ADVENTIST YOUTH MINISTRIES NOTES

contents

CHAPTER PAGE
1. Personal Growth, Commitment and general studies 3

2. Spiritual Discovery 13

3. Outdoor Living 34

4. Nature Studies 64

5. Friendship Development 82

6. Health And Fitness 87

7. Church Heritage 97

8. Life Enrichment 115

Pathfinder classes and their lesson plan 124

Selected references 126

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CHAPTER 1

Personal growth, commitment and general studies

Learning Objectives

1.1 Memorize and explain the meaning of the: pathfinder aim, motto, pledge and law.

1.2 Memorize the enrollment promise, purpose and agreement.

1.3 Know, sign, and explain the Legion of Honor.

1.4 State correctly the Pathfinder classes and their color codes.

1.5 Know how to sing the Pathfinder song.

1.6 Explain with biblical reference the Pathfinder emblem and flag.

1.7 Explain with biblical reference the A.Y emblem and flag.

1.8 Explain with biblical reference the Master Guide emblem and flag.

1.9 Explain with biblical reference the S.D.A logo and flag

Chapter introduction

THE PATHFINDER CLUB

It is a worldwide program organized and directed by the Youth Department of the General
Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist church which offers a wide range of learning
experiences for the young people of 10 to 15 years of age.
Each Pathfinder Club is administered by a club director, deputy directors, counselors,
instructors, chaplain, secretary (scribe) and treasurer.
The Pathfinder Club has a flag, bearing the Pathfinder‘s Club Emblem. The flag is flown at
local and conference Pathfinder programs and activities. There is a specially designed full-
dress uniform and also a field uniform.

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The Philosophy of the PF Club

The SDA Church is committed to understanding young people and training its youth for
leadership and service to humanity. Pathfindering appeals to this age group because its
program features activities that meet their needs and interests.

Areas of PF Classes
The PF classes have six main areas of study. These are General Studies, Bible Search,
Church Heritage, Nature Studies, Health and Fitness and Camping and Survival Skills.

GENERAL STUDIES AND COMMITMENTS

General Studies
This area of study concerns itself with the study of PF aim, motto, pledge, law and others
including computer studies. Here, any lessons that cannot be directly identified with any of
the five areas are learnt. For example, AY and PF Flag, PF Song (Anthem), National Anthem,
Computer Studies, etc.

Aim: “The Advent Message to All the World in My Generation‖ (Matthew 28:18-20).

Meaning
The Adventist Youth is required to send the Advent Message to the entire world. This
Message was clearly given to the disciples by Jesus when he was about to ascend to heaven
(Matthew
28:19, 20). This includes:
 Proclaiming the word to the whole world and also making disciples for Him (Matt.
28:19a)
 Baptizing anybody who believe in him in the name of the Father, the Son, and the
Holy Spirit (Matt. 28:19b)
 Teaching them (the believers) to obey everything which Jesus had commanded the
disciples. (Matt. 28:20a)
When we have done these, then He (Jesus) will be with us always, to the end of the age.
(Matt.28:20b)

Motto: ―For the Love of Christ Constrains Me‖ (2 Corinthians 5:14).

Meaning
 The love of Christ; his love to sinners constraineth me to love him, and thus labor to
induce our fellow-men to love him.
 Adventist Youth who are constrained by the love of Christ will accept the
responsibility and opportunity of joining with their fellow youth in giving the everlasting
gospel to all the world.

Pathfinder Pledge
By the Grace of God,
I will be pure and kind and true.
I will keep the pathfinder Law.
I will be a servant of God and a friend to man.

Meaning

 By the grace of God: Only as we rely on God to help us can we do His will.
 I will be pure: I will fill my mind with everything that is right and true and spend my
time in activities that will build a strong, clean character.

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 I will be kind: I will be considerate and kind not only to my fellow men but also to all
of God‗s creation.
 I will be true: I will be honest and upright in study, work, and play and can always be
counted on to do my best.
 I will keep the Pathfinder Law: I will seek to understand the meaning of the Law and
will strive to live up to its spirit, realizing that obedience to law is essential in any
organization.
 I will be a servant of God: I will pledge myself to serve God first, last, and best in
everything I am called to be or do.
 I will be a friend to man: I will live to bless others and do unto them as I would have
them do unto me.

Pathfinder Law
Is for me to:
1. Keep the morning watch
2. Do my honest part
3. Care for my body
4. Keep a level eye
5. be courteous and obedient
6. Walk softly in the sanctuary
7. Keep a song in my heart
8. Go on Gods errands.

Meaning

 Keep the morning watch: I will have personal devotional time each day.
 Do my honest part: By the power of God, I will help others, and do my duty and my
honest share, wherever I may be.
 Care for my body: I will be temperate in all things and strive to reach a high standard
of physical fitness.
 Keep a level eye: I will not lie, cheat, or deceive, and will despise dirty talk or evil
thinking.
 Jesus in all my association with others.
 Walk softly in the sanctuary: In any devotional exercise, I will show the reverence
that befits being in the special presence of God.
 Keep a song in my heart: I will be cheerful always seeking the positive side of life
and let the influence of my life be as sunshine to others.
 Go on God's errands: I will always be ready to share my faith and seek to be of
service to others as did Jesus.

Purpose
The Adventist Youth Society has for its purpose the development of the physical, mental, and
spiritual phases of the Life of a Christian youth, this includes the preparation for the spread of
the Gospel message.

My AYS Enrolment Promise

AY Society………………… Date………………..
I promise to do my honest part by the help of God, as a member of the AY Society, to live up
to its ideal and standards, to serve as best as I can, to study to be a leader and to win soul to
Christ.
Signature……………………………

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Agreement
‖Loving the Lord Jesus, I promise to take an active part in the work of the Adventist Youth
Society doing what I can to help others and to finish the work of the Gospel in all the world‖.

AY Legion of Honor
The AY Legion of Honor was first introduced at the 1953 Youth Advisory Council. Its
incentive came from a statement made by Ellen White in 1902. It first appeared in
Testimonies, Vol. 7 p.
64, and can be found in Messages to Young People, p. 270.
Young men and young women read the literature that will give you true knowledge, and
that will be a help to the entire family. Say firmly: "I will not spend precious moments in
reading that which will be of no profit to me, and which only unfits me to be of service to
others. I will devote my time and my thoughts to acquiring a fitness for God's service. I will
close my eyes to frivolous and sinful things. My ears are the Lords, and I will not listen to
the subtle reasoning of the enemy. My voice shall not in any way be subject to a will that is
not under the influence of the Spirit of God. My body is the temple of the Holy Spirit, and
every power of my being shall be Consecrated to worthy pursuits" (Testimonies for the
Church, Vol. 7, p 64).

My Covenant: I volunteer to join the AY Legion of Honor, and by the grace and power of
God I will:
 Honor Christ in that which I choose to BEHOLD.
 Honor Christ in that to which I choose to LISTEN.
 Honor Christ in the choice of places to which I GO.
 Honor Christ in the choice of ASSOCIATES.
 Honor Christ in that which I choose to SPEAK.
 Honor Christ in the care I give my BODY TEMPLE.
NB:
Let somebody read Proverbs 4:23 and Messages to Young People, page 282, and discuss
how they relate to the Legion of Honor.

The Pathfinder Song (Anthem)

Oh we are the Pathfinders‟ strong
The servants of God are we
Faithful as we match along
In kindness, truth and purity
A message to tell to the world
A truth that will set us free
King Jesus the savior‘s coming back for you and me.
The Pathfinder song was written by Henry T. Bergh in 1949.

The story of the pathfinder song.

Henry Bergh is another of those pioneers in this club who preferred to keep a low profile. When
asked to write a song he properly protested that he was neither a musician nor a composer and
promptly dismissed the notion.
He says, ―But along in May of 1949, I was driving to an appointment out on Monterey Peninsula
about 70-80 miles (110-130 km) from home. I was thinking about our Pathfinders and how they
needed a tune. Then I thought, well, at least I should write some words. So I tried to compose a poem.
I thought about the MV Pledge—pure and kind and true, with a message to go to the world. I pulled to
the side of the road, took a piece of scrap paper out of my Bible, and began to write:
Oh, we are the Pathfinders strong,
The servants of God are we

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Faithful as we march along

In kindness, truth, and purity…
―Well, I thought, that‘s not bad… I took off again for my Sabbath appointment. On my way home
afterwards, I started humming a tune of sorts; then the words began to fit in. I pulled off the road
again and jotted down some dots as I hummed the tune over. That evening I asked my wife to try and
play this thing for me from the dots on the page. I still wasn‘t confident that it was good enough for a
Pathfinder Song, so I sent it to Wayne Hooper (a well-known church musician and composer) and
asked him to edit it. He sent it back and said ‗It‘s a good song—go ahead and publish it!‖

The Pathfinder Classes

The PF Club has six main classes. The classes together with their ages and color (codes) are:
Class Age Color (codes)
Friend 10yrs Blue
Companion 11yrs Red
Explorer 12yrs Green
Ranger 13yrs Silvery Ash
Voyager 14yrs Burgundy
Guide 15yrs Gold

THE PATHFINDER EMBLEM

The pathfinder emblem has been divided into two parts namely:
Shapes and colors.
COLORS
 RED(sacrifice) reminds us of CHRIST” for GOD so loved the world, that HE gave
HIS only begotten SON, that whoever believeth in HIM should not perish but have
everlasting life)(john 3:16) *present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto
GOD*(Romans 12:1)
 GOLD(EXCELLENCE) I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in fire, that thou
mayest be rich “(rev.3:18)
*standard of measurement .The pathfinder club has high standards to help build strong
character for the kingdom of heaven.
 WHITE (purity)”He that overcometh, the same shall be clothed in white
raiment”(rev.3:5)*
we desire to have the purity and righteousness of CHRIST in our lives.
 BLUE (LOYALTY) it is the purpose of the pathfinder club to help teach us to be loyal
to our GOD in heaven , our parents etc.

SHAPES
 THE THREE SIDES,*completeness of the trinity~ Father, Son, Holy spirit.
*tripod of education ( Mental, physical and spiritual development)
 SHIELD(PROTECTION) the scriptures often refer to GOD as shield of HIS
people.(protection)*fear not … I am thy shield(gen.15:1)”above all, taking the shield of faith
where with ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked(eph.6:16)

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 SWORD (BIBLE) The sword is used in warfare. a battle is always won by offence.
we are in battle against sin and our weapon is the word of GOD” the sword of the spirit is
the word of GOD.(eph.6:17)
 INVERTED TRIANGLE*the inverted order of importance JESUS taught which is
contrary to the taught by the world. Sacrificing of one's self by placing the needs of others ahead
of our own.
The pathfinder emblem was designed in 1946 by John H. Hancock
THE PATHFINDER FLAG
Composition of the P.F. Club Flag
 The flag is divided into four equal parts through the center both vertically and
horizontally.
 The background colors are royal blue and white alternatively sewed together with the
upper left hand corner and the lower right hand corner being royal blue.
 The P.F. emblem is centered in the heart of the background.

The P.F. Flag was designed in the year 1948 by Helen Hobbs.

Proper use of the PF Flag

vi. The flag must be kept folded.
vii. It should not be drag on the ground.
viii. It must be used ceremoniously.
ix. It should not be left on the pole till the next morning.
x. It must be handled with diligent care.

A.Y EMBLEM

Meaning of the Emblem.

Blue – Loyalty (Daniel 1:8)
a. Loyalty is defined as a reflection of the character of our True Master Guide. (Dan.1:8)
b. It is the purpose of the A.Y Society to help teach us to be loyal to:
 Our God in heaven
 Our parents
 Our church

Gold/Yellow – Excellence (Rev. 3:8)

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a. "I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou may be rich" (Rev. 3:18).
b. Standard of measurement. The A.Y. Society has high standards to help build strong
character for the kingdom of heaven.
Cross – Salvation (Rom. 6:23)
a. „‟For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord‟‟
(Rom 6:23)
b. One means of salvation. (Acts 4:12)
World – People (Rev. 14:6)
a. This includes every nation, tribe, language and people. (Rev. 14:6)
b. No partition (favoritism) in the gospel proclamation. (Acts 10: 34-36).
Trumpet – Advent Message
a. Proclaim the Advent Message with a loud voice to the world. (Rev. 14:6-1 ;Matt. 28:18-
20)
b. The call of the righteous at the Second Coming. (1 Thess. 4: 16).
THE AY FLAG

Meaning of the AY Flag Colors

White (Purity)
a. "He that overcome, the same shall be clothed in white raiment" (Rev.3:5).
b. We desire to have the purity and righteousness of Christ's life in our lives. (Matt. 5:8)

Red (Sacrifice)
a. Reminds us of Christ. "For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that
whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.‖ (John 3:16)
b. "Present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God" (Rom.12: 1).
NB. See explanation for the colors in the A.Y logo for the colors in the A.Y flag.

MASTER GUIDE EMBLEM

Meaning of the Emblem

World – People (Rev. 14:6)
a. This includes every nation, tribe, language and people. (Rev. 14:6)
b. No partition (favoritism) in the gospel proclamation. (Acts 10: 34-36).
Gold/Yellow – Excellence (Rev. 3:8)
a. "I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou may be rich" (Rev. 3:18).
b. Standard of measurement. The Master Guide has high standards to help build strong
character for the kingdom of heaven.

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Blue – Loyalty (Daniel 1:8)

a. Loyalty is defined as a reflection of the character of our True Master Guide. (Dan.1:8)
b. It is the purpose of the A.Y Society to help teach us to be loyal to:
 Our God in heaven
 Our parents
 Our church

STARS
They represent the six Pathfinder Classes.

THE MASTER GUIDE FLAG

NB. See meanings for the Yellow/Gold and blue colors in the PF Emblem for further
explanation.

THE SDA FLAG AND LOGO

Meaning of the S.D.A Church Flag and

SDA Church Logo.

The Open Bible: The Bible forms the base of the design and represents the Biblical
foundation of our beliefs. It is portrayed in a fully opened position suggesting a full
acceptance of God‘s word.
The Cross: The symbol of the cross representing the gospel of salvation is positioned in the
center of the design to emphasize Christ‘s sacrifice, which is the central theme of our faith.
The Flame: This is the shape formed by three lines encircling an implied sphere. The lines
represent the three angels of Rev. 14 circling the globe and our commission to take the gospel to
the entire world. The overall shape forms a flame symbolic of the Holy Spirit.
The lines at the top of the design suggest a continued upward momentum symbolizing the
resurrection and ascension to Heaven at Christ‘s Second Coming, the ultimate focus of our faith.
White (Purity)
a. "He that overcome, the same shall be clothed in white raiment" (Rev.3:5).
b. We desire to have the purity and righteousness of Christ's life in our lives. (Matt. 5:8)

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Seventh-day Adventist Church

In 1860, the name „‟Seventh-day Adventist‟‟ was adopted by David Hewitt. Later, Ellen
White endorsed the choice.
The name reminds us of the Church members‟ readiness of waiting the Salvation of Christ at
the Second coming (Heb. 9:28)

COLORED VERSION OF THE EMBLEMS AND FLAGS.

PATHFINDER EMBLEM PATHFINDER FLAG

ADVENTIST YOUTH EMBLEM A.Y FLAG

MASTER GUIDE EMBLEM MASTER GUIDE FLAG

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CHAPTER 2
SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY I & ii

Learning Objectives

1.1.Memorize the books of the Bible and be able to place them in their general
classifications:

Old Testament
Pentateuch
Historical
Poetic
Major Prophets
Minor Prophets

New Testament
Gospels
Historical
Letters
Prophesy
1.2.Make a presentation of the love of God as demonstrated in the lives of Joseph, Jonah,
Esther, and Ruth.
1.3.Know and explain at least 15 of the Adventist doctrines
1.4.Demonstrate your knowledge of the 27 Adventist beliefs by completing one of the
following:
a. Write a paper explaining each belief
b. Give an oral presentation on each belief
c. Conduct a seminar teaching each belief
1.5.Explain the sanctuary service.
1.6.Show the connection between the earthy and heavenly sanctuary services.
1.7.Explain the Ministry of Jesus in the Heavenly Sanctuary.
N.B. objective 1.4. is a master guide requirement.

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SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY I
BIBLE SEARCH
It is an area of study that tries to give detailed lesson about the Bible and deal more
specifically with how the PF member can live with the Holy Book daily. Here, specific areas
of studies are carefully selected for each PF class.
The purpose of this section is to:
 Renew and develop the teenagers‟ confidence in the Bible as the Word of God, and
 Help them discover a saving relationship in Jesus, leading to a decision of commitment
and baptism
1. The Bible was the first book printed (about A.D. 1450).
2. The Kings James or Authorized Version of the Bible was first printed in A.D. 1611.
3. The Bible is a book that tells us about God.
4. God is the real author of the Bible (2 Tim 3:16, 17; however, He spoke through the holy men to
write it down (2 Pet 1:20, 21)
5. Acronymically, the Bible is defined as
B- Buy It. Why buy but not borrowed? Amos 8:11, 12
I- Investigate It. John 5:39
B- Believe in It. Heb 11:6
L – Learn It. Psalm 119: 105; Eph6: 11
E – Eternal Life. Titus 1: 2.
6. It has 66 books with two main parts: the Old and New Testaments.

Old Testament
1. The Old Testament has 39 books. It has been divided into five main groups.
 Law (5 books)
 History (12 books)
 Poetry (5 books)
 Major prophets (5 books)
 Minor prophets (12 books)

2. The books under each group are:

Law (Pentateuch) History Poetry
Genesis Joshua Job
Exodus Judge Psalm
Leviticus Ruth Proverbs
Numbers 1 Kings Ecclesiastes
Deuteronomy 2 Kings Song of Songs
1 Samuel
2 Samuel
1 Chronicles
2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Major Prophets Minor Prophets
Isaiah Hosea Zephaniah
Jeremiah Joel Haggai
Lamentations Amos Zechariah
Ezekiel Micah Malachi
Daniel Nahum
Habakkuk
3. The Old Testament has 929 chapters. It has 23,214 verses

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The New Testament Books

The New Testament is grouped into four (4) main areas. These are stated and briefly explained
below:
Gospel (4 books)
History (1 book)
Letters (21 books)
Prophecy (1 book)

1. The Gospel (Matthew – John)

These represent the first four books of the New Testament and tell the story of Jesus; how He was
born, how He lived, how He died and rose again.

2. History
This is the only book in the New Testament that tells us how the Church began and what
happened to some of the people who made up the early Church. The authorship of this book is
mostly credited to Luke.

3. Letters (Epistles)
These books are the actual letters written by Paul and other missionaries to the various Churches.
The books give instructions on how to live as a Christian should. Out of the 21 letters, 14 were
written by Paul. These are outlined below:
………….
Romans
I Corinthians
II Corinthians
Galatians
Ephitians
Philippians
Colosians
I Thessalonians
II Thessalonians
I Timothy
II Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
I Peter
II Peter
I John
II John
III John
Jude

4. Prophecy
This is the only New Testament book that covers John‘s vision at Mount Patmos and tells what
will happen at the end of the world.
Revelation

Bible Facts of Special Interest

1. The middle and the shortest chapter in the Bible is Psalm 117.
2. The middle verse in the bible is Psalm 118;8

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3. The middle book in the Old Testament is proverbs

4. The middle book in the New Testament is 2 Thessalonians.
5. The middle chapter in the Old Testament is Job 29
6. The middle chapter in the New Testament is between Romans 13 and 14.
7. The middle verse in the Old Testament is 2 chronicles 20:18
8. The middle verse in the New Testament is Acts 17:17
9. The shortest verse in the Old Testament is 1 Chronicles 1:1
10. The shortest verse in the New Testament is John 11:35
11. All the letters in the alphabet except „J‟ are in Ezra 7:21.
12. Two chapters nearly alike are 2 Kings 19 and Isaiah 37.
13. The book in the Bible that contains neither the word „God‟ nor „Lord‟ is Esther.
14. The longest word in the Bible is found in Isaiah 8:1.
15. The longest verse in the Bible is Esther 8:9.
16. The longest chapter in the bible is Psalm 119.

