BMSINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(An Autonomous Institution)
Avalahalli, Doddaballapura Main Road, Bengaluru – 560064
CCA PROJECT ON ELECTRONICS
2024-2025/ ODD SEM
NAME OF THE STUDENT : Pawan J
Gowda
SECTION : CSE-3
USN : 24UG1BYCS702-T
ROLL NO. : 44
DATE OF SUBMISSION :9/1/25
SIGN OF THE FACULTY Submittedto:
MARKS OBTAINED : Dr.RASHMI N
AIM:Design and develop a 5.1V, 1000 mWZener Voltage regulator.
THEORY :
Zener Diode
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the
forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction
when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or ‘zener’ voltage. Zener
diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example
just 2.4 Volts.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Function of Zener Diode
1. Zener diodes are a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in
the forward direction.
2. Zener diodes will also allow current to flow in the reverse direction when
the voltage is above a certain value. This breakdown voltage is known as
the Zener voltage. In a standard diode, the Zener voltage is high, and the
diode is permanently damaged if a reverse current above that value is
allowed to pass through it.
3. In the reverse bias direction, there is practically no reverse current flow
until the breakdown voltage is reached. When this occurs there is a sharp
increase in reverse current. Varying amount of reverse current can pass
through the diode without damaging it. The breakdown voltage or zener
voltage (VZ) across the diode remains relatively constant.
Zener Diode As A Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC voltage
independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations. A
Zener diode of break down voltage VZ is reverse connected to an input voltage
source VI across a load resistance RL and a series resistor RS. The voltage across
the zener will remain steady at its break down voltage VZ for all the values of
zener current IZ as long as the current remains in the break down region. Hence a
regulated DC output voltage V0=VZ is obtained across RL, whenever the input
voltage remains within a minimum and maximum voltage. Basically there are
two type of regulations such as: Line Regulation: In this type of regulation,
series resistance and load resistance are fixed, only input voltage is changing.
Output voltage remains the same as long as the input voltage is maintained above
a minimum value. Load Regulation: In this type of regulation, input voltage is
fixed and the load resistance is varying. Output volt remains same, as long as the
load resistance is maintained above a minimum value.
Line Regulation
Figure 3
In Line Regulation, Load resistance is constant and input voltage varies. VI must
be sufficiently large to turn the Zener Diode ON.
VL=VZ=VImin×RL(RS+RL)
So, the minimum turn-on voltage VImin is :
VImin=VZ×(RS+RL)RL
The maximum value of VI is limited by the maximum zener current IZmax
IRmax=IZmax+IL
IL is fixed at :
VZRL
Since, VL=VZ
So maximum VI is
VImax=VRmax+VZVImax=IRmax×R+VZFor VI < VZVO=VIFor VI >
VZVO=VI−IS×RS
Load Rotation
Figure 4
In Load Regulation , input voltage is constant and Load resistance varies. Too
small a Load Resistance RL,will result in VTh < VZ and Zener Diode will be OFF.
VL=VZ=VImin×RL(RS+RL)
So the minimum load resistance RL
RLmin=VZ×RSVI−VZ
Any load resistance greater than RLmin will make Zener Diode ON
IS=IL+IZ
RLmin will establish maximum IL as
ILmax=VLRLmin=VZRLminSince,VL=VZ
VS is the voltage drop across RS
VS=VImin−VZ
IS=VImin−VZRS
For RL <RLmin
VO=VI
For RL >RLmin
Procedure:
Zener Diode - Line Regulation
1. Set the Zener Voltage(VZ)
2. Set the Series Resistance (RS) value.
3. Set the Load Resistance (RL) value.
4. Vary DC voltage.
5. Voltmeter is placed parallel to load resistor and ammeter series with the
series resistor.
6. Choose appropriate DC voltage such that zener diode is 'on'.
7. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for various DC voltage.
8. Note the Load current(IL), zener current(IZ), Output voltage(VO)
9. Calculate the voltage regulation.
Figure:1
Zener Diode - Load Regulation
1. Set DC voltage.
2. Set the Series Resistance (RS) value.
3. 1W D0-41 Glass Zener Diode 1N4740A, Zener voltage is 10 V.
4. Vary the Load Resistance (RL).
5. Voltmeter is placed parallel to load resistor and ammeter series with the
series resistor.
6. Choose Load Resistance in such a manner, such that the Zener diode is 'on'.
7. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for various Load Resistance.
8. Increase the load resistance (RL).
9. Note the Load current (IL), zener current (IZ), Output voltage(VO)
10. Calculate the voltage regulation.
Figure: 2
Zener Characteristics
1. Select the diode
2. Set the rheostat Rh=1 Ω
3. By adjusting the rheostat, voltmeter reading is increased from 0 and in each
time note the corresponding reading in milliammeter.
4. Take the readings and note Voltmeter reading across Zener diode and
Ammeter reading.
5. Plot the V-I graph and observe the change.
Zener Diode - LINE Regulator
CONTROLS
DC volt : VoltVolt
ZenerDiode(VZ):Resistance Ohms
(RS): Ohms
Resistance(RL):
––
AddtoTable Plot Clear
20 20
RS 1030 1030
040 0 40
1000 IS 14.9 IL 2.55
102030 51015
040 020
IZ 12.350
V 5.10
VDC 20
RL 2000
5.1
GRAPH PLOT
Print
INFERENCE:
In the Zener diode experiment, the key inference is that a Zener diode operates
in reversbreakdown region, maintaining a constant voltage across its terminals
despite changes in load current. This behavior is due to the sharp breakdown
voltage, called Zener voltage, at which the diode conducts heavily in reverse
without damaging itself. This characteristic makes Zener diodes ideal for voltage
regulation purposes in circuits, as they provide a stable output voltage
regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage or load conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL TABLE
Zener Voltage(VZ): 5.1 V
Series Resistance(RS): 1 KΩ Load Resistance
(RL): 2 KΩ
Unregul Load Zener Regulate
ated d
Seri supply Current Current Output %
al (IL) (IZ) Voltag
No. voltage( mAmp mAmp Voltage( e
VS) VO) Regula
tion
V V
1 0.2 2.55 0 0.2 NaN
2 2.6 2.55 0 2.6 100
3 4.6 2.55 0 4.6 100
4 5.4 2.55 -2.250 5.10 100
5 7.4 2.55 -0.250 5.10 71.4
6 9.4 2.55 1.750 5.10 55.6
