
• Chemistry plays an important role in maintaining proper health for all
of us globally.
Chemistry is well used as a diagnostic and treatment tool.
Toothache
Stomachache
Headache
• Chemistry is central to advancing our understanding of the human
body and developing interventions to maintain and improve health.
The interdisciplinary nature of medical and health sciences relies
heavily on the principles and applications of chemistry.
Life is Chemistry
70-90% Water
Life is chemistry
• All living organisms are composed of numerous organic
substances.
• The evolution of life begins from one single organic
compound called a nucleotide.
• Nucleotides join together to form the building blocks of
life. Our identities, heredities and continuation of
generations are all governed by chemistry,
Is chemistry essential to being a good pharmacist?
1- Chemistry has played a major role in pharmaceutical advances,
forensic science
2- Chemistry plays an important role in understanding diseases and their
remedies, i.e. drugs..
Medicines or Drugs and Chemistry
Medicines or drugs that we take to treat various ailments are
organic or inorganic chemicals. However, most drugs are organic
molecules.
• The most popular and widely used analgesic drug was Aspirin
• Aspirin is chemically known as acetyl salicylic acid
Aspirin
Acetyl salicylic acid
Sources of drug molecules
1-Natural, e.g. narcotic analgesic, morphine, from Papaver somniferum (Poppy plant)
2-Synthetic, e.g. a popular analgesic and antipyretic, paracetamol.
3-Semi-synthetic, e.g., semi-synthetic penicillin.
Whatever the source is, chemistry is involved in all processes in the discovery phase.
For example, if a drug molecule has to be purified from a natural source, e.g. a plant,
processes such as extraction, isolation, and identification are used, and all these
processes involve chemistry.,
Drug development steps
Chemistry is important in drug development steps, especially in the
pre-formulation and formulation studies, the structures and the
physical properties, e.g. solubility and pH. It is also important to
determine storage conditions. Drugs having an ester functionality,
e.g. aspirin, could be quite unstable in the presence of moisture and
should be kept in a dry and cool place.
Key Definitions of Today’s Atom.
An atom : consists of a central nucleus that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons. Each
electron is negatively charged. The nucleus is positively charged, and contains one or more
relatively heavy particles known as protons and neutrons.
Proton – positive part of the atom; found in the center of the atom
(nucleus).
Neutron – neutral (no charge) part of the atom; found in the center of
the atom
Electron- negative part of the atom; found circling the center of the
atom.
Nucleus – center of the atom; home of the proton and neutron; has
the majority of the mass of the atom.
Atom.
Atomic Number (Z)
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is
characteristic of a chemical element and determines its place in the
periodic table.
• No two elements, have the same number of protons.
Atomic Number (Z)
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons:
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass : is the sum of
the masses of the protons,
neutrons, and electrons in an
atom, or the average mass,
in a group of atoms. ...
This is a helium atom. Its
atomic mass is approximately
4 (2 protons plus 2 neutrons).
What is its atomic number?
Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) is approximately the total
number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Isotopes
• While some atoms have equal numbers of protons as neutrons, most don’t.
• All of the atoms of an element don’t need to have the same number of neutrons.
• Atoms of one element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
• The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of all of the element’s
isotopes. That’s why the atomic mass is usually a decimal number.
• Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes
Isotopes
Key to the Periodic Table
• A systematic catalog of
elements.
• Elements are arranged in
order of atomic number.
Key to the Periodic Table
• Elements are organized on the table according to their atomic
number, usually found near the top of the square.
• The atomic number refers to how many protons an atom of
that element has.
• For instance, hydrogen has 1 proton, so it’s atomic number is
1. The atomic number is unique to that element. No two
elements have the same atomic number.
Key to the Periodic Table
Element :A substance that cannot be
chemically decomposed into more
simple substances. The elements from
hydrogen (proton number 1) to
uranium (92) all occur naturally on
earth, with the exception of technetium
(43), which is produced artificially by
particle bombardment. The elements
with proton number higher than 92 are
the transuranic elements. The
transuranics are all synthesized.
Periodicity
When one looks at the chemical properties of elements, one notices
a repeating pattern of reactivities.
Key to the Periodic Table
• The rows on the periodic chart
are periods.
• Columns are groups.
• Elements in the same group
have similar chemical
properties.
Groups
These five groups are known by their names.
Chemical Formulas
The subscript to the right of the symbol
of an element tells the number of atoms
of that element in one molecule of the
compound.
Molecular Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Molecular compounds are composed of
molecules.
Diatomic Molecules
These seven elements occur naturally as molecules containing two atoms.
Types of Formulas
• Empirical formulas give the lowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each
element in a compound.
• Molecular formulas give the exact number of atoms of each element in a
compound.
Example: ethane:
Empirical formula: CH3
Molecular formula: C2H6
Types of Formulas
• Structural formulas show the order in
which atoms are bonded.
• Perspective drawings also show the
three-dimensional array of atoms in a
compound.
Ions
• When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become ions. Often they lose or gain electrons to have
the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas.
• Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left side of the periodic chart.
• Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right side of the periodic chart.
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