Bible Discussion
Choose one of the following Old Testament characters and discuss with your group, Christ's
loving care and deliverance as shown in the story.
i. Joseph,
ii. Jonah,
iii. Esther or
iv. Ruth,

In discussing about these characters, instructors should draw out the Friend's impressions of
God's care in the lives of the characters in these Old Testament stories and to discover how
they point to and parallel the life and ministry of Jesus.

Jonah
The book of Jonah is the only one of the twelve Minor Prophets that is strictly narrative in
form. It is an account of Jonah's mission to the city of Nineveh to announce its speedy
destruction because of its sins. The prophet entertains misgivings and perplexities as to his
carrying out the charge of God to go to Nineveh. The very thought of journeying to this great
metropolis, the difficulties and seeming impossibilities of the task, made him shrink from
undertaking the divine commission and question its wisdom. Failing to rise to that strong
faith that should have led him to realize that with the divine command came the divine power
to accomplish it, Jonah sank into discouragement, dread, and despair (see PK 266).
Knowing the loving- kindness and long-suffering of God, Jonah was also afraid that if he
delivered the divine message and the heathen accepted it, the threatening doom he
pronounced upon them would not come to pass. This would be a deep humiliation to him, as
it thus turned out to be, and this he could not endure (Ch. 4:1, 2).
He at first disobeyed, but through a series of events was led to carry out the commission. The
inhabitants of Nineveh repented, and for a time turned from their sins. Jonah was angry, but
God justified His gracious dealings.
Among the lessons taught by Jonah's prophecy is the truth that God's grace brings salvation
to all (Titus 2:11), that it was indeed not confined to the Jews, but was also to be revealed
among the heathen. God has "also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto life" (Acts 11:18).
Like Peter (Acts 10), Jonah came to realize reluctantly that God was willing to receive those
of every nation who turned to Him. By repentance, Jesus condemned the pharisaical and
prideful Jews of His day (see Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32) and all others who, in their religious
complacency and false sense of soul security, deceive themselves into thinking that they are
the favored people of God, and thus assured of salvation. Jesus used the experience of Jonah
in the sea as an illustration of His death and resurrection (Matt. 12:39, 40). His reference to
the book of Jonah established the veracity of the book.

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Esther
The book of Esther, considered as literature, is an epic1. It is a dramatic story of how God
used a courageous young woman of surpassing beauty to save her people at a time of crisis,
when extermination (destruction) threatened them.
The narrative displays Esther as a woman of clear judgment, remarkable self- control, and
noble self-sacrifice.
Esther was a Jewess who, in God‘s providence, became queen of the greatest nation of her
time. She realized the truth and urgency of the question addressed to her by her foster father:
―Who knows whether you have not come to the kingdom for such a time as this?‖ (Ch. 4:14,
RSV).
With a prayer to God, she courageously risked her own life to save the lives of God‘s people
scattered in all parts of the empire. The story of Esther stirs its readers to a realization of the
opportunities God‘s providence may bring to the weakest of the weak. Perhaps we too have
―come to the kingdom for such a time as this.‖
The religious character and moral teaching of the book of Esther may be summarized as
follows:
1. Though God's name does not appear in the entire book, His providence is manifest
throughout. No disbeliever in God could possibly have written the book; no believer can read
it without finding his faith strengthened. Deliverance is presented by the writer as the result
of a living faith in God.
2. The book of Esther provides an account of the origin of an important Jewish national
festival, the Feast of Purim, which is still observed with rejoicing each year.
3. A vital moral lesson pervades the narrative. With the passing of Haman's brief day of
Popularity the transitory nature of earthly power and prosperity becomes painfully evident.
God humbles the proud and exalts those who trust in Him.
4. The providence of God is strikingly displayed. Divine power is united with human effort.
The means used are human, but the deliverance itself is divine.

Comparisons of Human Nature

S/N Esther Mordecai Haman
1 Shy God's Devil's Ruth
and representative character In the story of Ruth, we see the important role of
timid women in God‘s great plan for the salvation of
2 Loved God Similar work Full of His people. Ruth was a Gentile who decided to
to Holy Spirit hatred identify herself with Israel and to accept their
3 Accepted Refused to Planned
God as her God.
responsibility support evil to murder
Depended on Humble - Full of
The book of Ruth gives us, not the story of
4
Mordecai for deep pride romantic love, but of the reverential love of a
guidance conviction young widow for the mother of her deceased
5 Honest True hearted Deceitful husband.
6 courageous Knew the Impatient The love portrayed in the character of Ruth is of
peril faced to destroy the purest, most unselfish, and extraordinary
7 Ready to die No No truth kind. Though a Moabites, Ruth accepted
compromise in him Naomi‘s faith as her own, and was rewarded by
8 Victorious Victorious Defeated marriage to a Jewish nobleman, Boaz, by whom
for his sin she became the ancestress of David, and thus,
eventually, of Christ.
As in the story of Joseph, many events in the lives of Ruth point forward to the life of Jesus and
our relationship to Him. This is outlined below:
S/N Ruth Our relationship with
Jesus

1 Naomi and family Sometimes we leave the

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leave the protection of God‘s plan

promised land
2 Death and Trouble always comes as a
tragedy strike result
3 Naomi and Ruth Suffering problems and trials
return often turns us back to Jesus
and His plans.
4 Ruth gleans in the Jesus gives us special
fields of Boaz privileges
who is a mighty
man of wealth
5 Boaz accepted Jesus is our Lord and
responsibility for Protector-Provider
Ruth
6 He loves and He loves and cares for us
marries her forever

FUNDERMENTAL BELIEFS
Seventh-day Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and hold certain fundamental
beliefs to be the teaching of the Holy Scriptures. These beliefs, as set forth here, constitute
the church's understanding and expression of the teaching of Scripture. Revision of these
statements may be expected at a General Conference session when the church is led by the
Holy Spirit to a fuller understanding of Bible truth or finds better language in which to
express the teachings of God's Holy Word.

1. The Holy Scriptures:

The Holy Scriptures, Old and New Testaments, are the written Word of God, given by divine
inspiration through holy men of God who spoke and wrote as they were moved by the Holy
Spirit. In this Word, God has committed to man the knowledge necessary for salvation. The
Holy Scriptures are the infallible revelation of His will. They are the standard of character,
the test of experience, the authoritative revealer of doctrines, and the trustworthy record of
God's acts in history. (2 Peter 1:20, 21; 2 Tim. 3:16, 17; Ps. 119:105; Prov. 30:5, 6; Isa. 8:20;
John 17:17; 1 Thess. 2:13; Heb. 4:12.)

2. The Trinity:
There is one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, a unity of three co-eternal Persons. God is
immortal, all-powerful, all-knowing, above all, and ever present. He is infinite and beyond
human comprehension, yet known through His self-revelation. He is forever worthy of
worship, adoration, and service by the whole creation. (Deut. 6:4; Matt. 28:19; 2 Cor. 13:14;
Eph. 4:4-6; 1 Peter 1:2; 1 Tim. 1:17; Rev. 14:7.)

3. The Father:
God the eternal Father is the Creator, Source, Sustainer, and Sovereign of all creation. He is
just and holy, merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and
faithfulness. The qualities and powers exhibited in the Son and the Holy Spirit are also
revelations of the Father. (Gen. 1:1; Rev. 4:11; 1 Cor. 15:28; John 3:16; 1 John 4:8; 1 Tim.
1:17; Ex. 34:6, 7; John 14:9.)

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4. The Son:
God the eternal Son became incarnate in Jesus Christ. Through Him all things were created,
the character of God is revealed, the salvation of humanity is accomplished, and the world is
judged. Forever truly God, He became also truly man, Jesus the Christ. He was conceived of
the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary. He lived and experienced temptation as a human
being, but perfectly exemplified the righteousness and love of God. By His miracles He
manifested God's power and was attested as God's promised Messiah. He suffered and died
voluntarily on the cross for our sins and in our place, was raised from the dead, and ascended
to minister in the heavenly sanctuary in our behalf. He will come again in glory for the final
deliverance of His people and the restoration of all things. (John 1:1-3, 14; Col. 1:15-19; John
10:30; 14:9; Rom. 6:23; 2 Cor. 5:17-19; John 5:22; Luke 1:35; Phil. 2:5-11; Heb. 2:9-18; 1
Cor.
15:3, 4; Heb. 8:1, 2; John 14:1-3.)

5. The Holy Spirit:

God the eternal Spirit was active with the Father and the Son in Creation, incarnation, and
redemption. He inspired the writers of Scripture. He filled Christ's life with power. He draws
and convicts human beings; and those who respond He renews and transforms into the image
of
God. Sent by the Father and the Son to be always with His children, He extends spiritual gifts
to the church, empowers it to bear witness to Christ, and in harmony with the Scriptures leads
it into all truth. (Gen. 1:1, 2; Luke 1:35; 4:18; Acts 10:38; 2 Peter 1:21; 2 Cor. 3:18; Eph.
4:11,
12; Acts 1:8; John 14:16-18, 26; 15:26, 27; 16:7-13.)

6. Creation:
God is Creator of all things, and has revealed in Scripture the authentic account of His
creative activity. In six days the Lord made "the heaven and the earth" and all living things
upon the earth, and rested on the seventh day of that first week. Thus He established the
Sabbath as a perpetual memorial of His completed creative work. The first man and woman
were made in the image of God as the crowning work of Creation, given dominion over the
world, and charged with responsibility to care for it. When the world was finished it was
``very good,'' declaring the glory of God. (Gen. 1; 2; Ex. 20:8-11; Ps. 19:1-6; 33:6, 9; 104;
Heb. 11:3.)

7. The Nature of Man:

Man and woman were made in the image of God with individuality, the power and freedom
to think and to do. Though created free beings, each is an indivisible unity of body, mind, and
spirit, dependent upon God for life and breath and all else. When our first parents disobeyed
God, they denied their dependence upon Him and fell from their high position under God.
The image of God in them was marred and they became subject to death. Their descendants
share this fallen nature and its consequences. They are born with weaknesses and tendencies
to evil. But God in Christ reconciled the world to Himself and by His Spirit restores in
penitent mortals the image of their Maker. Created for the glory of God, they are called to
love Him and one another, and to care for their environment. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:7; Ps. 8:4-8;
Acts 17:24-28;
Gen. 3; Ps. 51:5; Rom. 5:12-17; 2 Cor. 5:19, 20; Ps. 51:10; 1 John 4:7, 8, 11, 20; Gen. 2:15.)

8. The Great Controversy:

All humanity is now involved in a great controversy between Christ and Satan regarding the
character of God, His law, and His sovereignty over the universe. This conflict originated in
heaven when a created being, endowed with freedom of choice, in self-exaltation became
Satan, God's adversary, and led into rebellion a portion of the angels. He introduced the spirit
of rebellion into this world when he led Adam and Eve into sin. This human sin resulted in

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the distortion of the image of God in humanity, the disordering of the created world, and its
eventual devastation at the time of the worldwide flood. Observed by the whole creation, this
world became the arena of the universal conflict, out of which the God of love will ultimately
be vindicated. To assist His people in this controversy, Christ sends the Holy Spirit and the
loyal angels to guide, protect, and sustain them in the way of salvation. (Rev. 12:4-9; Isa.
14:12-14 Eze. 28:12-18; Gen. 3; Rom. 1:19-32; 5:12-21; 8:19-22; Gen. 6-8; 2 Peter 3:6; 1
Cor. 4:9; Heb.1:14.)

9. The Life, Death, and Resurrection of Christ:

In Christ's life of perfect obedience to God's will, His suffering, death, and resurrection, God
provided the only means of atonement for human sin, so that those who by faith accept this
atonement may have eternal life, and the whole creation may better understand the infinite
and holy love of the Creator. This perfect atonement vindicates the righteousness of God's
law and the graciousness of His character; for it both condemns our sin and provides for our
forgiveness. The death of Christ is substitutionary and expiatory, reconciling and
transforming.
The resurrection of Christ proclaims God's triumph over the forces of evil, and for those who
accept the atonement assures their final victory over sin and death. It declares the Lordship of
Jesus Christ, before whom every knee in heaven and on earth will bow. (John 3:16; Isa. 53; 1
Peter 2:21, 22; 1 Cor. 15:3, 4, 20-22; 2 Cor. 5:14, 15, 19-21; Rom. 1:4; 3:25; 4:25; 8:3, 4; 1
John 2:2; 4:10; Col. 2:15; Phil. 2:6-11.)

10. The Experience of Salvation:

In infinite love and mercy God made Christ, who knew no sin, to be sin for us, so that in Him
we might be made the righteousness of God. Led by the Holy Spirit we sense our need,
acknowledge our sinfulness, repent of our transgressions, and exercise faith in Jesus as Lord
and Christ, as Substitute and Example. This faith which receives salvation comes through the
divine power of the Word and is the gift of God's grace. Through Christ we are justified,
adopted as God's sons and daughters, and delivered from the lordship of sin. Through the
Spirit we are born again and sanctified; the Spirit renews our minds, writes God's law of love
in our hearts, and we are given the power to live a holy life. Abiding in Him we become
partakers of the divine nature and have the assurance of salvation now and in the judgment.
(2 Cor.5:17-21; John 3:16; Gal. 1:4; 4:4-7; Titus 3:3-7; John 16:8; Gal. 3:13, 14; 1 Peter 2:21,
22;
Rom. 10:17; Luke 17:5; Mark 9:23, 24; Eph. 2:5-10; Rom. 3:21-26; Col. 1:13, 14; Rom.8:14-
17; Gal. 3:26; John 3:3-8; 1 Peter 1:23; Rom. 12:2; Heb. 8:7-12; Eze. 36:25-27; 2 Peter1:3, 4;
Rom. 8:1-4; 5:6-10.)

11. Growing in Christ:

By His death on the cross Jesus triumphed over the forces of evil. He who subjugated the
demonic spirits during His earthly ministry has broken their power and made certain their
ultimate doom. Jesus' victory gives us victory over the evil forces that still seek to control us,
as we walk with Him in peace, joy, and assurance of His love. Now the Holy Spirit dwells
within us and empowers us. Continually committed to Jesus as our Savior and Lord, we are
set free from the burden of our past deeds. No longer do we live in the darkness, fear of evil
powers, ignorance, and meaninglessness of our former way of life. In this new freedom in
Jesus, we are called to grow into the likeness of His character, communing with Him daily in
prayer, feeding on His Word, meditating on it and on His providence, singing His praises,
gathering together for worship, and participating in the mission of the Church. As we give
ourselves in loving service to those around us and in witnessing to His salvation, His constant
presence with us through the Spirit transforms every moment and every task into a spiritual
experience.

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(Ps 1:1, 2; 23:4; 77:11, 12; Col 1:13, 14; 2:6, 14, 15; Luke 10:17-20; Eph 5:19, 20; 6:12-18;
1Thess 5:23; 2 Peter 2:9; 3:18; 2 Cor. 3:17, 18; Phil 3:7-14; 1 Thess 5:1618; Matt 20:25-
28;John 20:21; Gal 5:22-25; Rom 8:38, 39; 1 John 4:4; Heb 10:25.)

12. The Church:

The church is the community of believers who confess Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. In
continuity with the people of God in Old Testament times, we are called out from the world;
and we join together for worship, for fellowship, for instruction in the Word, for the
celebration of The Lord's Supper, for service to all mankind, and for the worldwide
proclamation of the gospel.
The church derives its authority from Christ, who is the incarnate Word, and from the
Scriptures, which are the written Word. The church is God's family; adopted by Him as
children, its members live on the basis of the new covenant. The church is the body of Christ,
a community of faith of which Christ Himself is the Head. The church is the bride for whom
Christ died that He might sanctify and cleanse her. At His return in triumph, He will present
her to Himself a glorious church, the faithful of all the ages, the purchase of His blood, not
having spot or wrinkle, but holy and without blemish. (Gen. 12:3; Acts 7:38; Eph. 4:11-15;
3:8-11;Matt. 28:19, 20; 16:13-20; 18:18; Eph. 2:19-22; 1:22, 23; 5:23-27; Col. 1:17, 18.)

13. The Remnant and Its Mission:

The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ, but in the last days, a
time of widespread apostasy, a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of
God and the faith of Jesus. This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour,
proclaims salvation through Christ, and heralds the approach of His second advent. This
proclamation is symbolized by the three angels of Revelation 14; it coincides with the work
of judgment in heaven and results in a work of repentance and reform on earth. Every
believer is called to have a personal part in this worldwide witness. (Rev. 12:17; 14:6-12;
18:1-4; 2 Cor. 5:10; Jude 3, 14; 1 Peter 1:16-19; 2 Peter 3:10-14; Rev. 21:1-14.)

14. Unity in the Body of Christ:

The church is one body with many members, called from every nation, kindred, tongue, and
people. In Christ we are a new creation; distinctions of race, culture, learning, and nationality,
and differences between high and low, rich and poor, male and female, must not be divisive
among us. We are all equal in Christ, who by one Spirit has bonded us into one fellowship
with Him and with one another; we are to serve and be served without partiality or
reservation. Through the revelation of Jesus Christ in the Scriptures we share the same faith
and hope, and reach out in one witness to all. This unity has its source in the oneness of the
triune God, who has adopted us as His children. (Rom. 12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 12:12-14; Matt. 28:19,
20; Ps.133:1; 2Cor. 5:16, 17; Acts 17:26, 27; Gal. 3:27, 29; Col. 3:10-15; Eph. 4:14-16; 4:1-
6; John 17:20-23.)

15. Baptism:
By baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and testify of
our death to sin and of our purpose to walk in newness of life. Thus we acknowledge Christ
as Lord and Savior, become His people, and are received as members by His church. Baptism
is a symbol of our union with Christ, the forgiveness of our sins, and our reception of the
Holy Spirit. It is by immersion in water and is contingent on an affirmation of faith in Jesus
and evidence of repentance of sin. It follows instruction in the Holy Scriptures and
acceptance of their teachings. (Rom. 6:1-6; Col. 2:12, 13; Acts 16:30-33; 22:16; 2:38; Matt.
28:19, 20.)

16. The Lord's Supper:

The Lord's Supper is a participation in the emblems of the body and blood of Jesus as an
expression of faith in Him, our Lord and Savior. In this experience of communion Christ is

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present to meet and strengthen His people. As we partake, we joyfully proclaim the Lord's
death until He comes again. Preparation for the Supper includes self-examination, repentance,
and confession. The Master ordained the service of foot washing to signify renewed
cleansing, to express a willingness to serve one another in Christlike humility, and to unite
our hearts in love. The communion service is open to all believing Christians. (1 Cor. 10:16,
17; 11:23-30;
Matt. 26:17-30; Rev. 3:20; John 6:48-63; 13:1-17.)

17. Spiritual Gifts and Ministries:

God bestows upon all members of His church in every age spiritual gifts which each member
is to employ in loving ministry for the common good of the church and of humanity. Given
by the agency of the Holy Spirit, who apportions to each member as He wills, the gifts
provide all abilities and ministries needed by the church to fulfill its divinely ordained
functions. According to the Scriptures, these gifts include such ministries as faith, healing,
prophecy, proclamation, teaching, administration, reconciliation, compassion, and self-
sacrificing service and charity for the help and encouragement of people. Some members are
called of God and endowed by the Spirit for functions recognized by the church in pastoral,
evangelistic, apostolic, and teaching ministries particularly needed to equip the members for
service, to build up the church to spiritual maturity, and to foster unity of the faith and
knowledge of God. When members employ these spiritual gifts as faithful stewards of God's
varied grace, the church is protected from the destructive influence of false doctrine, grows
with a growth that is from God, and is built up in faith and love. (Rom. 12:4-8; 1 Cor. 12:9-
11, 27, 28; Eph. 4:8, 11-16; Acts 6:1-7; 1
Tim. 3:1-13; 1 Peter 4:10, 11.)

