ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
BAS104/204
UNIT-2
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
BY: Mr. ANUPAM RATN,
ASTT. PROFESSOR,
APPLIED SCIENCE DEPT.
LECTURE-10: INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
The resources which have been provided by the nature for the survival of
living beings are known as natural resources.
For ex: Air, water, soil, sunlight, plants (forests), animals, minerals, metals,
fossil fuels, nuclear fuels etc.
LECTURE-10: INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES……………….
INEXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES OR PERPETUAL RESOURCES:
These resources are unlimited or unending and are not likely to be
exhausted (=finished) by human activities. These resources naturally
perpetuate (=continuously forming) themselves. Human activities can alter
(=change) the quality of these resources but not their quantity.
For example: Sunlight, wind, water (rainfall), tides etc.
EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES:
These resources are limited. Both quantity and quality of these resources
can be altered by human activities. These resources are of two types-
RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
The resources which can be renewed (=regenerated=recycled) by nature or
human activities after a time interval are known as renewable resources.
For ex: Plants (forests), animals, soil, and groundwater etc.
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES:
These resources are formed in nature over millions of years and which
once exhausted, can not be recycled or regenerated in short time.
For ex: Fossil fuels (Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas), minerals, metals and
nuclear fuels etc.
VARIOUS FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
DEPLETION/DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES ????
Population Growth (Over Population):
Uneven (unequal) distribution of Resources:
Technological And Industrial Development:
For technological and industrial development we need
three things-
– A huge area of land
– Huge consumption of water
– Huge amount of energy
Overuse and Irrational use of Natural Resources:
THE IMPACTS OF RESOURCE DEPLETION
ON ENVIRONMENT?
Ecological imbalance (i.e., imbalance in nature)
Environmental Pollution
Shortage of materials (such as metals, minerals, coal, oil etc.)
Struggle for existence (Competition, fight, war etc.)
Starvation (=death due to hunger)
Slackening (= to slow down) of economic growth of a Nation
LECTURE-11: WATER RESOURCES (DISTRIBUTION,
SOURCES & QUALITY ASPECTS)
WATER CYCLE = HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
“The movement of water from land to ocean, from ocean to
atmosphere and from atmosphere back to land is called
hydrological cycle or water cycle”.
CORE CAUSES OF WATER CRISIS IN THE
WORLD:
Increasing population: More population put more
demand of water for various purposes------
– Increasing demand of water for domestic purpose
– Increasing demand of water for irrigation purpose
– Increasing demand of water for industrial purposes
Pollution of surface and ground water by human
beings:
Sedimentation in ground water:
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
OF WATER RESOURCE:
Reduction in consumption of water:-
-in domestic activities
-in agricultural activities
-in industrial activities
Rainwater harvesting technique
Watershed management
Development of appropriate technology:
– Development of technology for treatment
of waste water treatment.
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
LECTURE-12: WATER BORNE & WATER INDUCED DISEASES,
ARSENIC & FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN DRINKING WATER
LECTURE-12: WATER BORNE & WATER INDUCED DISEASES,
ARSENIC & FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN DRINKING WATER……
LECTURE-12: WATER BORNE & WATER INDUCED DISEASES,
ARSENIC & FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN DRINKING WATER……
LECTURE-12: WATER BORNE & WATER INDUCED DISEASES,
ARSENIC & FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN DRINKING WATER……
LECTURE-12: WATER BORNE & WATER INDUCED DISEASES,
ARSENIC & FLUORIDE PROBLEM IN DRINKING WATER……
MINAMATA DISEASE
BLUE BABY SYNDROME
LECTURE-13: MATERIAL OR BIO-GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES,
CARBON, NITROGEN AND SULPHUR CYCLES
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS……………………..
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS……………………..
FOSSIL FUELS: The fuels which are preserved under the
earth’s crust as the remains of plants and animals are called fossil
fuels.
For ex: Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
COAL (=BLACK GOLD):
Coal is a complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Small amount of nitrogen and sulphur also occurs in coal.
It is found in deep coal mines under the surface of earth.
Coal is mainly burnt in thermal power stations to produce
electricity.
DISADVANTAGES (LIMITATIONS):
Environmental pollution: Burning of coal releases gases such as
CO, CO2, SO2, NO2 etc, which are a major cause of air pollution
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS……………………..
PETROLEUM: [PETRO=ROCK, OLEUM=OIL]
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS……………………..
NUCLEAR ENERGY (NUCLEAR FUELS)
LECTURE-14: ENERGY RESOURCES: CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY- FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS),
NUCLEAR FUELS……………………..
NUCLEAR ENERGY (NUCLEAR FUELS)
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
ADVANTAGES (MERITS) OF SOLAR ENERGY:
Inexhaustible
Pollution free
Eco-friendly
People friendly
Used for generation of electricity in space satellites
Cost effective
DISADVANTAGES OR LIMITATIONS:
Solar energy reaches the surface of earth in diffused form.
Solar energy is not available uniformly all the time and at all
the places of the earth.
Solar energy is stored in Solar cells (=photovoltaic cells)
which are very costly.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
WIND ENERGY
The moving air is called wind. The wind has kinetic energy due to its high
speed. The kinetic energy of wind is used to run windmills (i.e. machines which
work with the kinetic energy of the wind).
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
WIND ENERGY………
The minimum speed required to operate a wind mill is 15 km per
hour (15 km/h).
The windmills are used for grinding grains, lifting water and to
produce electricity.
DISADVANTAGES (LIMITATIONS):
It is not available all the time and at all the places.
It depends on the velocity of wind.
Wind energy farms can’t be established everywhere. They can be
established only at such places where wind speed is 15 km/h for the
most part of the year.
