1/8/2025

Work Energy And Power

Class 9

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Work Energy And Power

Class 9

WHAT IS KNOWN AS WORK?

work is done when a force produces a displacement in an object; it

is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the distance moved
in the direction of the force.

 Formula: Work = Force x Displacement

 Unit: Joule (J)
One joule of work is said to be done on an object when a force of 1 N
displaces the object by 1 m along the line of action of force

Work is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude and no direction.

What Is Energy?
There are different forms of energy on earth. The sun is considered the elemental form
of energy on earth. In physics, energy is considered a quantitative property that can be
transferred from an object to perform work. Hence, we can define energy as the
strength to do any kind of physical activity. Thus, in simple words, we can define energy
as,

Energy is the ability to do work

The SI unit of energy is Joule

Units of Energy
The International System of Units of measurement of energy is joule. The unit of energy
is named after James Prescott Joule. Joule is a derived unit equal to the energy
expended in applying a force of one Newton through a distance of one meter.

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However, energy is also expressed in many other units not part of the SI, such as ergs,
calories, British Thermal Units, kilowatt-hours, and kilocalories, which require a
conversion factor when expressed in SI units.

Different Types of Energy

Although there are many forms of energy, it is broadly categorized into:

1. Kinetic Energy
2. Potential Energy

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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the object’s motion. Objects in motion are capable of causing
a change or are capable of doing work .this also known as thermal energy. The average thermal energy
of a group of molecules is what we call temperature, and when thermal energy is transferred between two
objects, it’s known as heat.

Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the measure of the work an object can do by the virtue of its motion.
Definition

Kinetic Energy The SI unit of kinetic energy is Joules which is equal to kg-m2s-2
Units

Kinetic Energy A river flowing at a certain speed exhibits kinetic energy as the water possesses both
Examples velocity and mass.

Kinetic Energy Translational Kinetic Energy, Rotational Kinetic Energy, Vibrational Kinetic Energy,
Types Thermal Kinetic Energy, Electrical Kinetic Energy

Different Types of Kinetic Energy:

Radiant energy
 Radiant energy is the type of energy that travels by waves or particles. This energy is
created through electromagnetic waves and is most commonly experienced by humans in
the form of heat. Following are a few examples of radiant energy:

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 When you turn on an incandescent light bulb, it gives off two forms of energy. There is visible
light and heat that is generated. Both these generated energies are a form of radiant energy.
 Sunlight is an example of radiant energy.

Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is similar to radiant energy and is experienced in the form of heat or
warmth. While radiant energy refers to waves or particles, thermal energy describes the
activity level among the atoms and molecules in an object. This is the only difference
between radiant energy and thermal energy. Some examples of thermal energy include:

 The geothermal energy that comes from the decay of natural minerals and the volcanic
action of the earth is an example of thermal energy.
 When you heat up the pizza in the oven, you raise the pizza’s temperature. The molecules
that make up the pizza move more quickly when the pizza is piping hot.
 The warmth you feel emanating from the engine is an example of thermal energy.

Sound Energy
Humans experience the vibrations that reach the human ear as sound. The disturbance
moves in the form of waves through a medium like air and reaches our eardrum. On
reaching the eardrum, these vibrations are converted into electrical signals and sent to
the brain, which we interpret as the sensation of sound.

Electrical Energy
The flow of negatively charged electrons around a circuit results in electricity which we
more commonly refer to as electrical energy.

Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the mechanical movement of objects.
This type of energy can also be referred to as motion energy.

Potential Energy

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Potential energy is the energy stored in an object or system of objects. Potential energy
can transform into a more obvious form of kinetic energy.

Both potential energy and kinetic energy form mechanical energy.

Mechanical energy = K.E + P.E

Different Types Of Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its vertical position
or height. A book on a high bookshelf has a higher gravitational potential energy than a
book on the bottom bookshelf.

Gravitational Potential Energy Examples

 River water at the top of a waterfall
 A book on a table before it falls
 A car that is parked at the top of a hill

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is stored as a result of applying a force to deform an elastic
object. The energy is stored until the force is removed and the object springs back to its
original shape, doing work in the process. The deformation could involve compressing,
stretching or twisting the object.