18. The Gift of Prophecy:

One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy. This gift is an identifying mark of the remnant
church and was manifested in the ministry of Ellen. G. White, As the Lord's messenger, her
writings are a continuing and authoritative source of truth which provide for the church
comfort, guidance, instruction, and correction. They also make clear that the Bible is the
standard by which all teaching and experience must be tested. (Joel 2:28, 29; Acts 2:14-21;
Heb. 1:1-3;Rev. 12:17; 19:10.)

19. The Law of God:

The great principles of God's law are embodied in the Ten Commandments and exemplified
in the life of Christ. They express God's love, will, and purposes concerning human conduct
and relationships and are binding upon all people in every age. These precepts are the basis of
God's covenant with His people and the standard in God's judgment. Through the agency of
the Holy Spirit they point out sin and awaken a sense of need for a Savior. Salvation is all of
grace and not of works, but its fruitage is obedience to the Commandments. This obedience
develops Christian character and results in a sense of well-being. It is an evidence of our love
for the Lord and our concern for our fellow men. The obedience of faith demonstrates the
power of Christ to transform lives, and therefore strengthens Christian witness. (Ex. 20:1-
17;Ps. 40:7, 8; Matt. 22:36-40; Deut. 28:1-14; Matt. 5:17-20; Heb. 8:8-10; John 15:7-10;
Eph.2:8-10; 1 John 5:3; Rom. 8:3, 4; Ps. 19:7-14.)

20. The Sabbath:

The beneficent Creator, after the six days of Creation, rested on the seventh day and instituted
the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation. The fourth commandment of God's
unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest,
worship, and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus, the Lord of the
Sabbath. The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another. It is a
symbol of our redemption in Christ, a sign of our sanctification, a token of our allegiance,

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and a foretaste of our eternal future in God's kingdom. The Sabbath is God's perpetual sign of
His eternal covenant between Him and His people. Joyful observance of this holy time from
evening to evening, sunset to sunset, is a celebration of God's creative and redemptive
acts.(Gen. 2:1-3; Ex. 20:8-11; Luke 4:16; Isa. 56:5, 6; 58:13, 14; Matt. 12:1-12; Ex. 31:13-17;
Eze.20:12, 20; Deut. 5:12-15; Heb. 4:1-11; Lev. 23:32; Mark 1:32.)

21. Stewardship:
We are God's stewards, entrusted by Him with time and opportunities, abilities and
possessions, and the blessings of the earth and its resources. We are responsible to Him for
their proper use. We acknowledge God's ownership by faithful service to Him and our fellow
men, and by returning tithes and giving offerings for the proclamation of His gospel and the
support and growth of His church. Stewardship is a privilege given to us by God for nurture
in love and the victory over selfishness and covetousness. The steward rejoices in the
blessings that come to others as a result of his faithfulness. (Gen. 1:26-28; 2:15; 1 Chron.
29:14; Haggai1:3-11; Mal. 3:8-12; 1 Cor. 9:9-14; Matt. 23:23; 2 Cor. 8:1-15; Rom. 15:26,
27.)

22. Christian Behavior:

We are called to be a godly people who think, feel, and act in harmony with the principles of
heaven. For the Spirit to recreate in us the character of our Lord we involve ourselves only in
those things which will produce Christlike purity, health, and joy in our lives. This means that
our amusement and entertainment should meet the highest standards of Christian taste and
beauty. While recognizing cultural differences, our dress is to be simple, modest, and neat,
befitting those whose true beauty does not consist of outward adornment but in the
imperishable ornament of a gentle and quiet spirit. It also means that because our bodies are
the temples of the Holy Spirit, we are to care for them intelligently. Along with adequate
exercise and rest, we are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the
unclean foods identified in the Scriptures. Since alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and the
irresponsible use of drugs and narcotics are harmful to our bodies, we are to abstain from
them as well. Instead, we are to engage in whatever brings our thoughts and bodies into the
discipline of Christ, who desires our wholesomeness, joy, and goodness. (Rom. 12:1, 2; 1
John 2:6; Eph. 5:1-21; Phil. 4:8; 2 Cor. 10:5; 6:14-7:1; 1 Peter 3:1-4; 1 Cor. 6:19, 20; 10:31;
Lev.11:1-47; 3 John 2.)

23. Marriage and the Family:

Marriage was divinely established in Eden and affirmed by Jesus to be a lifelong union
between a man and a woman in loving companionship. For the Christian a marriage
commitment is to God as well as to the spouse, and should be entered into only between
partners who share a common faith. Mutual love, honor, respect, and responsibility are the
fabric of this relationship, which is to reflect the love, sanctity, closeness, and permanence of
the relationship between Christ and His church. Regarding divorce, Jesus taught that the
person who divorces a spouse, except for fornication, and marries another, commits adultery.
Although some family relationships may fall short of the ideal, marriage partners who fully
commit themselves to each other in Christ may achieve loving unity through the guidance of
the Spirit and the nurture of the church. God blesses the family and intends that its members
shall assist each other toward complete maturity. Parents are to bring up their children to love
and obey the Lord. By their example and their words they are to teach them that Christ is a
loving disciplinarian, ever tender and caring, who wants them to become members of His
body, the family of God. Increasing family closeness is one of the earmarks of the final
gospel message. (Gen. 2:18-25; Matt. 19:3-9; John 2:1-11; 2 Cor. 6:14; Eph. 5:21-33; Matt.
5:31, 32; Mark 10:11, 12; Luke 16:18; 1 Cor. 7:10, 11; Ex. 20:12; Eph. 6:1-4; Deut. 6:5-9;
Prov. 22:6;
Mal. 4:5, 6.)

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24. Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary:

There is a sanctuary in heaven, the true tabernacle which the Lord set up and not man. In it
Christ ministers on our behalf, making available to believers the benefits of His atoning
sacrifice offered once for all on the cross. He was inaugurated as our great High Priest and
began His intercessory ministry at the time of His ascension. In 1844, at the end of the
prophetic period of 2300 days, He entered the second and last phase of His atoning ministry.
It is a work of investigative judgment which is part of the ultimate disposition of all sin,
typified by the cleansing of the ancient Hebrew sanctuary on the Day of Atonement. In that
typical service the sanctuary was cleansed with the blood of animal sacrifices, but the
heavenly things are purified with the perfect sacrifice of the blood of Jesus. The investigative
judgment reveals to heavenly intelligences who among the dead are asleep in Christ and
therefore, in Him, are deemed worthy to have part in the first resurrection. It also makes
manifest who among the
living are abiding in Christ, keeping the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus, and in
Him, therefore, are ready for translation into His everlasting kingdom. This judgment
vindicates the justice of God in saving those who believe in Jesus. It declares that those who
have remained loyal to God shall receive the kingdom. The completion of this ministry of
Christ will mark the close of human probation before the Second Advent. (Heb. 8:1-5; 4:14-
16; 9:11-28;
10:19-22; 1:3; 2:16, 17; Dan. 7:9-27; 8:13, 14; 9:24-27; Num. 14:34; Eze. 4:6; Lev. 16;
Rev.14:6, 7; 20:12; 14:12; 22:12.)

25. The Second Coming of Christ:

The second coming of Christ is the blessed hope of the church, the grand climax of the
gospel. The Savior's coming will be literal, personal, visible, and worldwide. When He
returns, the righteous dead will be resurrected, and together with the righteous living will be
glorified and taken to heaven, but the unrighteous will die. The almost complete fulfillment
of most lines of prophecy, together with the present condition of the world, indicates that
Christ's coming is imminent. The time of that event has not been revealed, and we are
therefore exhorted to be ready at all times. (Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; John 14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11;
Matt. 24:14; Rev. 1:7; Matt.
24:43, 44; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8; Rev. 14:14-20; 19:11-
21;Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; 1 Thess. 5:1-6.)

26. Death and Resurrection:

The wages of sin is death. But God, who alone is immortal, will grant eternal life to His
redeemed. Until that day death is an unconscious state for all people. When Christ, who is our
life, appears, the resurrected righteous and the living righteous will be glorified and caught up
to meet their Lord. The second resurrection, the resurrection of the unrighteous, will take
place a thousand years later. (Rom. 6:23; 1 Tim. 6:15, 16; Eccl. 9:5, 6; Ps. 146:3, 4; John
11:11-14;
Col. 3:4; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 1 Thess. 4:13-17; John 5:28, 29; Rev. 20:1-10.)

27. The Millennium and the End of Sin:

The millennium is the thousand-year reign of Christ with His saints in heaven between the
first and second resurrections. During this time the wicked dead will be judged; the earth will
be utterly desolate, without living human inhabitants, but occupied by Satan and his angels.
At its close Christ with His saints and the Holy City will descend from heaven to earth. The
unrighteous dead will then be resurrected, and with Satan and his angels will surround the
city; but fire from God will consume them and cleanse the earth. The universe will thus be
freed of sin and sinners forever. (Rev. 20; 1 Cor. 6:2, 3; Jer. 4:23-26; Rev. 21:1-5; Mal. 4:1;
Eze. 28:18,19.)

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28. The New Earth:

On the new earth, in which righteousness dwells, God will provide an eternal home for the
redeemed and a perfect environment for everlasting life, love, joy, and learning in His
presence. For here God Himself will dwell with His people, and suffering and death will have
passed away. The great controversy will be ended, and sin will be no more. All things,
animate and inanimate, will declare that God is love; and He shall reign forever. Amen. (2
Peter 3:13;Isa. 35; 65:17-25; Matt. 5:5; Rev. 21:1-7; 22:1-5; 11:15.)
Copyright © 2005, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
www.adventist.org

SPRIRITUAL DISCOVERY II
Sanctuary service and its significance
When God created Human being, it was His purpose that every created human being should
be a temple for the indwelling of the Creator. However, the introduction of sin made this
purpose impossible. Because of sin, humanity ceased to be a temple for God. Therefore,
during the time of Moses, God commanded him to build a sanctuary so He (God) could be
with them.

What is a Sanctuary?
It is defined as any place considered as a dwelling place of Deity, or as occupied by the
personal divine presence‟‟- Webster.
It is also defined as a place consecrated to the worship of the true God, especially the
tabernacle erected at Mount Sinai (Ex 25:8; etc.) and the Temple later constructed on Mount
Moriah (2 Chr. 3:1; 20:8; etc.).
NB: A sanctuary is where the divine Presence dwells, and any place God is, is holy. For
example,
a. To Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden was a sanctuary. After the fall, they used to meet
God at the angel guarded gate of the garden.
b. Abel met Him at the altar, where fire from Heaven devoured his sacrifice of faith.
c. Enoch met Him in a place of retirement, where he could talk with God.
d. Abraham met Him in the secret place of prayer and knew Him well.
e. Jacob met Him at Bethel and declared, „‟Surely the Lord is in this place.‟‟ (Genesis 28:16)
f. Moses communed with Him in the mountain fastness, and returned to the people, his face
aglow with the reflection of the divine Presence.
g. Prophets, priests and kings met Him and they considered the places where they met Him as
sacred. Different names of sanctuary in the Bible has been Tabernacle (Ex. 25:8) and Temple
(2 Chr. 3:1; 20:8).

The term sanctuary is used in the Bible in two ways:

 The tabernacle built by Moses as a pattern of Heavenly things, and
 The true tabernacle in Heaven, to which the earthly sanctuary pointed (GC 417:1).

Figurative Use of Sanctuary in the Bible

Sanctuary has been used in the Bible as:
i. Our body (1 Cor. 3: 16, 17; 2 Cor. 6:16, 17)
0ii. Church house
iii. The heaven itself (Heb. 9: 24)

The Earthly Sanctuary

When God commanded Moses to build Sanctuary (tabernacle) for Him, He (God) gave full
directions for the construction of the tabernacle, with particular direction as to its size and
form, the materials to be employed and every article of furniture which it was to contain (Ex.
25 to 27).

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The tabernacle constructed was a miniature representing the heavenly temple where Christ,
our great High Priest was to minister in the sinner‘s behalf (Ex.25: 9; Heb 9: 24).

Layout of the Tabernacle

The layout of the tabernacle was measured in cubits. A common cubit was approximately one
and half (1½) feet.
A careful study of the boards and curtains prescribed for the tabernacle (Ex. 25 to 27) reveals
the following:
 The sacred tent was enclosed in an open space called the court which was surrounded
by hangings or screens of fine linen, suspended from pillars of brass.
 . The rectangular temple area (the courtyard) was 100 cubits (150 feet or about 46
meters) long and 50 cubits (75 feet or about 23 meters) wide in size.
 The entrance to this enclosure was at the eastern end. It was closed by curtains of
costly material and beautiful workmanship, though inferior to those of the sanctuary.
 . In the court, and nearest the entrance, stood the brazen altar of burnt offering. Upon
this altar were consumed all the sacrifices made by fire unto the Lord.
 Between the altar and the door of the tabernacle was the laver (wash basin), which was
also of brass, made from the mirrors that had been freewill offering of the women of Israel. At the
laver, the priests were to wash their hands and their feet whenever they went into the sacred
apartments, or approached the altar to offer a burnt offering.
 The tabernacle proper occupied a central position in the western half of the court. Its
entrance likewise faced eastward.
 . The tabernacle itself was also quadrangular tent, 30 cubits (45 feet or about 13.8 meters)
long, 10 cubits (15 feet or about 4.6 meters) wide and 10 cubits high.
 . The building was divided into two apartments (the Holy and the Most Holy places) by a
rich and beautiful curtain or veil suspended from golden pillars.

i. In the first apartment (Holy Place) were the table of showbread, the candlestick or lamp stand
and the altar of incense.

 The table of showbread stood on the north. On this, the priests were each Sabbath to place
twelve cakes, arranged in two piles and sprinkled with frankincense.

 The seven-branched candlestick with its seven lamps stood on the south. Its branches
were ornamented with exquisitely flowers, resembling lilies made from one solid piece of gold.
The lamps were never all extinguished at one time, but shed their light by day and night.

 Just before the veil separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place and the
immediate presence of God, stood the golden altar of incense. Upon this altar, the priest was to
burn incense every morning and evening. The fire upon this altar was kindled by God Himself
and was sacredly cherished. Day and night, the Holy incense diffused its fragrance throughout the
sacred apartments and without far around the tabernacle.
 Beyond the inner veil was the Holy of Holies (or Most Holy Place). In this apartment
was the Ark of the Covenant, a chest made of acacia wood overlaid with pure gold, upon which
God Himself had inscribed the Ten Commandments.

The cover of the sacred chest was called the mercy seat. It was wrought of one solid piece of
gold.
The mercy seat was surmounted by golden cherubim (angels), one standing on each
end. One wing of each angel was stretched forth on high, while the other was folded over the
body symbolizing reverence and humility.
 Above the mercy seat was the Shekinah, the manifestation of divine Presence. This
was where God made known His will. Sometimes, a light fell upon the angel at the

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right to signify approval or acceptance. A shadow rested upon the one at the left
revealed disapproval or rejection.

Sanctuary Services
Inside the sanctuary there were certain sacrifices that the people had to make which
represented Jesus dying on the cross. These sacrifices as well as other duties to be performed
are known as sanctuary services.
Sanctuary service is defined as all the various ministrations that take place in the sanctuary.
Sanctuary Services- Whose Responsibility?
The ministration (services) in the sanctuary (tabernacle) was solely devoted to the priests.
As soon as the tabernacle was completed and inaugurated, indicated by the presence of God,
the tribe of Levi was set apart for the service of the sanctuary, by divine direction (Numbers
18: 1,2).
Among the tribe of Levites, the priesthood was restricted to the family of Aaron. Aaron and
his sons alone were permitted to minister before the Lord, and the rest of the tribe were
entrusted with the charge of the tabernacle and its furniture.

Sanctuary Services – Priestly Garments

In accordance with their office, a special dress was appointed for the priests. The dress
(garments) for the common priest was different from that of the High Priest.

Common Priest„s Garment

i. The robe of the common priest was of white linen and woven in one piece

ii. It extended nearly to the feet and was confined about the waist by a white linen girdle
embroidered in blue, purple and red.

iii. A line turban or miter completed his outer costume.

iv. The priests were not to enter the sanctuary with shoes upon their feet. They were to leave
their shoes in the court before entering the sanctuary. In addition, they were to wash both
their hands and their feet before ministering in a tabernacle or at the altar of burnt offering.

High Priest„s Garment

The garments of the high priest were of costly material and beautiful workmanship befitting
his exalted station. These included the following:
i. The linen dress of the common priest.

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ii. A robe of blue also woven in one piece.

iii. Around the skirt it was ornamental with golden bells, and pomegranates of blue, purple
and scarlet.

iv. Outside of this was the ephod, scarlet and white. It was sleeveless, and on its gold –
embroidered shoulder pieces were set two onyx stones, bearing the names of the 12 tribes of
Israel.

v. Over the ephod was the breastplate, the most sacred of the priestly vestments. It was in the
form of a square, measuring a span, and was suspended from shoulders by a cord of blue
from golden rings.

vi. At the right and left of the breastplate were two large stones of great brilliancy. These
were known as the Urim and Thummim. By them the will of God was made known through
the High Priest.

 When questions were brought for decision before the Lord, a halo of light encircling
the precious stone at the right indicated the divine consent/approval.
 A cloud shadowing the stone at the left was an evidence of denial/disapproval.

Sanctuary Services – How Many?

The ministration of the sanctuary consisted of two divisions:

 Yearly services

The Daily Service of the Tabernacle

The daily service was performed at the tabernacle and in the holy place. The service consisted
of the morning and evening burnt offering, the offering of sweet incense on the golden altar
and the special offerings for individual sins. There were also offerings for Sabbaths, new
moons and special feasts.
 Burnt Offering: The ―burnt‖ offering expressed worship, gratitude, and dedication. It
represented the unbroken, uninterrupted adoration, worship, and devotion of the entire
congregation to the Lord. Every morning and evening, a lamb of a year old was burned upon
the altar with its appropriate meat offering symbolizing the daily consecration of the nation to
Jehovah.
 In the offering of incense, the priest was brought more directly into the presence of
God than in any other act of the daily ministration. As part of this daily ministration was the
perpetual offering of the showbread before the Lord. This was an acknowledgement of man‘s
dependence upon God for both temporal and spiritual food.
In the special offering for individual sins, the repentant sinner brought his offering to the door
of the tabernacle, and, placing his hand upon the victim‘s head, confessed his sins. By this
offering, the sin of the individual was transferred in figure to the sanctuary through the blood.
This service was the most important part of the daily ministration.

The Yearly Services of the Tabernacle

The offering of individual‘s sin went on day by day throughout the year. The sins of Israel
being transferred to the sanctuary defiled the holy places and a special work became
necessary for the removal of sins. God commanded that atonement be made for each of the
sacred apartments, as for the altar, to cleanse and hallow it.

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What is Atonement?
It is a state of or act of bringing into, concord; restoration of friendly relations; reconciliation-
Webster.
Once a year, a day is set aside for that Atonement. On the great Day of Atonement, the priest
entered the most holy place for the cleansing of the sanctuary. The work there performed
completed the yearly round of ministration.

The Day of Atonement

The day set for the atonement in the Holy of Holies was the 10th day of the seventh month
(Lev. 16: 29, 30).
On that day, all business was laid aside and the whole congregation of Israel spent the day in
solemn humiliation before God, with prayer, fasting and deep searching of heart (PP 355: 4).

Procedure of Atonement
1. The high priest was to put on the sacred garment before he could enter the Holy of Holies
for atonement.

2. The high priest was to take two male goats for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering.

3. He was to offer the bull for his own sin offering to make atonement for himself and his
household.

4. He was to bring two kids of goats to the door of the tabernacle to cast lots upon them: one
lot for the LORD and the other lot for the scapegoat (azazel).

