Module 6
PROTEINS
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Define Recognize Classify
Define Recognize the Classify the
proteins different different
characteristics, proteins
structure
through the
formation of
peptide
linkages
Why do our
bodies
need
PROTEINS?
PROTEINS • Came from the Greek word
“PROTEIOS” meaning “pre-
eminence” or of first
importance
• Most important
macromolecule
• Organic compounds of high
molecular weight
(macromolecular) made up of
many amino acids joined
together by means of peptide
linkages.
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
OF HYDROLYSIS
PROTEINS PRODUCTS:
1. SIMPLE PROTEINS
A. ALBUMINS
• Soluble in water and dilute neutral salt
solutions
• Members of this group are:
a.1. serum albumin – blood
a.2. lactalbumin – milk
a.3. ovalbumin – egg white
B. GLOBULINS
• Soluble in neutral dilute salt solutions but not in water
• Members of this group are:
b.1. ovoglobulin – egg white
b.2. edestin – hempseed
b.3. legumin – peas
b.4. myosinogen – muscles
b.5. serum globulin – blood
C. GLUTELINS
• Soluble in dilute acids and
alkalies but insoluble in
neutral solvents
• Examples:
c.1. glutenin – wheat
c.2. oryzenin – rice
D. PROLAMINES
• Insoluble in ordinary solvent
but soluble in 70% alcohol at
about neutral point
• Present in plants such as:
d.1. gliadin – wheat
d.2. zein – corn
d.3. hordein – barley
E. HISTONES
• Soluble in water, dilute acids and alkalines but
not in dilute ammonia
• Not readily coagulated by heat
• Examples;
e.1. globin – hemoglobin
e.2. thymus histone
e.3. scobrone – mackerel
F. PROTAMINES
• COntain small number of amino
acids
• Soluble in water and dilute acids
and alkalines
• Not coagulated by heat
• Strongly basic and form soluble
salts with strong mineral acids
• Example: salmin – salmon sperm
G. SCLEROPROTEINS
(Albuminoids)
• Soluble in water and neutral solvents
• Examples:
g.1. keratin – epidermal tissues
g.2. elastin – ligaments
g.3. collagen – hides, bones and cartilages
ACCORDING TO
HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS:
CLASSIFICATION
OF PROTEINS 2. CONJUGATED
PROTEINS
NUCLEOPROTEINS
• Combination of histones and protamines with nucleic acids
• Soluble in dilute solutions of NaCl and can be extracted from the tissues
by the use of this solvent
GLYCOPROTEINS
• Compounds of proteins with a carbohydrate component
• Utilized for lubricating purposes in view if their slimy
nature
• Not digested by the enzymes of the GIT
PHOSPHOPROTEINS
• Have the prosthetic group (H3PO4) joined to the protein molecule
• Examples:
• c.1. casein
• c.2. vitelin
CHROMOPROTEINS
• Protein compounds with hematin or similar pigments in their
molecules
LIPOPROTEINS
• Have fatty substances combined with their molecules like lecithin, cephalin etc.
ACCORDING TO
HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS:
CLASSIFICATION
OF PROTEINS 3. DERIVED PROTEINS
• Include substances formed
from simple and conjugated
proteins
TWO DIVISIONS OF DERIVED PROTEINS:
1. PRIMARY PROTEIN DERIVATIVES
• Have undergone slight intramolecular rearrangement through the
hydrolytic action of certain physical and chemical agents
PROTEANS
• Insoluble substances resulting from the preliminary action of water, dilute
acids or enzymes
METAPROTEANS
• Soluble in weak acids and alkalines but insoluble in neutral salt solution
• Examples:
• b.1. acid metaproteans – acid albuminate
• b.2. alkali metaproteans – alkali albuminate
COAGULATED PROTEINS
• Insoluble products resulting from either the action of heat, alcohol,
ultraviolet rays or even simple mechanical shaking
2. SECONDARY PROTEIN DERIVATIVES
• Products of more extensive hydrolysis
• Mixtures of fragments of original protein varying in composition and size
PRIMARY PROTEOSES SECONDARY PROTEOSES
• Precipitated by conc. HNO3 and • Precipitated only by complete
by half saturation with saturation with ammonium sulfate
(NH4)2SO4 or ZnSO4 but not with nitric acid or picric acid
• Not coagulated by heat
PEPTONES
• Not coagulated by heat and not precipitated by saturation with ammonium sulfate
but by certain alkaloidal reagents such as phosphotungstic and tannic acids
PEPTIDES
• Are combinations of two or more amino acids, the carboxyl group of one
being united with the amino group of the other
• Examples: di, tri, tetra, penta and poly peptide
ACCORDING TO
BIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE:
CLASSIFICATION
OF PROTEINS
1. TRANSPORT PROTEINS
2. STORAGE PROTEINS
• Store small molecules and ions
3. CONTRACTILE PROTIENS
• Conduction of nerve impulses
4. STRUCTURAL PROTIEN
• Provide mechanical support and
structure
• Examples:
• COLLAGEN – for mechanical strength
of bones
• KERATIN – hair
5. PROTECTION PROTIENS 6. CATALYTIC PROTIENS
• “natural defense proteins” • Used to catalyze biochemical reactions
7. CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
• Hormonal action
Almost all of the compounds in the body are protein in nature
ACCORDING TO
CONFORMATION /
SHAPE:
CLASSIFICATION
OF PROTEINS
A. FIBRUOS
A. FIBROUS PROTEINS
• EXAMPLES:
1. Collagen – most important protein in human connective tissue
2. Elastin – similar to collagen but cannot be converted to gelatin
3. Keratin – insoluble, indigestible, fibrous protein
B. GLOBULAR PROTEINS C. MIXED PROTEINS
• Major component of hair, nails and • Resembles fibrous protein in
feathers terms of strength
• Polypeptides are arranged in compact
spherical forms
• Soluble in water
REFERENCES
• Espino-Cabatit (1988) Biochemistry 12th ed. UST
Press, Manila.
• Vasudevan, D. (1395). Textbook of BIOCHEMISTRY
for Medical Students (7th Editio). Jaypee Brothers
MedicalL Publishers (P) LTD.
THANK YOU