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Elastic Potential Energy Examples

 A spring that is coiled
 The string of an archer’s bow is pulled back
 Rubber band that has been stretched

Chemical Potential Energy

Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of the substance.
The energy can be absorbed and released due to a change in the particle number of the
given species.

Chemical Potential Energy Examples

 Before the sun shines on the green leaves (potential photosynthesis)
 Gasoline before it is ignited
 Fireworks before they are launched

Electric Potential Energy

Electric potential energy is the energy that is needed to move a charge against an
electric field.

Electric Potential Energy Examples

 An incandescent light bulb that is turned off
 A radio tower that is not working
 A black-light turned off
 A television before it is turned on

Energy Conversion: Transfer and Transform

We know energy can be transferred from one form to another. The movement of energy
from one location to another is known as energy transfer. We notice various energy
transformations happening around us.

Following are the four ways through which energy can be transferred:

 Mechanically – By the action of force

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 Electrically – Electrically
 By Radiation – By Light waves or Sound waves
 By Heating – By conduction, convection, or radiation

The process which results in the energy changing from one form to another is known as
energy transformation. While energy can be transformed or transferred, the total
amount of energy does not change – this is called energy conservation.

Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of energy conservation is one of physics’s basic laws. It governs the
microscopic motion of individual atoms in a chemical reaction. The law of conservation
of energy states that “In a closed system, i.e., a system that is isolated from its
surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved.” According to the law, the
total energy in a system is conserved even though energy transformation occurs.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be converted from one form to
another.

Q1

What happens to the total energy of the object falling

freely towards the ground?
The energy remains constant.
Q2

What happens to the energy of a body on which work

is done?

The body gains more energy.

Q3

What is the commercial unit of energy?

The commercial unit of energy is Kilowatt-hour.

Q4

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Can energy be stored?

Yes, energy can be stored. One efficient way to store energy is in the form of chemical energy in
a battery. When connected to a circuit, energy stored in the battery is released to produce
electricity.
Energy can also be stored in many other ways. Batteries, gasoline, natural gas, food, water
towers, a wound-up alarm clock, and a Thermos flask with hot water all store energy.
Q5

Which of the following is the energy possessed by its

position?
 Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
 Mechanical Energy
 Electrical Energy

BASIC PRICIPLES
1. WORK ENERGY THEOREM

THE WORK ENERGY THEOREM STATS:

THE NET WORK DONE ON AN OBJECT IS EQUAL TO THE CHANGE IN

ITS KINETIC ENERGY

THIS MEANS THAT WHEN WORK IS DONE ON AN OBJECT, IT EITHER

GAINS OR LOSSES KINETIC ENERGY DEPENDING ON WEATHER THE
WORK IS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

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2. PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

IN THE ABSENCE OF NON CONSERVATIVE FORCES (EG FRICTION OF

AIR RESISTENCE )

THE TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM REMAINS

CONSTANT ;

MECHANICAL ENERGY= K.E + P.E

WHERE;

. KE = KINETIC ENERGY

PE = POTENTIAL ENERGY

3. WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE

W = F·d = Fdcosθ
Where
F is the magnitude of the force

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D is the displacement
θis the angle between the force and the direction of displacement
special cases:
1, θ= 0degree W=F.D (force is in the direction of motion)
2, θ= 90degree W=0 ( force is perpendicular to motion )
3, θ= 180degree W= -F.D ( force opposes motion )
4. Gravitational Potential Energy
The potential energy of an object due to its height above the ground
is:
PE = mgh
Where:
• m is the mass,
• g is the acceleration due to gravity,
• h is the height.
5. Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of an object in motion is:

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Where:
• M is the mass,
• V is the velocity.
6. Power
Power is the rate at which work is done:

Where:
• W is the work done,
• t is the time taken.

If force and velocity are constant, power can also be expressed as:
P = F. v
7. Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change from
one form to another. In a closed system, the total energy remains
constant.

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Total energy ( initial) = total energy ( final )

8. Relation Between Work and Potential Energy

Work done by gravity or any conservative force results in a change

in potential energy:

If an object moves upward against gravity, the work done increases

its potential energy. If it moves downward, potential energy
decreases.

9. Work Done Against Friction

The work done against friction is:

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• is the coefficient of kinetic friction,

• N is the normal force.

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