5. The goat upon which the first lot fell was to be slain as a sin offering for the people, bring
his blood within the veil and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat.

6. The goat chosen by lot as a scapegoat should be presented alive before the Lord to be used
for making atonement. This, the priest laid his hands upon the head of the scapegoat,
conferred all the iniquities of the children of Israel over the goat at the door of the tabernacle
and sent it into the dessert as a scapegoat. Not until the goat had been sent away did the
people regard themselves as free from the burden of their sins (PP 356, 357).

7. The high priest was to take off the linen garment he put on before he entered the Most
Holy Place and leave them there.

8. The priest had to bathe with water in the holy place and put on the regular garment.

9. The priest would come out and sacrifice the burnt offering for himself and burnt offering
for the people.

10. He shall also burn the fat of the sin offering on the altar.

11. The man who released the goat as a scapegoat should wash his clothes and bathe with
water before he could come into the camp.

12. The bull and the goat for the sin offering whose blood was brought into the Most Holy
Place to make atonement was to be taken outside the camp; their flesh and offal were to be
burned up.

13. Then the man who burnt them must wash his clothes and wash himself with water, after
which he might come into the camp.

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Heavenly Sanctuary
As has been stated, the earthly sanctuary built by Moses was done according to the pattern
shown him in the mount. Therefore, the earthly sanctuary as well as its services (ministration)
points to the cross and the ministry of Jesus in the heavenly sanctuary.

What is heavenly sanctuary?

Paul, the apostle of Christ in the book of Hebrews, called the heavenly sanctuary with various
names. These names are:
a. The true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man- Hebrews 8:2
b. b. The holiest of all – Hebrews 9:8.
c. c. A greater and more perfect tabernacle - Hebrews 9: 11.
d. d. Heaven itself - Hebrews 9: 10.
e. e. The very image of the things – Hebrews 10: 1.
f. f. The holiest – Hebrews 10: 19.
g. The house of God – Hebrews 10: 21.

Evidence of Similarity of Earthly Sanctuary and the Heavenly Sanctuary

In the New Testament, various reasons can be given to explain why the earthly tabernacle
was just the same pattern of the heavenly sanctuary.
These are mostly evidenced by what John the Revelator saw in the heavens and what Paul
said in the book of Hebrews. These include:
 Jesus walking in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks – Revelation 1: 12-15.
 . The golden altar of incense – Rev. 8: 3-5.
 iii. The temple of God was opened in heaven, and there was seen… in the ark of His
testament. Rev. 11: 19.

 iv. The temple of the tabernacle of the testimony. Rev. 15: 5-8.
 v. Christ entered the heaven itself, not a man-made sanctuary. Hebrews 9: 24

The Earthly Sanctuary and the Ministry of Jesus on Earth

The earthly tabernacle as well as its ministrations point to the death of Jesus on the cross and
His ascension to the heavens.

Significance of the Pieces of Furniture in the Tabernacle

Each article of furniture of the sanctuary, full of significance because of the part it played in
the service of the sanctuary, represented some feature of the work of redemption.
i. The Altar of Burnt Offering in the court represented Calvary where Jesus gave His life for
sinful man.

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ii. The Laver (wash basin), half way between the altar and the door of the sanctuary itself,
symbolized the washing away of sin and the presence of the innocent one.

iii. The Golden Candlestick (Lamp stand) with its perfect number of lambs represented Him
who is the Light of the world.

iv. The Table of Shewbread was the container of a representation of the Bread of Life, i.e. the
one who is come down from Heaven.

v. The Altar of Incense symbolized the family altar, the secret place of prayer or any other
place where prayer is „won‘t to be made‟ (Acts 16: 13).

vi. The Ark of the Covenant with the tables of the law inside, the mercy seat just above and
the covering cherubim with outstretched wings represented the throne of God.

vii. The Shekinah, was the manifestation of God Himself.

Significance of the Earthly Sanctuary Services

Like the sanctuary itself, the ministration of the priests had significance in the death of Jesus
on the cross.
a. Christ was the foundation and life of the temple. Its services were typical of the sacrifice of
the son of God…The entire plan of sacrificial worship was a foreshadowing of the savior‘s
death to redeem the world- DA 165

b. The sacrificial lamb represents The Lamb of God (John 1:29; PP 352).

c. The scapegoat sent away to the dessert represents Satan who will be banished to the
desolate earth (GC 422)

d. The beautiful official priestly garments represented the Character of the Great Antitype,
Jesus Christ – DA 709.

The Ministry of Jesus in the Heavenly Sanctuary

The earthly sanctuary service also points to the ministry of Jesus in the heavenly sanctuary.
These are examined below:
Christ‘s ministration was to consist of two great divisions, each occupying a period of time
and having a distinctive place in the heavenly sanctuary as that of the earthly tabernacle.

In the Holy Place

According to the type, Jesus officiated first in the first apartment (holy place) of the heavenly
sanctuary-Hebrews 8:5; 9:1-5.
He officiated in the holy place as the high priest in the heavenly sanctuary (Heb. 3: 1; 8: 1, 2;
9: 11; PP p356, 357). E.G. White writes: „After His ascension, Our Savior was to begin His
work as Our High Priest‘ – GC 357
He was the mediator between the repentant sinner and God. This was to be done at the right
hand side of God (Acts 7: 55; Heb. 10: 12)
As the priest in the daily ministration sprinkled the blood of the sacrifice in the holy place in
the sinner‘s behalf, so Christ at His ascension appeared in the presence of God to plead His
blood in behalf of penitent believers.
In the service of the earthly sanctuary, when the high priest on the Day of Atonement entered
the most holy place, the ministration in the first apartment ceased. Therefore, the work of
ministration in the holy place of the heavenly sanctuary continued until the eighteen
centuries.

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In the Holy of Holies

As in the typical service there was the work of atonement at the close of the year, so Christ‘s
work for the redemption of men is completed with the work of atonement for the removal of
sin from the sanctuary. This is the service which began when the 2300 days ended.
At that time, as foretold by Daniel the prophet, our High Priest entered the most holy place to
perform the last division of His solemn work – to cleanse the sanctuary. (Dan. 8: 14)
Thus, those who followed in the light of the prophetic word saw that, instead of coming to the
world at the termination of the 2300 days in 1844, Christ then entered the most holy place of
the heavenly sanctuary to perform the closing work of atonement preparatory to His coming.
Therefore, from 1844 till now, Christ our High Priest still remains in the most holy place
continuing the work of atonement. This work must be performed prior to the coming of
Christ to redeem His people; for when He comes, His reward is with Him to give to every
man according to his works. Revelation 22:12.
As in the earthly sanctuary, when the work of investigation in the sanctuary is ended, then the
cases of those who professed to be Disciples of Christ will be ended, then the one „who is
unjust, will be unjust still; he who is filthy, let him be filthy still; he who is righteous, let him
be righteous still; he who is holy, let him be holy still‘ (Rev. 22: 11).

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CHAPTER 3

OUTDOOR LIVING

Learning objectives

1.1.Know the types of camps and their objectives

1.2.Know how to plan for a two-night camp-out

1.3.Design 5 lashing projects for a campsite and one club camp entrance.

1.4.Know how to make a rope and how to take care of ropes.

1.5.Know how to tie, the practical uses of, and make a knot board of at least 15 knots.

1.6.Know the objectives and principles of First Aid

1.7.Know the kind of First Aid to administer in case of burns, bites, and shocks.

1.8.Know how to pitch and strike a tent

1.9.Demonstrate how to build at least 5 camp fires

Camping and Survival Skills

Camping is defined as a situation in which people in Christ with different characters,
attitudes, behavior and culture come together to pursue one common aim or goal.
Survival, on the other hand, defines being able to continue living or existing in spite of great
danger. This requires special knowledge and abilities known as camping and survival skills.
Camping and survival skills, therefore, can be defined as all knowledge and abilities that PF member
need to have so as to enable him/her to have successful camping and survival activities as well as
outdoor living. Skills like knot-tying, lashing, hiking, general safety, first-aid, e.t.c will be acquired.

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The purpose of this section is to have the Pathfinders continue developing their outdoor living
and safety skills.

Camping
Camping can be defined as a situation in which people in Christ with different characters,
attitudes, behavior and culture come together to per sue one common aim or goal.
The main purpose(s) of camping may be to protect oneself or a group of people from
enemies; to move out and learn new creatures, etc.
The place where camping takes place is known as a camp (camp site).

Objectives of Camping
Camping serves the following objectives.
a. To provides recreation in the open air.
b. To provide opportunity for individual and group development.
c. It provides love for nature and intimate nature of love.
d. Camping gives self- respect and self -confidence.
e. It serves as an interdependent organization and conservation of nature.
f. It gives respect and dignity for God‘s work.
g. It gives a realistic sense of value in ones- speech.
h. It develops one‘s interest in serving others.
i. It creates fun and happiness within us.
j. It develops the spirit of curiosity within individuals.
k. It helps in balancing one work with play to release tension.
l. It is an education of a judicious use of our leisure time.
m. It develops an appreciation for serious and thoughtful programs.

Types of Camps
Camps are grouped into two. These are
Camp Out
Camp In

Camp Out
Camp out is defined as a situation where a group of people with common purpose move out of
their place of abode or residence and gather at a specific place. Situations where God‘s people
(Christian) had to camp out include
Israelites at Elim (Ex. 15:27)
Philippines at Socoh (1 Sam. 17:1),
Jonathan at Philippines‟ garrison (force), etc.

Examples of camp out are Youth camp, Survival Camp, Camp meeting, etc. The main aim of
camp out is to learn new things about different places or to gather and learn about God.

Camp In
This is where people in Christ stay together under one control to per sue a common goal.
The main purpose of camp in is usually to protect oneself from enemies. For, example, in
Numbers 9: 15-23, Israelites were to camp in when the cloud and fire covered the tabernacle.

Rules for Choosing a Camp Site

i. Choose a well-drained level ground.
ii. Choose a dry area. A moist or marshy area is never a good site for camping.
iii. Stay away from a mosquito infested swamps, if at all possible.
iv. Never camp under an over-hanging ledge or cliff.
v. Pick a camping area where plenty of safe drinking water is available.

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vi. Do not select hard, rocky, dusty terrain as a site for camping.
vii. Select a camp site where a plentiful dry wood supply is available.
viii. Pitch your tent toward the south-east so that the morning sun will help keep it dry.
ix. Pick a warm area. In considering a warm area, three places may have to be considered – a hill
top, a hill side or a basin.
A hill top would be warmer and drier, and it would also have strong breezes to keep away
mosquitoes.
A hill side will be a little colder, but not too bad, and if very strong winds were blowing this
might be the best spot.
In a basin, the dampness of fog will lie and the cold frost crystals will form. Also, in a heavy
rain such as a camp site would be flooded. Therefore, never should a basin be selected as a camp
site.
x. In a case where a wooden area is chosen as a camp site, be sure the tents are not placed under
trees with large dead branches that might break off in the wind.

In order to effectively participate in a camp out activities, one requires certain things. These
things are normally known as „Gear List‘. These gear lists are normally carried in a backpack or
rucksack.

Gear List
Gear that should be placed in a position so that it can be obtained easily if required urgently
would be:
i. First Aid Kit - each person should carry their own personal first aid kit, which should contain at
least some band aids, scissors, tweezers, antiseptic cream, safety pins. These should be packed
together in a water-tight container. The kit's location can be marked on the outside of the pack.
ii. Flashlight - small hand type. The batteries can be removed when being carried in the pack to
avoid accidental turning on while carrying.
iii. Compass and Map - Pathfinders should never go on a pack camp without a map and compass.
The map should be kept in a plastic bag.
iv. Raincoat or wind jacket - ideally should be waterproof and windproof. There are numerous
light weight synthetic fabrics on the market today. Some are quite reasonably priced.
v. Money - a small amount of money should be carried for emergencies.
vi. Matches - two sets of matches should be carried, both in waterproof containers. They should
be packed in separate positions in the pack.
vii. Toilet paper - an item that should be kept handy. It should be packed in a plastic bag for
waterproofing.
viii. Handkerchief or tissues - again an item that you may need urgently. Toilet paper can also
double for this item.
ix. Sharp knife - the pocket knife type with pouch.
x. Rope - a couple of meters of rope, twine or string should be carried for emergencies. (This does
not refer to climbing gear.)

Personal Equipment for Camp Out

In camp out, some special personal equipment are needed. Some of these things are:
a. Something to eat with
b. Something to sleep in
c. Something to keep dry in
d. Something to keep warm in
e. Something to have fun in
f. Something to keep clean with

Something to Eat With

Examples of something to eat with in outdoor activities include:
Knife, Pot for cooking, scouring pad, Spoon, Fry pan, Tea towel

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Fork, Detergent Bowl, Cup, Plate, Food

Something to Sleep In
This includes: Tent, Sleeping bag, Groundsheet, Mattress, Bible.

Something to Keep Warm In

Examples are:
Shirts, Pair of socks, Pants, Underclothes, etc

Something to Keep Clean With

This includes
Soap, Toothbrush, Towel, Toothpaste, Washcloth Mirror, Comb, Sponge.

Miscellaneous
Insect repellent,
Axe or cutlass (machete), Sewing kit (buttons, pins, thread, needles), sharpening stone, Note book
and pencil.

Camp Tent
Tents are houses which campers put up to provide shelter and shade at camps.
Types of Tents:
Most types of tents are based on simple geometrical patterns: the pyramid, the cone, the prism.
When you are familiar with these designs, it becomes fairly easy for you to decide which kind
will suit you best.
For lightweight camping, variations of the wall tent rank high in popularity. The lean-to is also
good.

Care of Tent
Tents must be properly cared as it provides shelter to campers at most of the out-of-door
activities. The following are some of the ways tents are to be cared for.
A. In Camp
i. Level the ground for your tent.
ii. Remove all sharp rocks and fill in all holes or depressions. Otherwise, a tent pole or a boot heel
may punch a hole in the floor.
iii. To save floor wear, many campers carry an extra piece of canvas to use as a rug on the floor.
It also makes cleaning the tent easy. Just roll up the canvas and shake it outside.
iv. Also, longer life for your tent can be had by placing pieces of plywood or cardboard under
center pole and all bed legs.
v. If it is very windy, collapse your tent for the day to protect it, particularly an umbrella tent. A
sudden gust of wind may blow it down, break a pole, or tear the fabric.
vi. Watch for canvas shrinkage during a rain storm. At the first sign of a storm, you should loosen
all guy ropes.

B. At Home
i. Never store a tent when wet.
ii. Before putting away, check tent for tears, missing grommets, worn ropes, etc.
iii. If waterproofing is needed, do it before storing.
iv. Make sure you store it in a dry place

Pitching and Striking a Tent Correctly

Pitching a Tent
Pitching a tent means to set it (the tent) up. To correctly pitch a tent some steps must be followed.
These include:
1. Close door flaps. Peg down four corners at right angles.
2. Assemble front tent pole. Put in place.

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3. Push down peg for front guy line and attach line. Note that all line pulls start from center of
tent.
4. Assemble rear tent pole, put in place. Attach rear guy line to peg and pull the right taut.
5. Push pegs into ground for four corner lines and for eave lines. Tighten lines to make roof
smooth.
6. Push in remaining pegs. Open door flaps. Enter tent and spread sod cloth out flat all the way
round.
REFER TO PHOTOS BELOW

STEP 1 STEP 2

STEP 3 STEP 4

STEP 4 & STEP 6

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Striking a Tent
Striking a tent means to take it down and properly store. Like pitching, striking of tent must be
done properly and correctly. These steps are also worth noting:
1. Close down, loosen lines and pull out all pegs. Lay tent down.
2. Fold door flaps to middle of tent. Tuck in all lines.
3. Fold top and bottom over. Fold further to size of tent bag.
4. Role up pole and peg bags in tent, put tent in bag.

Fire Building
Fire is very important in our daily lives and camping is of no exception. It is therefore very
necessary for the Adventist Youth to know how to build different types of camp fires, rules of fire
building, etc.

Fire is defined as the flames produced when something burns. Fire can be a friend as well as an
enemy depending on how an individual uses the fire. However, fire is normally used for one‘s
advantage.

Uses of Fires in Camping

Fire has the following uses in camping and survival:
i. It cooks camp food.
ii. It keeps you warm
iii. It can help purify your water
iv. It can dry your clothes.
v. It can be a signal for help.
vi. It can increase your morale and protect you from wild animals.

Trench Fire. Dig a trench about 13 cm wide, sloping from ground level at the windward end
to 13 cm wide and 17-22cm deep at the leeward (away-from-the wind) end. Place five or six
Cross branches across trench to set pots and pans on for cooking. These cross branches
should be wet or green. Trench fires are fine for windy places or areas of fire danger. But
they flood quickly when it rains.

Hunter's Fire. Use two green slow-burning logs for sides. Line them up so the wind blows
between them. Logs should be 33-35cm apart at the wide end, close enough at narrow end for
the smaller size cooking pan. (Rocks may be substituted for green logs.)

Indian Fire. Start with a tepee. Add hardwood sticks in a criss-cross fashion around the
tepee. This fire is simple and quick. It gives good ventilation and long-lasting coals.

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Log Reflector Fire. Use green logs for the reflector. Plug mud in the cracks. Build fire on
windward side of reflector, so smoke will blow away from you. For cooking, rake out a bed
of coals to cook over.

Rock Reflector Fire. Good heating fire. The rocks keep radiating heat as the fire dies. For
best reflection, place rocks on three sides of fire. Or use a natural cliff face or bank.

Backlog Fire. – also good for heating. Use a big log or rock for the backlog. Lean several
tepee fires against the backlog.

Log Cabin Fire. Best kind of fire for a large group to sit around. Build this solidly, not as a
log cabin with a hollow room. Place tinder and kindling high. Light this fire near its top. This
fire can be built large or small, depending on the size of your group.

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Brush Fire. Cut brush into convenient lengths and pile pieces parallel. A parallel fire burns
hotter and faster. Start with small tepee fire on windward side. Don't make the pile too large,
and don't burn on a windy day.

. Safety Rules
a. Always check with a ranger or the forest service in the area where you plan to camp and
learn the fire regulations.
b. Always clear an area at least 3 meters in diameter of all leaves and other materials that
might spread a fire.
c. Never build a fire under low-hanging branches of a tree.
d. Keep the fire small. A huge fire accomplishes nothing except driving you away from it.
e. Never play with fire
f. When through using a fire, put it out.
g. Never leave a fire unattended.
h. Never build a fire in heavy wind.

Introduction to Ropes and Knots

Rope is one of the convenient materials for effecting temporary joints in many materials. It is,
therefore, an important item for the AY/PF, especially in times of camping, hiking, sailing,
climbing and many other outdoor activities.

Definition of Rope
Dictionary definitions of rope include the following:
1. ―A thick, strong length of twisted cord.‖ NSD
2. ―A stout cord made by twisting together strands of hemp, wire, etc.‖ POD
.
Modern ropes of today include vines, reeds, fibres, leather throngs. Some ropes are made
from manila fiber, sisal fibre, hemp or wire, nylon and plastic. The best natural rope is made
from hemp (manila fibre). In fact, sisal is only about two –thirds (2/3) strong as manila.

Care for Ropes

Ropes should be kept as properly as possible as it is important in Christian out-door living
and camping skills. Good rope care only involves the following:
a. Keep ropes as dry as possible. Never store a rope when it is wet. Natural drying in the sun
is best.
b. Inspect ropes periodically for sign of damage along their length.
c. When not in use, coil and keep it dry. A regular coil should be clockwise, or to the right,
because of the natural twist in the rope.
d. Never step or walk on a rope that is lying on the ground.

Uses of Rope
1. It is used for knot tying.
2. It is used for rescuing individuals.
3. It is used for making dry lines.