Setting up of wind energy farms is highly expensive.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
BIOMASS ENERGY OR BIO-ENERGY (BIOGAS /GOBAR GAS)
BIOMASS:
“Energy containing organic matter present in living organism, their
waste and residue is termed as biomass”. For ex: Cattle dung, plant
waste etc.
BIOENERGY or BIOMASS ENERGY:
“Bio-energy refers to various forms of energy generated from
biomass by using biotechnological methods”. For ex: Biogas
BIOGAS (GOBAR GAS):
It is a fuel obtained from animal dung indirectly. Biogas is produced
by anaerobic fermentation (decomposition in absence of air) of
animal dung and plant waste in biogas plant (digester tank).
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
BIOMASS ENERGY OR BIO-ENERGY (BIOGAS /GOBAR GAS)
BIOGAS (GOBAR GAS):
Composition of biogas: Biogas is a mixture of:
Methane (CH4)-63%,
Carbon-di-oxide (CO2)-30%,
Hydrogen (H2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Nitrogen (N2) -7%
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
BIOMASS ENERGY OR BIO-ENERGY (BIOGAS /GOBAR GAS)
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
HYDRO ENERGY (HYDEL ENERGY OR HYDRO POWER)
Flowing water has energy (kinetic energy) in it. In a hydroelectric
power station, water is stored in a reservoir. This stored water is
allowed to fall from a great height which rotates the wheels
(blades) of turbine. The turbine rotates the generators to produce
electricity (hydroelectricity).
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
HYDRO ENERGY (HYDEL ENERGY OR HYDRO POWER)
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
VARIOUS BENEFITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH DAMS/RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS/HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Purpose or benefits of dams:
For power generation (=hydroelectric generation)
Irrigation during dry period
Fish farming (= fishery)
Flood control and soil protection
Transfer of water to water deficit areas through canals
Provide drinking water in remote areas
Effects or environmental problems due to dams:
Deforestation
Loss of flora and fauna
Displacement of tribal people
Resettlement & rehabilitation problem of displaced people
During earth quakes dams can collapse which results in flash flood which result in loss of
life and property.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
TIDAL WAVE ENERGY
The energy from rise and fall of tides in the ocean is called tidal energy. Tides are
caused due to the gravitational pull of moon and due to earth’s rotation. The
tidal movement of water has a lot of energy which is used to produce electricity.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
It is the heat energy from interior of the earth. This heat energy is
utilized for power generation. .
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
HYDROGEN ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUTURE
SOURCE OF ENERGY:
Hydrogen is the simplest element known to man. It is the most
plentiful (abundant) gas in the universe.
Since hydrogen does not exist on earth as a gas, we must
separate it from other elements. We can separate hydrogen atoms
by decomposition of water.
It can also be easily obtained from natural gas or methanol or
coal.
Hydrogen acts as the basic requirement for fuel cells (Hydrogen-
Oxygen Fuel Cell)
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical
energy of fuel in to electrical energy.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
HYDROGEN ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUTURE SOURCE
OF ENERGY:
A Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell consists of electrolyte (NaOH or KOH) sandwiched
between two electrodes (porous graphite electrodes). Fuel cells need hydrogen
to generate electricity.
LECTURE-15: NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY:
SOLAR, WIND, HYDRO, TIDAL, GEOTHERMAL, BIOMASS &
HYDROGEN (AS FUTURE SOURCE OF ENERGY)
HYDROGEN ENERGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUTURE SOURCE
OF ENERGY:
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF HYDROGEN:
As energy carrier because it is renewable and non-polluting.
In electricity production using fuel cells
As a fuel for zero emission vehicles
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN AS FUEL:
It has very less emissions.
It is a pollution free fuel.
It bears a high level of energy
It bears a higher efficiency rates.
DISADVANTAGE:
Its low availability in pure hydrogen form in the environment.
Highly inflammable and explosive.
Safe handling is required for using hydrogen as a fuel.
High safety measures in storage and transportation.
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
DEFORESTATION
Deforestation means removal (=cutting down the trees)
or destruction of forest cover or felling of trees of an
area.
CAUSES OR FACTORS LEADING TO DEFORESTATION:
The forests are being cut or cleared because of the following reasons:
For Fuel wood:.
For Agricultural purpose:
For Development projects:.
Industrial purposes:
Urbanization
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
DEFORESTATION……
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION:
Loss of greenery
Difficulty in survival of tribal people.
Destruction of habitat of wild animals
Loss of wild animals
Loss of biodiversity
Decrease in rainfall
Environmental pollution
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
DEFORESTATION……
CONTROL OF DEFORESTATION:
Public participation through environmental education,
training and creating awareness.
By Afforestation & Reforestation programme
Use of alternative resources of energy in place of fuel
wood
Unauthorized felling of trees should be stopped
By Joint Forest Management Programme
Establishment of National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries
Implementation of rules and regulation (For ex: Forest
Conservation Act, 1980)
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
FOREST CONSERVATION
The following measures are recommended for the
conservation of forests:
Environmental awareness and public participation
"Tree for a tree” principle should be adopted
By Afforestation & Reforestation programme
Use of alternative resources of energy in place of fuel wood
Unauthorized felling of trees should be stopped
By Joint Forest Management Programme
Establishment of National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries
Implementation of rules and regulation (For ex: Forest
Conservation Act, 1980)
LECTURE-16: FOREST RESOURCES (AVAILABILITY),
FUNCTIONS OF FOREST, DEFORESTATION
(ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND CONTROL MEASURES)
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS
Various environmental movements, held time to time for the
conservation of forests.
For example:
a) BISHNOI MOVEMENT
b) CHIPKO MOVEMENT
c) APPIKO MOVEMENT
d) SILENT VALLEY MOVEMENT
THANK YOU