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Parts of a Rope
To understand knot tying and other uses of a rope, definitions of the following parts are
necessary:
 The standing part: This is the long part of the rope on which the individual works in
forming the knot.
 The running end: This is the part with which the individual works.
 The bight: This refers to a loop formed when a rope is turned back on itself.

Knots
Knots are very essential in our daily lives and as such the ability of the Pathfinder to tie some
and / or many of them will help in his or her camping as well as outdoor activities.
Definition of Knot
Knots are defined in many ways. Some of these are:
1. A fastening made by looping a piece of string around itself and pulling the ends tight. NSD
2. ‗An intertwining of rope, string, hair, etc., so as to fasten‘ POD.

Knot Tying
This is the process of making a knot(s) for different activities. The most efficient method of
teaching knot is by:
 Demonstrating the procedure
 Having the class to follow the instructor, each using their own rope.
 Practicing procedure until proficient.
 Using ropes of different colors when more than one rope is involved in a knot.

Different types of knots: tight interlacing of two ropes. A knot is also a unit of speed in aviation and
marine navigation equal to one nautical mile per hour.
Halyard knot: interlacing of ropes used to attach the halyard to a sail.
Reef knot: interlacing of ropes made of two half-knots inverse to each other.
Bowline: interlacing of ropes with a loop that can be used as support.
Two round turns and a half-hitch: interlacing of ropes around an object by making two turns, then a
half-knot.
Two half-hitches: interlacing of ropes around an object by making two half-knots, one after the other.
Double shell bend: double interlacing of ropes, used to attach two ropes together.
Sheet knot: interlacing of ropes used to attach two ropes together.
Figure of eight knot: interlacing of ropes used to finish the end of a rope.
Overhand knot: simple interlacing of a rope.

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Lashing
When you are out of doors, your experience in camping can be made more enjoyable if you can
make some simple camp furniture from native materials. You do not need hammer, nails or saw:
a good axe, a sharp knife and some rope or binder twine will suffice. You can make a camp table,
basin rack for washing, coat hangers, and a lot of other „‟fine furnishings, for your campsite. All
these require lashing skills.

Definition of Lashing
Lashing is defined as the practice of using ropes, logs and other native materials to make camp
furniture. In learning lashing, one (beginners) needs the following:
A thorough review of knot tying, particularly the clove hitch knot, square knot, timber hitch
knot, etc.
A cord about 36 inches long and three 12 – inch sticks about as thick as his thumb.

Types of Lashing
Lashings are of five types. These are:
Square Lashing
Diagonal Lashing
Round or Shear Lashing
Continuous Lashing
Tripod lashing

Square Lashing
Square lashing is used for joining two sticks (logs) together at right angles.
Steps in Square Lashing
a. Place two sticks (logs) in position to form a cross.
b. Tie a clove hitch to the vertical stick at one end of rope slipping the knot around so that the
long length of the rope pulls directly out from the knot.
c.. Twist the leftover end on standing part and secure the sticks together by wrapping. This is
done by passing the rope down in front of the horizontal stick, out to back of upright, around
upright and out to front (under the horizontal stick) then in front of the horizontal stick, in back of
upright and rope is at the point where you began.
d. Finish by frapping. This is done by winding the rope between the two sticks, pulling the
windings tight and pulling the first windings tighter together.

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Diagonal Lashing
This lashing is used to join sticks together in the slanting form (i.e. an X shape). In other words,
diagonal lashing is used to "spring" two spars together, that is, to join together two spars (logs)
which tend to spring apart and which do not touch where they cross.
Steps in Diagonal Lashing
For diagonal lashing, follow these steps:
a. Place two sticks in position forming an X.
b. Keep them in this position continually.
c. Begin with timber hitch around both logs. The timber hitch is tightened so as to bring the two
sticks (spars or logs) together.
d. Make three or four winds around one fork.
e. Make three or four winds around the sticks in the opposite direction at cross. Pull tight at each
turn.
f. Frap three times between the sticks (logs) and finish with a clove hitch.

diagonal lashing

Round or Shear Lashing

This lashing is used for joining two sticks (logs) parallel along the length of one. This lashing is
also used for binding together parallel spars (logs) and for forming "shear legs" which support
bridges and the like.
Steps in Round or Shear Lashing
a. Place two sticks (logs) in position parallel to each other.
b. Tie clove hitch around one of them at appropriate place from the top.
c. Bind the two timbers together by laying seven or eight turns of the rope around them, one turn
beside the other.
d. Make two or three frapping turns around the lashing turns between the timbers.
e. Fasten rope with a clove hitch around the second timber.
f. Open out the timbers. The logs now „‟shear‟‟ like scissors.

shear lashing
NB:
Two shear lashings without frapping are used to join two timbers into one long one.

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Continuous Lashing
Continuous lashing holds small sticks at right angles to long sticks and is useful in making table
tops, seats, etc. Follow these steps in laying a table top.
a. Cut sticks to desired size and trim ends. Next notch the frame and place the cross pieces in
correct position.
b. Make clove hitch on the frame, in middle of the rope, with knot underneath and ends out to
sides. There should be equal lengths of rope on either side of the long stick. The hitch should be
placed so that the ends of the rope pull the knot tight as they come up from under the long stick.
c. With one end in each hand, pull rope over one crosspiece and down under frame.
d. Cross rope, making an "X". Pull rope tight.
e. Bring up and over second crosspiece. Repeat this procedure until all the crosspieces are lashed.
l. End with two half hitches or clove hitches and tuck ends of rope under last small stick.

Tripod lashing
A tripod lashing begins and ends with a clove hitch and binds poles to be arranged to form a
pyramid. Use this to hang a pot above a fire or hold a water dispensing device over the ground.

tripod lashing

Camp Furniture
Various kinds of camp furniture could be made by means of the knowledge of lashing acquired
above.
Camp furniture here refers to any article that can be made using the knowledge of lashing.
Examples of this camp furniture include: camp table, basin rack for washing, coat hangers, camp
chair, door gates, etc.

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Hiking
Hiking is one of the fundamental outdoor activities on which many others are based. Many
beautiful places can only be reached overland by hiking, and enthusiasts regard hiking as the best
way to see nature.

Definition of Hiking
Hiking is an outdoor activity which consists of walking in natural environments, often on hiking
trails with the purpose of reaching a predetermined destination.
It can also be defined as a purposeful journey which involves walking in a natural environment
with a known destination. The person who embarks on hiking activities is known as hiker.

Features of Hiking
From the definitions above, the following features could be deduced:
i. Hiking is a purposeful journey. This means that in hiking, there is a purpose in mind to be
achieved.
ii. Hiking involves walking but it is not itself a walk. A walker may shuffle along all day, scarcely
knowing where he is going.
iii. Hiking normally takes place in natural environments.
iv. Hiking is said to be complete, when hikers are able to reach the predetermined destination.

Purposes (Benefits/Importance/Functions) of Hiking

a. Hiking serves as a greatly body exercise which improves one overall physical condition
b. It helps the youth to learn through nature. Most people enjoy hiking because it brings them
back to nature.
c. It helps the youth to prepare for the coming time of trouble (persecution).
d. Hiking allows one to grow in knowledge and skills as she/he progresses. In its easiest form, it
is a safe walk using clearly defined trails. In its extreme form, it would require survival, hunting,
mountaineering and navigation skills.
e. It helps people to get away from things and forget about the everyday stress in their life.
f. It is easy to start and does not require high tech equipment. A solid pair of hiking boots, some
basic (outdoor) clothing and a small hiking backpack will be enough to get you started on basic
day-hike.
g. It serves as a requirement for the Pathfinder Club investiture service.
h. It is the starting point of a whole range of other outdoor activities that require hiking. It is often
part of rock climbing, camping, mountaineering, etc.

Terms Associated with Hiking

Tracking: This is a practice of making paths for the main purpose of hiking. The paths made are
basically known as hiking tracks. Those who make the tracks are known as trackers.
Trailing: This is defined as the practice of following the footsteps of trackers to a known
destination, usually on hiking trails. A hiking trail is defined as specially made paths (tracks) with
signs which show directions as well as special activities to be done to reach a known destination.
Those who follow the trails (footsteps) to the known destination are known as trailers.

Types of Hiking
The word hiking is understood in all English-speaking countries, but there are differences in
usage.
a. A-day Hike: This refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day.

b. Backpacking: This refers to a hike that requires an overnight camp.

c. Bushwhacking: This specifically refers to difficult walking through dense forest, under growth
or bushes, where forward progress requires pushing vegetation aside. In extreme cases of
bushwhacking where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, a machete
(cutlass) is used to clear a pathway.

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d. Trekking: It refers to a multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions in India, Nepal, North
America, and in the highlands of East Africa.

Basic Rules of Hiking

In hiking, rules are made for the protection of all persons and they must be followed in order to
have a safe, interesting and there-by an enjoyable hike. Every club should have a set of rules to
control a hike, and these may vary from group to group, but there are ten basic rules for hiking
and these are listed below:
i. A hike must be planned.
ii. A hike is not a race.
iii. The hiker should have good health.
iv. The hiker must carry a first-aid kit.
v. The hiker must wear the correct clothing. The type of clothing will depend upon the weather
and the type of country.
vi. The hiker should wear the correct footwear.
vii. The hiker should carry navigation equipment.
viii. The hiker should obey all safety rules.
ix. The hiker is always courteous and cheerful.
x. The hiker „goes all the way‟.

Things to take along when Hiking

Knife
Rope
Navigation equipment
First-aid box/kit

Signs for track and trail

Since hiking takes place on a specially made paths (tracks or trails), there is the need for signs to
made on them (tracks) so that trailing can be easy.
Different signs are usually made on the tracks for various land layouts. For example, signs for
mountainous areas are different from marshy areas. In the same way, different materials are
usually used as signs depending on the lay out of the land

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Things to Do When Lost

Sometimes, things go wrong, even with the best made plans, and you may get lost. By following
a few simple rules, this need not be as serious as it seems. Every group should have a code or a
set of rules that each member knows thoroughly. This will enable others to know just what a
person is going to do in case he does get lost and will enable them to find him more easily.
The following are some of the things to do when lost in hiking:
a. Sit down and make plans, but don‘t panic.
b. Pray. Kneel down and talk to God. Remember some of His promises: "I am with you always."
c. Mark the spot where you are at the moment before you make a move.
d. Climb a tree or hill. From the top you may see a landmark that you recognize. If so, and you
are sure which way to go to get you back safely, proceed towards that landmark. But if you are
not sure of any landmarks, stay where you are.
e. Use your maps and compasses if you are smart enough to have brought them along.
f. Stay where you are if you are unable to locate a familiar landmark that can lead you home
either by sight or by map and compass.
g. Light a fire (Build a safe fire) and keep the smoke move upward.
h. The leader on the other hand should move along the path and blow a whistle.

Keeping a Hiking Log

A hiking log is defined as the report written by a hiker about the activities of a hiking expedition.
The hiking log should be written up as soon as possible after the hike or expedition while
incidents are fresh and vivid in the mind. It should be an interesting and useful record of
preparation and the actual journey.
The log should include three sections:
 Introduction (opening section)
 Body (main part)
 Conclusion (last section)

Introduction (opening section)

The opening section should set the scene, and contain among other things: title (name) of group,
party members, purpose of trip, dates, area, time of commencement and author.
Body (main part)
The main part of the log should be the actual record of the day's activity. These includes
i. weather, campsites, food, type of country, outstanding landmarks, places to be avoided, animal
and bird life, types of trees, shrubs, flowers, interesting incidents, party reactions, use of
equipment, maps, sketches, photos, etc.

ii. Freehand sketch map of the route used including approximate scale, various land or sea marks,
checkpoints, campsites, north point and date.

iii. Full equipment/clothing lists-comments on adequacy or lack of equipment and clothing, food
lists - (menus), suitability of meals, usefulness of first aid equipment, etc.

iv. Tasks undertaken by party members and individual comments on member's expectations,
reactions and feelings on the trip.

Conclusion
This section which is the last part of the log records the hiker‘s attitude and reactions about the
hiking. Thus, whether the hiker liked or disliked the journey, whether the hiker has any comments
or suggestions for future improvement of the expedition.
Presentation should be in the form of a note-book, loose-leaf folder, photographic record, tape
recording or other imaginative method.

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FIRST AID.

• 3 John 1:2„Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in
good health, even as thy soul prospereth‟.

An emergency is any unforeseen event which calls for prompt and quick action to save the life of
a person or to prevent from further severe damage. To save the life of a person in an emergency,
one needs to undertake first aid.

First aid is an emergency temporary assistance given to a person who is injured or as suddenly
become ill, using facilities or materials available at that time before regular medical help is
imparted. It is also defined as the emergency first care given to the sick or injured.

A first aider is someone who has undergone a training course in administering first aid and holds
a current first aid certificate.
Note: one does not have to be a first aider in order to learn and administer basic first aid.

Objectives (Purposes) of First Aid

The objectives of the first aid will include the following:
i. Preserve Life
ii. Promote Recovery
iii. Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse

Principles (Rules) of First Aid

When any person comes across another seriously injured person he should follow principles
below:
 Urgently assess the situation and beware of dangers to self, onlookers and victim.
 Make sure that the victim‘s airway is blocked by the tongue, secretions or some foreign
body – restore respiration.
 Make sure that the patient is breathing, if not, administer artificial respiration.
 Make sure that the patient has a pulse; if no pulse is felt, administer cardiopulmonary
resuscitation - restoration of circulation.
 Check for bleeding – take measures to control bleeding.
 Arrange without delay for shifting of the victim to hospital for medical attention.
 Keep the victim/patient lying down and quieten. If he has vomited and there is no danger
that his neck is broken, turn him on his side to prevent choking. Keep him warm with blankets or
coats.
 Examine the victim gently, cut clothing if necessary to avoid abrupt movements if added
pain. Do not pull clothing away from burns unless it is still smoldering.
 Reassure the victim, try to remain calm yourself. Your calmness can allay his fear and
panic.
 Do not give fluids to an unconscious or semi-conscious victim.
 Do not try to arouse an unconscious person by slapping or shaking.
 Look for an emergency identification card for medical information related to victim.
Check your progress.

Precautions
• Risk of transmitting other infections. E.g. hepatitis B&C, HIV/AIDS.
• Cover any cut and abrasions with waterproof dressing before treating casualty.

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• Wash hands before and after applying dressings.

• All items used in cleaning should be disposed of by burning.
• Clothing maybe washed in hot water.
• If direct contact is made with another person‘s blood or other fluids, the area should be
washed as soon as possible with ordinary soap.

First Aid Box/Kit

This is a box or container that contains the first aid materials, equipment or facilities. Examples
of items and materials that should be found in the first aid box/kit include:

Common Conditions Requiring First Aid

1. Unconsciousness…

• Is a result of brain normal activity being interrupted.

• An unconscious person responds to neither touch, voice, nor pain.
• Causes include head injury, reduced blood flow to the brain, Asphyxia, diabetes and
depression of brain normal function.

Possible scenario…
• A casualty has a blow to the head: he appears drowsy, confused, but still respond by
opening eyes, and his speech no longer makes sense. As his level of responsiveness drops, he no
longer responds to your voice but groans, moves and opens eyes in respond to a painful pinch.
Eventually, he responds to neither voice nor pain.
Fig 1.1

approach.
step 1.
• Kneel beside casualty and speak to him.
Gently shake his shoulders, talking to him. Fig 1.2

The ABC of Resuscitation.

• Airway .Breathing .Circulation

AIRWAY
• Check for clear airway
• Open mouth, check for debris, loose teeth, vomitus.
• Do a mouth sweep with index finger.
• Do not remove false tooth unless loose.
• Check breathing and pulse in the neck(carotid)
• If serious injury such as spinal injury is suspected, DO NOT MOVE CASUALTY.

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• Turn head to a neutral position holding forehead with one hand and with the other, fingers
only on chin.
• Tilt chin upwards as far as it would go.
Fig 1.3 (checking airway)

BREATHING.
 Check for breathing by sight, feel and sound for ten seconds.
Fig 1.4

 If there is no breathing, call for ambulance and say that your casualty is not breathing.
 Give 2 effective ventilation(up to 5 attempts) blowing into mouth for 1.5 to 2 seconds
watching for chest to rise taking your mouth from casualty‘s face as they may vomit.
 Watch chest rise and fall in between breaths.
 If there is response or breathing, put in recovery position.

 Gently move casualty so that they are lying on their back.

 Check the pocket for any sharp objects.
Fig1.5

 Place arm closest to you perpendicular to the body.

Fig 1.6

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 Place the arm furthest from you on the opposite shoulder.

 Place the kneel furthest from you up at a right angle.
Fig 1.7

 With one hand under their shoulder and the other under the bended kneel, push casualty
onto their side.
 Place the bent knee into right angle, so that casualty does not roll onto their front.
 Monitor condition and breathing till the ambulance arrives.

CIRCULATION
• Look for movement, including swallowing, or breathing.
• Look at eyes- they may roll down.
• Check the carotid pulse for ten seconds.
• If there is no injury and circulation is normal, put casualty in recovery position.
• If there is no signs of circulation present, START CPR.

STAGE ONE
• Call for help and return to victim.
• Never leave victim.
STEP TWO
• Tilt head back and listen for breathing.

STEP THREE
• If not breathing normally, pinch nose and cover the mouth with yours and blow until you
see the chest rise.
STAGE FOUR
• Give two breaths; each should take 1 second.
STAGE FIVE
• If victim is not breathing normally, begin chest compressions.
• Push down on the chest 1 ½ to 2 inches 30 times right in between the nipples.
• Pump at the rate of 100/minute. Faster than one per second.

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2. SHOCKS
This is a condition that results from the failure of the cardiovascular system to provide sufficient
blood circulation (oxygen) to all parts of the body. It is also defined as a state of collapse with a
reduction of blood volume circulating to the brain and heart.
A reduced volume or pressure of blood circulating in the body, resulting in a lack of oxygen
going in and out of the brain.
Causes of Shock
The most common causes of shock are as follows:
Severe loss of blood.
Intense pain.
Extensive trauma.
Burns.
Poisoning.
Emotional stress or intense emotion.
Extreme heat and cold.
Electrical shock.
Allergic reactions.
A sudden or severe illness.

TYPES OF SHOCKS
Shock is classified according to cause as given below:
Hypovolemic Shock: It is caused by decrease in fluid volume from bleeding, prolonged vomiting
or diarrhea, or loss of fluid from surgery or trauma. Hypovolemic shock is also known as
hemorrhagic shock.
Cardiogenic Shock: This results from poor heart function and is caused by various cardiovascular
abnormalities. The heart is unable to maintain sufficient blood pressure to all parts of the body.
Neurogenic Shock: It is caused by failure of the nervous system to maintain a normal contraction
of the blood vessels.
Septic Shock: A type of shock which results from severe infection. The microorganism causes
loss of fluid through the blood vessel wall.
Psychogenic Shock: This is a type of shock which is caused by nervous system reactions to an
emotional stimulus. The blood vessels dilate temporally, decreasing blood flow to the brain which
results in unconsciousness or syncope.
Anaphylactic Shock: Anaphylactic results from a sudden severe, allergic body reaction to a
foreign substance.

First Aid Treatment of Shock

Shock is best handled by treating the cause of the shock as well as the following:
Lay the victim down (flat) with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body, unless the
victim is sustained head and chest injuries.
If the victim is unconscious, with vomiting and bleeding around the nose and mouth, he
should be positioned on the side to allow the airway to clear and encourage drainage.
The head and shoulder should be elevated if the victim is having difficulty in breathing.
If neck or spinal injuries suspected, the victim must not be moved unless it is necessary to
prevent further injury.
Maintain the victim‘s body temperature keeping him warm and dry by placing blankets or
other coverings under the victim to prevent heat loss on surface.
Cover the victim with materials available. Over blanket covering should be avoided.
The victim should not be given anything to eat or drink because internal injuries may be
present and needs urgent surgical intervention and the patient may aspirate the fluid.
Take measures to reduce and relieve pain.
Give emotional support and reassurance.

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3. CHOKING
• Coughing is the first symptom.
• Casualty will be unable to breath, speak or cough and may be gripping their throat.
• They will eventually lose consciousness if the obstruction is not removed.
Management
 CHECK THE MOUTH AND IF NO FOREIGN BODY SEEN, COMMENCE UP TO
BACK SLAPS.
 If unsuccessful, commerce with up to 5 abdominal thrusts.

Abdominal thrust

Heimlich Maneuver
The force required to dislodge a foreign object from a choking victim‗s lungs may cause
injury to internal organs. This technique should be employed only if back slapping does not
help. In this first step, a conscious person bends so that her head is below her lungs. The
person administering first aid delivers a sharp slap between the shoulder blades, as many as
four times if necessary.

4. BITES
Animals such as snakes, dogs, cats, and small rodents like squirrels, certain insects, and
spiders may bite humans with dangerous consequences. Many snakebites are caused by non-
venomous (non-poisonous) snakes and do not require treatment beyond cleaning the wound.
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Bites inflicted by venomous snakes require immediate first-aid measures. The victim should
be taken as soon as possible to the nearest emergency medical facility. In the interim, the
first-aid provider should not cut the area around the bite, attempt to suck out the venom, or
apply ice to the wound. The
focus of first aid should be to prevent the venom from spreading rapidly through the
individual‗s bloodstream. The victim should be kept quiet to avoid stimulating circulation of
the venom. In addition, the bite area should be kept at a lower level than the rest of the body.
The wound should be washed thoroughly with soap and water, blotted dry, and loosely
covered with a sterile dressing.
Snakebite, wound inflicted by the mouth of a snake. A wound from a snake with short teeth
and no fangs may look like a series of scratches or tiny punctures. The twin puncture wounds
usually associated with snakebites appear when the paired fangs of a fanged snake break
through the skin.
Snakebites from nonpoisonous snakes are not serious but should be cleansed with an
antiseptic to prevent infection. The bite of a poisonous snake, which can inject venom into
the body, may cause severe illness and sometimes death. Symptoms generally include
swelling, discoloration, and pain at the site of the bite. Victims may feel weak and dizzy,
perspire heavily, and experience nausea and vomiting, all of which are symptoms of shock.
The victim of a snakebite should seek first aid promptly. An attempt should be made to
identify the snake if it can be done safely. First aid measures should focus on keeping the
victim quiet so that the heart rate remains normal, thereby slowing the spread of venom in the
bloodstream. The area of the bite should be kept below the level of the heart. The victim
should seek medical attention immediately. Depending upon the victim‗s symptoms and the
species of the snake, the physician may administer antivenin, a preparation that helps to
neutralize the venom and minimize its harmful effects.
The venom of poisonous snakes is produced and stored in specialized glands within the
snake‗s head. In the United States, there are four types of poisonous snakes: coral snakes,
rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths, or water moccasins. With the exception of coral
snakes, all these snakes are pit vipers.
Responsible for most snake attacks on human beings, pit vipers have the most efficient fangs
for injecting venom. Their fangs are hollow, curved, and so long that they fold back into the
mouth when not in use. Their venom mostly affects the circulatory system, but it also causes
disruption of normal nervous system function.
Coral snakes have short, fixed fangs in the front of the mouth and they hang onto and chew
their victims. Unlike vipers, coral snakes bite only when they are being handled or are
accidentally touched or stepped on. Their venom primarily affects the nervous system.
When walking in areas where poisonous snakes are present, individuals should wear high
boots and thick loose pants, and should remain alert in order to avoid close encounters with
these reptiles. Individuals should also be able to distinguish between poisonous and
nonpoisonous snakes.

5. BURNS
A burn is an injury to the skin caused by exposure to fire, hot liquids or metals, radiation,
chemicals, electricity, or the sun‗s ultraviolet rays. Burns are classified according to the depth
of tissue damage and extent of the burn. A first-degree, or superficial, burn, which involves
only the surface of the skin, is characterized by reddening. A second-degree burn extends
beneath skin surface and causes blistering and severe pain while a third-degree, or full-
thickness, burn causes charring and destruction of the cell-producing layer of skin. The
severity of a burn depends also on the area involved, expressed as a percentage of the total
body surface area. Severe burns cause shock and loss of body fluids. A person suffering
third-degree burns over more than 10 percent of body surface area should be hospitalized as
soon as possible.

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First aid for burns involves removing the source of the burn as soon as possible. The burn
should be cooled immediately with cold water. A clean, cold wet towel or dressing can be
placed on less serious burns to ease pain and protect the burn from contamination.
Continuously bathe chemical burns with running water for at least 20 minutes to dilute the
substance. Any powder should be carefully brushed off with gloved or protected hands before
washing. Wet dressings or ointments should never be used for burns. Instead, the first-aid
provider should gently apply dry, sterile dressings held in place by bandages and seek
immediate medical attention.

6. POISONING
A poisonous substance introduced into the body through the mouth or nose causes symptoms
such as nausea, cramps, and vomiting. Poisons include toxic medications, herbicides,
insecticides, rodenticides, household disinfectants, and noxious gases.
In a case of poisoning, the first-aid provider should remove the victim from a toxic
environment, then contact the poison control center listed in most United States phone books.
If the number is unavailable, the provider should call a physician or hospital emergency
department. If possible, the provider should try to identify the poison, either by questioning
the victim or searching for suspicious containers. Containers of many poisonous substances
list the antidote, or remedy, on the label. Burns or stains on the skin or a characteristic odor
on the breath may also help the first aid provider recognize the poison.
Unless instructed to do so by the poison control center, the first-aid provider should never
give a poisoning victim anything to eat or drink. Vomiting should not be induced unless the
poison control center recommends it. If the victim vomits, the first-aid provider should turn
the individual on the side and clear the airway. Before clearing the victim‗s mouth of any
obstructions, however, the provider should first put on clean first-aid gloves or wrap a cloth
around his or her fingers. If the person who ingested the poison is unconscious, the airway,
breathing, and circulation should be checked and CPR started if necessary.
A drug overdose occurs when an individual takes too large a dose of a drug or takes a dose
that is stronger than the person can tolerate. A drug overdose can be difficult to diagnose
because the signs and symptoms vary widely and often mimic other illnesses or injuries.
Symptoms of a drug overdose include unusually dilated or contracted pupils, vomiting,
difficulty in breathing, hallucinations, and in severe cases unconsciousness and slow, deep
breathing. If an overdose is not treated, the individual may die. Victims of overdose should be
taken immediately to a hospital emergency room.

7. SEVERE BLEEDING
The presence of blood over a considerable area of a person‗s body does not always indicate
severe bleeding. The blood may ooze from multiple small wounds or be smeared, giving the
appearance of more blood than is actually present. The rate at which blood is lost from a
wound depends on the size and kind of blood vessel ruptured. Bright red, spurting blood
indicates injury to an artery while welling or steadily flowing, dark red blood indicates injury
to a vein.
Welling or spurting blood is an unmistakable sign of severe bleeding. If a major artery
ruptures, a person may bleed to death within a minute. Injuries to veins and minor arteries
bleed more slowly but may also be fatal if left unattended. Shock usually results from loss of
fluids, such as blood, and must be prevented as soon as the loss of blood has been stopped.
To stop the bleeding, apply pressure directly over the wound and, when possible, elevate the
bleeding body part. The first-aid provider should use bandages to hold a sterile dressing or
clean cloth firmly over the wound. Dressings that become saturated with blood should not be
removed but should be reinforced with additional layers. If an arm or leg wound bleeds
rapidly and cannot be controlled by dressings and bandages, the first-aid provider can apply
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close to the skin at these points and can be compressed against underlying bone to stop
arterial bleeding. The pressure point for the femoral artery, which supplies blood to the leg, is
located on the front center of the leg‗s hinge, the crease of the groin area where the artery
crosses the pelvic bone. The pressure point for the brachial artery, which supplies blood to
the arm, is located halfway between the elbow and armpit on the inner side of the arm.

Fractures
A fracture is defined as any break or crack in a bone. Fractures can be caused by direct
action (such as a blow or a fall), indirect action (where the break occurs away from the
site of the direct blow) or muscular action (where the kneecap or thigh may break due to a
jerk or a trip).

Signs of Fractures
The part is painful and swollen and has lost the power of movement.
The shape of the injured part may look wrong, and a limb is usually shortened; the broken
arm or leg is shorter than the other.
The broken end of the bone can sometimes be seen or felt under the skin

Types of Fractures
Fractures are classified as follows:
a. Simple (Closed) Fractures: This involves only the bone. Here, the skin is not broken and great
care should be taken to see that it does not become so.
b. Compound (Open) Fractures: This is where the skin over the bone is also broken, either from
the injury that caused by fracture or by a piece of bone itself. This is very dangerous as they
involve extensive tissue damage, heavy bleeding and possibility of infection.
c. Complicated Fractures: This is a fracture, either closed or open, which is associated with an
injury to a more important part of the body such as the brain, lungs, a major blood vessel or
nerve, the treatment which has priority.
d. Green Stick Fractures: These fractures are cracks; they do not go all the way through the bone,
they occur mostly in young children whose bones are still relatively pliable.

Bandaging, Binding Skills and Splints

Bandaging refers to the use of bandages, binders and splints to dress injuries in first aid.
Bandages and Binders
Bandages and binders are used to secure dressings, apply pressure and support in injuries of the
extremities.
Bandages are strips of cloth, gauze of elasticized material used to wrap a body part. They come in
packed rolls and vary in width from 1 to 6 inches.
Binders are designed for a specific body part and include slings. They may be made of cloth
(flannel, muslin) or of an elasticized materials that fastens together with vector.
Functions of Bandages and Binders
After the bandage is anchored, the roll is passed or rolled around the body part, taking care that
equal tension is exerted with each turn.
The basic turns for roller bandages are as follows:
Circular turn: In this bandaging turn, overlapping previous turn completely. Its anchor at the first
and final turn covers small part. When using this turn, the bandage is wrapped around the body
part with complete overlapping of the previous bandage turn.
It is used primarily for anchoring a bandage when it has begun and when it is terminated.
(See diagram).

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Spiral turn: In this bandage, ascending body part is wrapped in a spiral manner with each turn
overlapping previous one by one-half or two-thirds width bandage.
This turn is useful when the body being bandaged is cylindrical, such as the area around
the wrist, the fingers and the trunk. (See diagram)

Spiral-reverse turn: This turn requires twist or reversal of bandage half way through each turn.
Actually, it is the spiral turn in which reverses are made half-way through its turn.
This turn is effective for bandaging cone-shaped body part such as the thigh, the leg or
the forearm.

Figure-of-eight turn: This turn consists of making oblique overlapping turn that ascend and
descend alternatively. Each turn crosses the one preceding so that it appears like a figure eight
(8). This turn is effective for use around joints such as the knee, the elbow, the ankle and the
wrist.

Recurrent turn: Here, bandage is first secured with two circular turns around the proximal end of
body part; half turn made perpendicular up from bandage edge; body of bandage brought over
distal end of body part to be covered with each turn folded back over on itself. It covers uneven
body parts such as head or stump.
It is used for finger, amputated limb and head bandage.

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Triangular Bandages
A triangular bandage has three borders. The longest is called base and the other two sides. The
one opposite the base is called ‗A‘ point and the other two sides are called the ends as ‗B‘ and
‗C‘. (See Diagram)

Applying Triangular Bandages

Triangular bandage to the head:
Fold a hem inwards along the base of the bandage.
Place the base of the triangle on the forehead and bring the ends around the head, crossing
over the apex at the rear, and meeting again at the center of the forehead.
Tie the ends.
Bring the apex up and fasten with a safety pin.

Triangular bandage to the hand

Place the open bandage and put hand over it.
Turn the point toward the fingers and base across the wrist.
Cross over and tie it up over the point.
Now pin the point over the knot.

Triangular bandage for the chest

Place the center of the open bandage over the dressing and point „A‟ over the sound
shoulder.
Carry the ends of the bandages round the body and tie it in such a way that one end remains
longer than the other.
Draw the point A over shoulder and tie it to the other end.
If injury is over the back the procedure may be reversed.

Triangular bandage for the elbow

Ask the patient to bend the elbow at right angles.
Lay the point A on the upper arm and the middle of the base on the forearm.
Cross the ends B and C in front of the elbow and round the arm and the ends above the
elbow.

Triangular bandage for the knee

Ask the patient to keep the knee at right angle.
Place the open bandage in front of the knee with a point A open the thigh.
Cross the ends, take them upward and from back of the thigh bring them to the front of the
thigh and tie up.
Later on bring the flap „A‟ downward.
If knee cannot be bent, then figure of 8 bandages may be applied with roller bandage.

Triangular bandage for the foot

Ask the patient to put the foot in the center of an open bandage with a point A beyond the
toes.
Now draw the point over the foot toward ankle.

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Cover the ends round the ankle at the back

Bring the ends forward and tie in front of the ankle.
At last bring the point A downward and pin up

Types of Binders
Binders are specially designed for the body part to be supported. The most common types of
binders are as follows:
T-binders: This looks like the letter „T‟ and is used to secure rectal or perineal dressings and the
groin. The single T-binder is used for female clients and the double T-binder is used for male
clients. The belt is passed around the waist and secured with safety pins. The single or double
tails are passed between the legs and pinned to the belt.

Breast binder: This looks like a tight-fitting sleeveless vest. It conforms to the shape of the chest
wall and is available in different sizes. Breast binders can provide supports after breast surgery or
exert pressure to reduce lactation in a woman after childbirth. It is essential that excess pressure
should be avoided to prevent chest expansion impairment.
Abdominal binder: A many-tailed binder or scultetus binder consists of a rectangular piece of
fabric, with tails that are about 5 cm (2‖) wide attached to its sides. The binder supports abdomen
or holds dressings on it or on the chest. An abdominal binder supports large abdominal incisions
that are vulnerable to tension or stress as the client moves or coughs.

Slings
Slings are used to support arms with sprains or fractures and to prevent pulls. Slings are of three
types, namely arm sling, triangular sling and collar & cuff sling.
Arm Sling: It is used in cases of fractures of wrists, hands, ribs, etc.
Arm sling is demonstrated as follows:
Put one end of the triangular bandage over the uninjured shoulder with point on the injured
side.
Pass the end around the neck and bring it over the injured shoulder. The other free end will
be hanging down over the chest.
Place the forearm horizontally across the chest and cover the forearm by bringing the end up.
Tie the two ends in such a way that the forearm is horizontal or slightly tilted upward and
now remains at the collar bone.

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For an Open Fracture

Cut away or remove children‟s clothing.
Control bleeding by applying pressure directly over the wound with the clean, preferably,
sterile dressing.
Cover the protruding bone part with a large sterile bandage or with some kinds of clean
material.

Fractured Collarbone (clavicle):

In the case of a fractured collarbone the patient will often support the elbow to relieve pain and
incline his head towards the injured side. A common cause is falling on the outstretched hand or
shoulder. It is a very common sports injury.
Remove and loosen any clothing or strap on the injured side.
Pad under the armpits and the chest wall both back and front.
Place a broad bandage under the armpit on the right side, over the shoulder and tie at the
back.
Repeat this on the left side.
Take a third bandage and lash the loops together tightly between the shoulder blades.
Check to see that the circulation is normal at the pulse in both arms.

Application of Knot in Bandaging

The knot should be applied where it does no hurt the skin or where it does not become a source of
discomfort and friction.
For a firm bandage, Reef knot should be used:
Catch the ends of the bandage separately in each hand.
Cross the end in the right hand from below and then over and above the end in left hand thus
making a turn.
Now cross in opposite direction, i.e. right hand over and then under the end in left hand. This
will make a second turn.
Application of granny knot will keep the bandage loose.

Splints
These are pieces of wood or some other rigid materials which are tied firmly to the broken limb
to keep it still. They may be made from any article as a rolled-up newspaper or exercise book, an
umbrella or walking-stick.
Where it touches the limb, the splint should be padded so that it will not hurt the patient. The pad
may be made of any soft material – a folded shirt, a towel, a bunch of grass, pieces of paper or
rags.

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First Aid Dressing for Fractures

Let the affected area remain in as natural position as position.
Do not try to reduce the fracture
Avoid all unnecessary movements of the injured area and near the injury.
Immobilize affected part.
Use a splint that is long enough to extend above and below the fractured part.
Use whatever material is available as splint.

Secure with cloth strips, bandage, and sling.
Handle gently.
Transfer the patient to hospital.

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CHAPTER 4
Nature study

Learning objectives

1.1.Complete one honor from each of the groups listed below:

a. Amphibians, Birds, Poultry, Livestock, Reptiles, Trees.
b. Stars, Cacti, Weather, Flowers,
c. Ecology, Environmental conservation.
d. Cats, Dogs, Mammals, Bird pets.
1.2.Be able to identify from photos, collection or live, one of the following:
a. 15 trees
b. 15 flowers
c. 10 stars
d. 10 constellations
e. 10 wild flowers
1.3.Identify Orion. Know the spiritual significance of Orion as described in the book
Early Writings page 41.
1.4.Identify the following constellations:
a. Ursa major
b. Ursa minor
c. Cassiopeia
d. Gemini
e. Draco

NATURE STUDY I.
Nature is defined as animals, plants and all the other things in the world not made by people.
Therefore, nature study describes the study of natural things such as plants, animals and
creatures in the skies, etc.

The Creation Story

The book of Genesis records the systematic procedure in which God created the whole world and
its environment. It records that God created Heaven and Earth and all that in it for six and rested
on the seventh day. The account of these is examined below:

First Day (Genesis 1: 2-5)

Light: God created heaven and earth, light and darkness and day and night.
Light must have been included in the „heavens and earth‟ that were created in the „beginning‟.
But the earth‘s surface must have been still in darkness, because the cooling earth crust, covered
with boiling waters, must have sent up dense layers of mists and gasses that completely shut out
the sun‘s light. He separated light from darkness. Light became day and darkness, night.
However, the sun itself did not become visible till the fourth day.

Second Day (Genesis 1: 6-8)

The Firmament (Heavens): God created the sky and the waters. He separated the waters from
the firmament.
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The firmament here refer to the Atmosphere, or Layer of Air between the water-covered earth and
the clouds above, made possible by the cooling of the earth‘s waters, still warm enough to make
clouds that hid the Sun. He made the heavens to be above the waters.

The Third Day (Genesis 1: 9-13)

Land and Vegetation: On this day, God created dry land (the earth) and the sea (water bodies).
He created various kinds of fruit trees, grasses and plants (vegetation).
The earth‘s surface till now, it seems had been wholly covered with water because continual
breaking of newly formed thin crust must have kept the earth‘s surface smooth as a liquid ball.
No rains as yet, but dense mists watered the newly formed land which was still warm by its own
heat thereby making vegetation grow.

Fourth Day (Genesis 1: 14-19)

Sun, Moon and Stars: God created the sun to shine and brighten the day. He created the moon
and the stars to provide light at night. The alternation of day and night helps humankind to count
the days, the months, the years and the seasons.
They must have been created in the beginning. On the „first day‟, their light must have penetrated
the earth‘s mist, Genesis 1:3, while they themselves were not visible. But now, due to the
lessened density of clouds, as a result of further cooling of the earth, they become visible on
earth.

Fifth Day (Genesis 1: 20-25)

Sea, Animals, Birds: You should do well to notice the progression: 1st , 2nd days, we have the
inanimate things created; 3rd day, vegetable life; 4th day Sun, Moon and Stars which helps the
Vegetables to produce its food; 5th day Animal life, which will enjoy the earlier created things.
On this day, God created smaller animals. These are fishes which swim in the waters and birds
which fly in the sky.

Sixth Day (Genesis 1: 24-31)

Land Animals and Man: God created different kinds of animals. These are domestic animals and
wild animals in the forest. He also created human beings, both male and female. Human beings
are unique creatures of God because He created them in His own IMAGE. He blessed humankind
and asked them to be fruitful, multiply and fill the earth and have dominion over everything.
God saw everything that he has made, and it was „very good‟ (Genesis 1:4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25,
31).
Seventh Day (Genesis 2: 1-3)
God Rested: God did not create anything. He rested after the work of creation. He blessed the
seventh day and made it holy, saying „Nobody should work on the seventh day‟. From this
particular creative work, this was a basis of the Sabbath, Exodus 20:11.

ANIMALS
They are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia. Their body plan
eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of
metamorphosis later on their lives. All animals are motile, meaning they can move
spontaneously and independently, at some point in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs:
they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.
This book will seek to cover a group of animals called vertebrates (birds, mammals,
amphibians, reptiles, and fish).

BIRDS
Birds are feathered, winged, two-legged, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates. Birds are the only
animals that have feathers, which are made of keratin, just like your hair and fingernails. A
bird‗s wings have the same bones as a human arm, but they are arranged differently. Some of
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the bones in a bird‗s skeleton are hollow. This makes the bird light enough to fly. There are
more than 9,800 known types of birds. They range in size from the bee hummingbird (2 ¼
inches long) to the 9-foot-tall ostrich. All birds: Are vertebrates (which means they have a
backbone or spine) Are endothermic. Also known as ―warm- blooded, endothermic animals
regulate their own body temperature which allows them to live in almost every climate on
earth. Have feathers Lay eggs with hard, waterproof shells. The parent birds incubate the
eggs until they hatch, and care for their young.

Examples of birds
Examples of birds are: sparrow, eagle, blue bird, humming bird (the smallest of all birds and
the only bird which can fly backwards), woodpecker, vulture, crow, dove, hawk, flamingo,
falcon, etc.

How big are Birds

The tiniest bird is the bee hummingbird. It is only a little more than 2 inches (5 centimeters) long.
It weighs less than a dime!
The biggest bird is the ostrich. It is about 9 feet (2.7 meters) tall and weighs up to 345 pounds
(156 kilograms). The ostrich cannot fly. One of the heaviest flying birds is the great bustard. It
can weigh as much as 40 pounds (18 kilograms).

Habitat of Birds
Birds live almost everywhere on Earth. Some kinds of birds can live only in certain places.
Penguins live only in cold places. Parrots live only in the warm tropics.
Many birds have summer and winter homes. Some birds live in the northern United States and
Canada during the summer. They migrate (fly) south to spend the winter in Central or South
America. Birds that live in Europe during the summer migrate south to Africa for the winter.

Kinds of Birds
There are about 10,000 kinds of birds. Scientists have different ways of grouping birds. One way
to group them is by how and where they live. Some birds live in water or get most of their food
from water. The albatross and shearwater are birds that live over the ocean far away from land.
They can even drink salt water. Loons, ducks, geese, gulls, pelicans, puffins, and penguins are
also birds that live on or near water.
Some birds live on beaches or shores. They are called wading birds because they have long legs
for wading into water to catch fish or other animals. Herons, storks, ibises, spoonbills, and
flamingos are large wading birds.
Hawks, eagles, and falcons swoop down and grab other animals with their claws. They are called
birds of prey. Owls are birds of prey that hunt at night.
Running birds run on the ground instead of flying. Ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries, and kiwis
are running birds that cannot fly.
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Most birds are perching birds. Perching birds are small birds with special toes that let them hang
on to small twigs. Most perching birds are songbirds. Sparrows, robins, finches, warblers, and
blackbirds are songbirds.
Other kinds of birds include parrots, doves and pigeons, cuckoos, hummingbirds, and
woodpeckers.

Reproduction in Birds
Mating and breeding
Many kinds of birds have only one mate. First, a male bird has to get the attention of a female
bird. Some males show off their beautiful feathers. Male songbirds sing to attract females.
Most female birds lay their eggs in nests to protect them and keep them warm. Some kinds of
birds build big, fancy nests. Eagles build huge nests of sticks. Many birds use holes in trees for
nests.
Some birds warm their eggs without any type of nest at all. The male emperor penguin keeps a
single egg on top of its feet under a fold of skin.
Birth
Birds hatch out of eggs. They break the shell and hop out. Baby songbirds and pelicans do not
have any feathers when they are born. They cannot see at first. Their parents must feed them and
keep them warm. Ducks and other baby birds are born covered with soft down. They can feed
themselves soon after hatching.
Some kinds of young birds stay in the nest less than a day. Some baby birds stay around the nest
for months.
Life span
Most birds do not survive longer than one year. Many birds get sick and die. Some cannot find
enough food. Some get eaten by other animals.
About one bird in ten lives longer than a year. Scientists are not sure how long birds can live in
the wild. They think that many small songbirds live 3 to 5 years. But some albatrosses can live to
be more than 60 years old.
Birds are said to be more advanced than reptiles for the following reasons:
i. They regulate their body temperature from the insulated covering of feathers (warm-blooded).
ii. They have the ability to fly to escape predations and to locate other resources for survivor.
iii. They have highly developed voice, hearing and sight.
iv. Their care for the young ones makes them more successful and their adaptation to live on land
in air.

MAMMALS
They are a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession
of hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands, and a neocortex (a region of the brain). The
mammals include the biggest animals on planet. The basic body type is a four-legged land borne
animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in the trees, or on two legs.
Mammals have unique brains and are often very intelligent. Humans are the most intelligent.
Mammals that eat meat are called carnivores. Carnivores include lions, tigers, seals, and the
largest carnivore mammal which is the polar bear.
Mammals that eat only plants are called herbivores, which include cows, elephants, and giraffes.
Mammals that eat both meat and plants are called omnivores. Humans are omnivores.

Examples of mammals
Examples of mammals include:
African wild Dog, American Bison, Bactrian Camel, Blue whale, Dolphins, Elephants, Giant
panda, Giraffes, Gorilla, Hippos, Red Kangaroo, e.t.c.

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AMPHIBIANS
Amphibians are animals that live part of their lives in water and part on land. They usually
have soft, moist skin that is protected by a slippery layer of mucus. They also tend to live in
moist places or near water to keep their bodies from drying out. All amphibians are
vertebrates (which means they have a backbone or spine). They are ectothermic, also known
as ―cold- blooded, ectothermic animals cannot regulate their own body heat, so they depend
on warmth from sunlight to become warm and active. If they get too hot, they have to find
shade or a burrow to help them cool down. They breathe through their skin and go through
metamorphosis. Young amphibians hatch from eggs, but do not look like their parents. As
they develop, their body shape changes.
All amphibians have:
1. Two-stage life: aquatic and terrestrial.
2. Four limbs with webbed feet.
3. Entire endoskeleton (inside skeleton)
4. Smooth and moist skin
5. Respiration by gills, lungs, or skin

Examples of amphibians:
Examples of amphibians include, common toad, newt, salamander, tree frog, adhesive disk

Differences between Toad and Frogs

There are some differences between frogs and toads which include;

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Many species (kinds) of frogs have smooth skin and live near water whilst Toads have rough,
bumpy skin and often live in drier areas.
Frogs usually have long legs whilst Toads have shorter legs.
Frogs have teeth in their upper jaw whilst Toads have no teeth at all

Frogs and toads are very much alike.

Sometimes the differences are not that clear. Some animals that are called toads actually are
more like frogs. Some animals are like a mixture of a frog and a toad.
Frogs and toads do not drink water. They soak up all the water they need through their skin.

REPTILES
There are four main groups of reptiles: turtles and tortoises; lizards and snakes; crocodiles
and alligators; and the tuatara. Many reptiles spend most of their time on land, but some
spend a great deal of time in the water. Reptile species can be found in all types of habitat
except polar ice and tundra. All reptiles are vertebrates (which means they have a backbone
or spine). They are ectothermic. They are covered with scales and Have lungs for breathing.
Cold-Blooded while their blood temperature isn't literally cold, the term "cold-blooded"
refers to how the creature's body temperature is dependent on its environment. An animal that
functions this way may also be called a poikilotherm. This relates directly to a reptile's
metabolism, meaning their energy may be better expended in warm climates. This is why
reptiles are usually found in greater abundance in countries closer to the earth's equator.
Scales The defining characteristic between reptiles and amphibians (both cold-blooded
animals) is their skin surface.
Reptiles have scales, very small plates covering their entire bodies. Scales prevent water from
soaking into the reptile, enabling them to live in dry environments. The scales of lizards and
snakes are epidermal, whereas turtles and crocodiles simply have dermal scales (scutes).
Amniotic Eggs Reptiles are sauropsids, meaning their eggs are laid with a hard outer shell.
Embryos of the animal develop while in the egg. Like bird eggs, the animal emerges into the
world not directly from its mother's womb (as is the case for most mammals), but from eggs
that have been on land for a period of time. And once they hatch from their eggs, they need
immediate food and air. Breathing Air Though they share this characteristic with other types
of animals, an important distinction of a reptile is its dependence on air. This sets them apart
from amphibians, which live exclusively in water when they are first born. Reptiles can only
breathe air, otherwise they will suffocate or drown.

Examples of reptiles
Examples of reptiles are: Giant tortoise, Arabian horned viper, Grass-snake, rattle snake,
Chameleon, comodo dragon.
Others include: lizards, alligators, crocodiles, etc.

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FISH
A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic
craniate animals that that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish,
lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups.
Most fish are ectothermic (cold-blooded), allowing their temperatures to vary as ambient
temperature change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can
hold a high core temperature.

Characteristics of fish
1. Fish live in water.
2. Fish have a backbone. They are vertebrates.
3. Fish breathe using gills. They absorb oxygen through the gills.
4. Almost all fish are cold-blooded. Two of the exceptions are the tuna and the pacific
salmon shark, which can raise their body temperature to some degree.
5. Some fish have scales.

Examples of fish
Examples of fish include:
Catfish, sharks, salmon, trout, sturgeon, e.t.c.

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PLANTS
Plants
A plant is defined as a living thing that grows in the earth and has stems, leaves and roots. It is
also defined as something living that is not an animal. Examples of plants are trees and
vegetables.
In this text, we shall consider plants such as trees, flowers, vegetables, wild flowers and
poisonous plants.
Trees
A tree is described as a large plant with a hard woody trunk, branches and leaves. In naming
trees, one must be able to identify them by their stem, branches, roots, and leaves, how it grows
and even what it is used for.
Examples of trees
Examples of trees are
Odum, Nim Tree Pine, Wawa, Oil Palm tree, Palm, Mahogany, Mango tree, Bamboo, Sapele,
Cactus, Coffee, Tea, Oak, Silk, Cotton, Mangrove Baobab, Oucalyptus.

Flowers
A flower is a part of a plant which holds the seeds and is usually brightly colored. Flowers add to
the beauty of our homes. They appear in different colors. Some are red, yellow, purple, etc.

Examples of flower
Hibiscus, Baugain villa, Lady in the Boat, Flamboyant, Periwinkle, Flamingo, Rose, Sisal,
Yellow Alamanda, Ordid, Sun flower, Forget Me Not, Morning Glory, Queen of the Light, Milk
bush, Zeniah, Lily.

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VEGETABLES
These are edible roots or leaves. Examples of vegetable are:
Cauliflower, Carrot, Onion, Okro, Garden eggs, Cacumber, Tomato, Lettuce, Pumpkin, Cabbage,
Pepper

Poisonous Plants
They are plants that kill or harm human when it gets into the body. Some poisonous plants are
natural and can harm our health. Others too become poisonous when it is affected by other
poisonous plants or animals. Examples of poisonous plants are:
Common Bryony, Garden egg plant, Deadly Nightshade, Hemlock, Milk bush, Cedar acuta,
Tomato plant, Elephant Ear.

NATURE STUDY II
Stars and Constellations

Stars
On the 4th day of the creation story, God created lights for various purposes (Gen. 1:14-17). One
of the lights created was a star.
A star is defined as a ball of burning glowing gases or dust (a heavenly body) that is visible in the
skies mostly at night.
A star is a cell luminous body which means it gives off its light at night. However, not all objects
seen in the sky at night are stars. There are other heavenly bodies. Some of these are:
A. Planets B. Meteors C. Satellites E. Asteroids
F. Planetoids G. Nebula H. Comets.
Stars are formed with two main gasses. These are helium and hydrogen. The combination of
these gasses makes star look like dust in the sky.

Importance (Function) of Stars

a. It shows how great God is – Psalm 19: 1
b. It glorifies the Creator – Psalm 8:3, 4
c. It shows weather condition – Gen. 1:14
d. It serves as a source of light – Gen. 1: 16, 17
e. It helps to know seasons or periods – Job 38: 32, 33, 39
f. It represents Jesus Christ – Num. 27: 17; Matt. 2:2

Figurative Use of Stars in the Bible

In the Bible, stars have been used in different ways. Some of these are:
a. Jesus Christ – Num. 24: 17, Matt. 2:2
b. Angels – Job 38: 7
c. Saints - Daniel 12:2

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List of brightest stars

Bright stars are bright because they have high luminosities and/or they are nearby
• Sun (sol), Sirius, Canopus, Arcturus, Alpha Centauri, Vega
Rigel.
List of largest stars
• Canis Majoris 2600
• Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) 950 to 1000
• Antares (Alpha Scorpii) 950
• Rigel (Beta Orionis) 70
The unit of measurement used is the radius of the Sun (approximately 695,500 kilometers, or
432,450 miles).
Navigational stars
The navigational stars are used in celestial navigation especially the bright stars. Fifty-eight
selected navigational stars are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. The star
Polaris, often called the ―north star‖ is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial
pole.

POLARIS (POLE STAR)

Polaris stands almost motionless on the sky, and all the stars of the Northern sky appear to rotate
around it. Therefore, it makes an excellent fixed point from which to draw measurements for :
• celestial navigation and for astrometry.
• Direction for sailors and nomads (Billy goat).

Constellations
If you look at the sky at night, you may be able to see patterns in the stars. In fact, the shepherds
of old as they watched their sheep by night knew and loved these stars.

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As they lay with their flocks on the darkened hillsides, they studied the starry heavens, until in
their imagination these stars grouped themselves into fantastic shapes of men and beasts.
To these shapes the shepherds gave names and they wove strange tales (stories) about them; and
these stories and names have come down to us. We call these patterns and their group of stars
constellations.

Definitions of Constellation
A constellation is a group of stars that appear to form a configuration in the sky.
It is also defined as a group of stars that forms a particular pattern and has a name.
It is a definite region in the sky in which the configuration of stars is contained. There are
about 88 constellations.
Constellations are normally the product of human perception rather than astronomical realities.
Poets, farmers and astronomers have made up these shapes over the past 1,000 years.
For easy identification of stars.

Locating Stars and Constellations The most commonly used Astronomical Coordinate System
for indicating the position of stars or other celestial objects is the Equatorial Coordinate System.
This system locates stars on what is known as celestial sphere.
The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere with the observer at its center. It represents the entire
sky. All celestial objects other than the Earth are imagined as being located on its surface.
If the Earth‘s axis is extended, the points where it intersects the celestial sphere are called the
celestial poles; the north celestial pole is directly above the earth‘s North Pole and the south
celestial pole directly above the earth‘s South Pole.
The great circle on the celestial sphere halfway between the celestial poles is called the Celestial
Equator. It can be thought of as the earth‘s equator projected onto the celestial sphere. It divides
the celestial sphere into the Northern and Southern skies. An important reference point on the
celestial equator is the Vernal Equator, the point at which the sun crosses the celestial equator
in March.

Types of Constellations
Ptolemy listed 48 constellations in his Almagest (2nd century A.D). As systematic observations
were extended to the entire southern sky from the 17th century on, more constellations were added
to the list by J. Bayer, N.L. Lacaille and others.
The final list consists of 88 constellations, each associated with a definite region of the sky. For
the purpose of identifying constellations, the sky has been divided into zodiac, northern and
southern zones.

Zodiac: It is the zone of the sky that includes about 80 on the either side of the Ecliptic, the
apparent path of the sun through the heavens.
The zodiac is divided into 12 equal parts of 300 each, each part being named for a constellation, is
represented by a sign and many of which have animal name.
No. Name Animal Name Date of appearance
1. Aries The Ram Mar 21 – April 19
2. Taurus The Bull April 20 – May 20
3. Gemini The Twins May 21 – June 21
4. Cancer The Crab June 22 – July 22
5. Leo he Lion July 23 – Aug. 22
6. Virgo The Virgin Aug. 23 – Sept. 22
7. Libra The Balance Sept. 23 – Oct. 23
8. Scorpio The Scorpion Oct. 34 – Nov. 21
9. Sagittarius The Archer Nov 22 – Dec. 21
10. Capricornus The Goat Dec. 22 – Jan. 19
11. Aquarius The Water Bearer Jan. 20 – Feb. 18
12. Pisces The Fishes Feb. 19 – Mar.20
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Northern Zones: This refers to the zone of the sky that lies above the celestial equator. This zone
is equivalent to the northern hemisphere of the earth. This means that the sky of those living at
the northern hemisphere is the northern sky (zone). It has been noted that there are twenty-
eight (28) constellations in the northern sky.

Southern Zones: The zone of the sky that lies below the celestial equator is known as the
southern sky (zone). Like the northern sky, all those inhabiting at the southern hemisphere has
the southern sky. It has also been noted that the final list of constellation of the southern sky
totals forty-eight (48).

Ursa Major & Ursa Minor

These are two famous northern sky constellations. In the US, part of the Ursa Major is called the
Big Dipper (or the Drinking Gourd) because the body and tail of the bear make up what is known
as the Big Dipper. Also, part of Ursa Minor is known as the Little Dipper.

Ursa Major: This constellation consists of seven stars and it resembles a bear with the tail raised
up. Four of the seven bright stars in the big dipper form the bowl and three, the handle. Five of
these stars are of second magnitude.
The middle star in the handle of the Big Dipper is Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris). A fainter star,
Alcor, which appears to be near Mizar, was observed from ancient times. These two stars are
sometimes called double stars.
If you are looking at the Big Dipper, the outer edge stars that make up the "bowl" of the dipper
are the two stars, Dubhe and Merak, with Merak being the one on top. These are known as the
Pointers. This is because a line extending through them to about five times the distance between
them leads to the polestar, POLARIS or the North Star. Polaris is at the extreme end of the Little
Dipper.
Also, if you connect the handle of the dipper with a line, it will lead to the star, Arcturus, in the
constellation, Bootes.

Ursa Minor: Little Dipper is fainter and smaller than the Big Dipper.
The true figure represented by the stars is the Little Bear. Its counterpart is Ursa Major, or the
Great Bear.
The most important of all is the last star in the tail. This spot is held by the North Star, Polaris.
Many think it is called the North Star because it is very bright. But actually, it is quite dim.
Instead, the name comes from the fact that it doesn't move from its spot in the night sky.
Including Polaris, there are three stars in the handle of the Little Dipper and four forming the
bowl. There is a unique circle of stars called the "engagement ring" slightly below Polaris. They
can be viewed with binoculars or a telescope.

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NB.The handles of the two Dippers extend in opposite directions and when one bowl is upright,
the other is inverted.
Ursa Major and Minor are both circumpolar for observers in the middle and northern latitudes of
the northern hemisphere.

Cassiopeia
It is a northern constellation located almost directly opposite the Big Dipper across the north
celestial pole.
Cassiopeia has a very distinct shape. Five bright stars in the constellation looks like a "W" or "M"
in the sky, depending on where she is. This usually resembles The Lady in Her chair. Some
legends say that Cassiopeia was chained into the sky and sometimes hangs upside-down to
remind others not to be so boastful.
Cassiopeia reaches its highest point in the evening sky in November, but because of its location
near the pole, it is visible throughout the year to most northern observers.

Mythology
Cassiopeia was the wife of King Cepheus. She was very pretty, and would often brag that she and
her daughter were more beautiful than the sea nymphs, the Nereids. They complained to
Poseidon, who sent a monster to Cepheus' land.
In order to save their country, the king and queen sacrificed their daughter, Andromeda. Just
before the monster, named Cetus, ate the princess, Perseus saved her. All five figures are
represented in the sky as constellations.

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Draco
Draco the dragon is a circumpolar constellation, which means it revolves around the North Pole.
It can be seen all year round. Draco is only present for observers north of 400N latitude, so those
living in the Southern Hemisphere will never see this long constellation.
It lies south-east of Ursa Minor and north of Lyra and Hercules. It is traditionally depicted as a
dragon. Draco contains a bright star Elthanin (Gamma Draconis). The easiest way to spot Draco
is by finding his head. It consists of four stars in a trapezoid, burning brightly just north of
Hercules. From there, the tail slithers through the sky, ending between the Big and Little Dippers.
The end of the constellation is held by Thuban, which was the pole star over 4,000 years ago.

Cepheus
Cepheus looks like a house. The point on top is a special star called a cepheid. These stars are
used to measure long distances. Just below the constellation is another cepheid. This red star
would be the
North Star if we lived on Mars.
Mu Cephi is in the constellation Cepheus, the King. This star is dying. It has stopped burning
hydrogen and will eventually explode. The star is visible with binoculars and although faint, is
very large. If it were placed at the center of our solar system, it would reach outward to between
the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
Mythology

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Cepheus was king of a land called Ethiopia in Greek myth. He had a wife named Cassiopeia and
a daughter, Andromeda. Cassiopeia liked to brag about her beauty so much, that she said she and
Andromeda were more beautiful than the Nereids. Poseidon got very angry, and sent a sea
monster to kill Cepheus and his family.
Andromeda was offered as a sacrifice, and just when the sea monster was going to eat her,
Perseus saved her. All four people, along with the monster, are in the sky as constellations.

Andromeda
This is a northern constellation located to the north-east of Pegasus and to the south of
Cassiopeia.
It is a "V" shaped constellation best viewed in the fall if you live in the Northern Hemisphere.
Andromeda lies close to the North Pole, so only a few in the Southern Hemisphere can see this
strangely shaped constellation in the spring.
Its brightest star, Alpheratz (Alpha Andromedae) marks the north-east corner of the Great Square
in Pegasus.
The constellation also contains the bright stars Mirach (Beta Andromedae) and Almach (Gamma
Andromedae. It also contains the famous great Nebula or Andromeda Galaxy, the only Galaxy
visible to the naked eye in the Northern Hemisphere.
Andromeda reaches its highest point in the evening sky in November.

Gemini (The Twins)

This is a northern constellation lying on the ecliptic, between Taurus and Cancer, north of Canis
Minor. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Gemini is traditionally depicted as two men.
The two brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux, are two of the brightest stars in the sky.
These stars lie north of the bright star Procyon in Canis Minor and were identified by Greeks with

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two children, in most accounts the twin sons of Zeus and Leda. The Egyptians identified the two
stars with a pair of young goats
There is a cluster of stars near the foot of the twin on the right, and a nebula near the arm of the
twin on the left.
The Twins are best seen during the winter and spring in the Northern Hemisphere. If you live in
the Southern Hemisphere, look for Gemini in the summer. However, the Twins reaches its
highest point in the evening sky in February.

“OriOn
Orion, the Hunter, is by far the most famous seasonal constellation. No other is more distinct or
bright as this northern winter constellation
This is a constellation located on the celestial equator. It is one of the most conspicuous and
easily recognizable constellations in the entire sky.
It is traditionally depicted as the figure of a warrior. He holds a club in his right hand and grasps a
lion‘s skin which he can use as a shield.
Four bright stars form a quadrangle marking his shoulders and feet.
 Brilliant Red Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) is at his right shoulder.
 Bellatrix (Beta Orionis) at his left shoulder.
 Dazzling-white Rigel (Beta Orionis) at the south-west corner marks his upraised left foot.
 Whikle Saiph (Kappa Orionis) at the right foot is of second magnitude.
Three bright second-magnitude stars form a belt almost along the celestial equator; hanging from
the belt is a sword of dimmer stars and including the famous Great Nebula.
The most famous stories come from Greek and Roman myths. Orion was a famed hunter, and in
one story boasted that no creature could kill him.
Hera then sent a scorpion to sting the hunter. Orion smashed the animal with his club, but not
before he was poisoned. Both are now on opposite sides of the sky but they cannot be seen at the
same time.

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Prophecy and the Orion.

In 1846 Ellen White was shown in vision a panoramic view of the planets, stars, and galaxies,
although she personally never wrote any detail about this vision, sea captain Joseph Bates, who
had spent a life time studying the stars to help sail his vessels, was present at this meeting rising
to his feet, stated that Ellen‘s White description of the ―opening
Heavens‖ far surpassed any account he had ever read from any author. Two years later in 1848,
Ellen White described in vision the location of this ―open space‖
“Dark heavy clouds came up and clashed against each other. The clouds parted and rolled
back; then we could look up through the open space in ORION, where God‟s voice came
from. Heaven will come down through that „OPEN SPACE.‟” Early writings p. 42

Orions nebula pictured above.

Gemini (The Twins)

This is a northern constellation lying on the ecliptic, between Taurus and Cancer, north of Canis
Minor. It is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Gemini is traditionally depicted as two men.
The two brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux, are two of the brightest stars in the sky.
These stars lie north of the bright star Procyon in Canis Minor and were identified by Greeks with
two children, in most accounts the twin sons of Zeus and Leda. The Egyptians identified the two
stars with a pair of young goats

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There is a cluster of stars near the foot of the twin on the right, and a nebula near the arm of the
twin on the left.
The Twins are best seen during the winter and spring in the Northern Hemisphere. If you live in
the Southern Hemisphere, look for Gemini in the summer. However, the Twins reaches its
highest point in the evening sky in February.

Self-study Exercise
1. Give examples of the following
i. 10 insect
ii. 10 trees
iii. 10 birds
iv. 10 stars
v. 10 flowers
2. Explain the statement ―if the last tree dies, the last man will also die ―.
3. Write on the process of creation as recorded in Genesis 1

4. Identify 3 stars in the constellation Orion.

5. ―Dark heavy clouds came up and clashed against each other. The clouds parted and rolled
back; then we could look up through the open space in ORION, where God‘s voice came
from. Heaven will come down through that ‗OPEN SPACE.‘‖
a. Who was shown this vision?
b. In which year was this vision given?

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Chapter 5

FRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT

Physical growth is the natural process of the Teen Adolescent. When coupled with subtle mental
and emotional growth factors, these contribute to their personality and character development.
Under this section, the following shall be treated:
A. Self-confidence
B. Friendship
C. Will Power

Self-confidence
Like every other facet of human personality, confidence lies along a range. At the one end
there is the overconfident person who puts you off by his overconfidence. At the other
extreme is the person who is so lacking in confidence (low-confidence) that his very abilities
shrivel through insufficient use. Somewhere in between these two extremes is the person with
"normal confidence." We all have abilities which, if given an opportunity to grow and
develop under favorable conditions would grow and flourish.
Definition of self-confidence
This is defined as having the believe and certainty in oneself in whatever one says or does.
When an individual believe in him/herself more than necessary, there is over confidence.
However, when a person does not believe and is not certain about him/ her self regarding
what he/she can do or say, there is low self-confidence.

Causes of Low Self Confidence

Lack of encouragement from people: When an individual does not get positive words or
material encouragement like praises, rewards, love and affection but rather negative words like
„good for nothing‟, stupid, fool, bad boy/girl, the individual would be discouraged in whatever he
attempts to do and may not build self-confidence.

Lack of self-determination and initiative: If the individual has no vision and cannot take
decisions and initiatives on issues which affect him/her, he/she would lack self-confidence and
therefore, will always want people to decide for him/ her.

Unfavorable environment: Where the home, the community or the state is not a conducive
atmosphere or environment, the individual finds it difficult to build self-confidence.

Lack of education and training: Lack of education and training makes the individual
inexperience, dull with low skills and esteem and unable to discover his capabilities and
potentialities and therefore does not have self-confidence in whatever he does.

Lack of self-awareness and knowledge of capabilities: If the individual is not aware of his
capabilities and weakness, he cannot develop, correct and overcome the weaknesses. This
will prevent the individual from building self-confidence.

Inferiority complex: Where an individual sees him/herself to be lower, inferior, hopeless,

failure, inexperience and therefore incapable of doing what others do will make him loose his/ her
worthiness in the society.

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How an Individual can Build Self- Confidence

An enabling environment: This involves the home, the community and the state. It is important
that parents and family members, friends and the state provide atmosphere for the individual to
develop or build self-confidence.

Encouragement from the people: The individual lives with people in the community. These
people can give encouragement to him. Parents, friends, teachers and other people within the
community can give words of encouragement like „good player, good singer, good attempt, you
are in the right direction, good boy/girl, etc.

Self-determination or personal initiative: When an individual is able to take decisions on

certain issues, he/she sees what he can do and would be able to appreciate his worth in the
society.

Education and training: Education and training enable the individual to acquire knowledge and
skills. The mind is trained and the necessary skills required for solving problems are provided.
For example, a student may walk confidently into the examination room to write his/her
examination because he/she is adequately prepared.

Self-awareness and knowledge of capabilities: If the individual is aware of his capabilities and
incapabilities, strengths and weaknesses, he would be in a position to develop his capabilities and
work to correct or overcome his incapabilities or weaknesses.

Role Taking: If an individual takes up role in the society, his capabilities or human qualities
would manifest and he would be able to develop them. For example, if an individual takes up
a role of a teacher, a leader, a mother, a father during a role play, he/she would have the
experiences and this would inspire him/ her.

Friendship
It is defined as a special relationship that exits between two people (friends).
Friend
A friend is defined in the following ways:
i. A person who knows and likes another. "A friend should bear his friends infirmities"
Shakespeare
ii. A person who favors and supports. He was a generous friend to the poor"
iii. A person who belongs to the same side or group. "Are you friend or foe - speak out!

Reasons for Friendship

This explains why we need friends.
1. We cannot develop our talents alone.
2. We cannot know how others feel and what they need without friends to tell us.
3. We need friends so that we can enjoy good times - new experiences and places, by sharing our
happiness, i.e. our happiness is multiplied when shared with someone else.
4. We need someone to share problems with.
5. Friends expand our interests and ideas.
6. Friends help us overcome our faults.
7. Friendship may not lead to marriage; but marriage without friendship in the fullest sense, is not
true marriage

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Bible Principles Relating to Friendship

i. Love at all times - Proverbs 17: 17
ii. Shows friendship- Proverbs 18:24a
iii. Faithful in wounding – i.e. tells you the truth about yourself- Proverbs 27: 6
iv. Gives good advice - is wise and sensible Proverbs 27:9
v. Should show pity and be kind- Job 6:14
vi. Sticks closer than your brother-Proverbs 18:24b

Will Power
The aim of this section is to help the Ranger to understand the role of the will and how one
develops will power.
Definition of Will
Every human being is endowed with the power to choose. Some people can make up their minds
very easily and stick to their decisions. However, others have very great difficulty and ponder the
pros and cons of a particular problem and even after a great deal of thought are unable to make up
their minds.
Will is defined as the ability of a person to make an informed decision about him/her self without
any external force.

Will power is also defined as that energy which is released to back up a decision that has
been made. Some people are referred to as having strong will power- that is, they can make a
decision and once having made it, they seem to be able to have the personal resources to
carry it out.
Some Difficult Decision Making Situations

Choosing a career
Because of the great uncertainty of the job market, and because we have to choose at a young
age to specialize at school, we may find that we have chosen the wrong subjects - that we are
not suited to do Science or Math, but would be better suited to plumbing and carpentry, or
music and art. Exposure to as many varieties of careers as possible and discussion with those
in particular careers will help.
Choosing a partner
The other most important decision that you will have to make is about finding the right partner
for a mate in life. This will need a lot of careful thought and consideration of the kinds of things
that go into making life happy and satisfying.
Choosing a friend
You will have to make decisions about the kind of company you keep and about drink. For
example, the ability to keep a company of good friends and keep away from alcohol is a difficult
decision for most teens.
NB: Allow the students to cite some more situations and write them down.

Will and Health

Man's will helps in maintaining health.
Man's will aroused and rightly directed, is potent soother of nerves.
Man's will is a potent means of resisting mental and physical disease.
Man's will can prevent the blood from flowing readily.
Man's will is powerful in healing disease.

2. Self Will
Manifestations of self will destroy peace and happiness in the home. Failure to correct a self-
willed child could be classified as greatest cruelty.

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3. Control of Will
Breaking of a person's will is contrary to Christ's principle.
A will that is controlled by religion has transforming power.
God cannot save man against his will.
God will not thrust salvation upon man against that person's will.
Man's will is a governing power in man's nature.
Should we ask God to concede to our will?
The unaided human will, is powerless to resist and overcome evil.
Pure religion has to do with man's will.
A rebellious will is the only thing that can help a young person away from God.

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CHAPTER 6
Health and fitness

Learning objectives
1.1.Discuss the importance of regular exercises
1.2.Discuss the temperance principles in the life of Daniel
1.3.List 5 bad things to avoid completely and 5 good things to use moderately
1.4.List and discuss 5 foods in each area:
a. High in sugar
b. High in salt
c. High in saturated animal fats
1.5. Discuss the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS and how they can be prevented
1.6.Explain the dangers and the effects of
a. Alcohol
b. Tobacco
c. Drug

Health and Fitness

The aim of this section is to give practical guidelines which will help to strengthen the Ranger's
desire to care for his mind and body.

Principles of Physical Fitness

Physical fitness is defined as the ability of the body to carry out everyday activities with little
fatigue and with enough energy left for emergencies and leisure. Activities that bring fitness and
wellness include sit-ups, pull-ups, push-ups, etc.
In order to ensure healthiness, physical fitness and wellness, one needs to adhere to the eight
Natural Doctors of healthy living. These are Nutrition, Exercise, Water, Sunlight, Temperance,
Air, Rest and Trust in God (NEWSTART).

Nutrition
Nutrition is defined as the study of food and the effect on the human body. It is the study of the
various nutrients in relation to their effects on the body. It deals with the way the food we eat
nourishes our body, that is, how food eaten provides our body with the substances for energy,
growth, maintenance and protection against diseases.

Nutrients
Nutrients are chemical substances found in food which the body needs in order to function
correctly and to stay healthy.

Uses of nutrients in our Body

The body uses nutrients for three main purposes:
1) To build and repair cells.
2) To provide energy.
3) To regulate body processes.

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Types of Food Nutrients

There are five different nutrients and each has its own function in the body. Each of them is vital
to life and the health of a person will suffer if any one nutrient is over or under supplied. These
are:
i. Protein
ii. Fats and oil
iii. Carbohydrates
iv. Vitamins
v. Minerals.

Note that water is not a nutrient, but a suitable medium in which nutrients are distributed to all the
body parts. It can be called a nutrient because it is vital to life.

Exercise
Exercise is defined as any activity which one does to get fit or remain healthy. It is also defined
as all activities that require physical effort, done to sustain or improve health.
Factors to Consider in Exercising
Many factors need to be kept in mind with any exercise program. Some of these are:

Frequency: This defines the number of times an individual is to exercise. Currently,

recommendations for optional health and fitness suggest that we should exercise at least six times
a week.

Intensity: This tries to specify an amount of energy an individual is to put in the exercise
program. The appropriate intensity of exercise will vary depending upon your age and medical
condition.

Duration: This states the time interval one is to exercise. It is estimated that 45-90 minutes of
exercise per day is great. It would be beneficial if exercise were at least done for 30 minutes, six
days per week. This should be done to suit your program.

Forms of Exercise
Different forms of exercise include:
Walking
Jogging
Skipping
Jumping

Hopping
Swimming.

Rules of an Exercise
It should be taken regularly
It should not be violent or last too long.
It should, if possible, be taken in the open air.
It should exercise all parts of the body.
It should not be taken soon after meals or when tired.
Care should be taken after an exercise to avoid a chill. For this reason special clothes should
be worn which can be completely changed after the exercise
Importance (Benefit) of Regular Exercise
The benefits of regular exercise are many and varied. Some of these are:
i. Regular exercise helps to control weight.

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ii. It helps to reduce high blood pressure and an importance support to any medical therapy for
high blood pressure.
iii. It improves the protective, healthy high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL).
iv. It gives one an improved feeling of well-being.
v. Exercise has been associated with delaying the onset of Alzheimer‘s disease, and it generally
improves mental performance.

WATER
Water is the second most important of all the natural remedies for the survival of the human body
after air. The human body is composed of approximately 70% of water which constantly irrigate
our living organism.
We must drink enough water daily especially in hot water and tropical climates. It is simple to
know whether you are drinking enough water or not.
If your urine is yellow, you are drinking just about what is required of your body.
If it is dark, you are drinking too little water

You must drink the amount needed to maintain clear colored urine, and you will have a new
sense of energy and optimism for each day.
Pure water is superior to many other drinks. The appropriate amount of water intake depends
upon multiple factors such as temperature, body size and kidney functions.
Start your day with one or two glasses of water and continue drinking water between meals to
make sure you are well hydrated. In most cases, people should make an effort to drink a
minimum of six to eight (at least 250 ml per glass) glasses of water per day, more when doing
strenuous work in hot environments.

Functions of water
 Required for all body fluids, e.g. digestive juices, mucus, saliva, blood, sweat and urine.
 Required as part of many metabolic reactions.
 Helps regulate body temperature.
 Assists in the excretion of waste and elimination from the kidneys.
 Lubricates joints and membranes.
 Some nutrients dissolve in water for proper absorption.
 Transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells.
 Prevents constipation.
 Moistens tissues
 Keeps blood flowing throughout the body

Deficiency
 Lack of water in the body leads to dehydration. This could be the result of vomiting and
or diarrhea.
 During illness, where a rise in temperature results in increased sweating, extra water is
needed.
 Extra water is required during lactation for milk production or else milk will dry up.

Sunlight
If we do not receive radiation from the sun, all life would be extinguished from the planet. Our
world would be frozen in a few days. The rays coming from the sun are the most vital source of
energy for food and nutrition, health and cleanliness, wholeness and healing for all life forms.
Vitamin D which is produced on our skins from the rays of the sun is vital to the human body.
The body needs dozed of it every day. It is responsible for the body‘s ability to absorb and utilize
calcium which is the primary ingredient for the building materials of the entire skeletal structure
of the body.

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TEMPERANCE
It is defined as the avoidance of those substances which are bad and a moderate use of those
things which are good.
Life is made up of good and evil, holy and sinful, rich and poor, lovely and ugly; therefore, to be
temperate, one has to avoid the bad half – life and be moderate in living the other half.

Bad Things to Avoid Completely

Those substances one has to avoid completely as part of Christian life include:
a. Drugs, tobacco
b. Alcoholic drinks, beer, fermented wine
c. Tea, coffee, cola
d. Spices, condiments, pickets, hot pepper
e. Animal fats and cheese
f. Fattened milk
g. Unclean foods
h. Fornication, adultery
i. Works of the flesh (Gal 5: 19 – 21)

Good Things to Use Moderately

i. Sugar, ice cream
ii. Sugary juices
iii. Cheese (vegetables)
iv. Jams
v. Peppery sauces
vi. Secular works or social activities
vii. Meat products (clean ones only)
viii. Sexual act in marriage

Things to Note
1. Temperance is self-control through the power of the Holy Spirit.
2. As we ask God through His spirit,
 He guides us in the choice we make.
 We first choose to serve Him.
 We choose to say no to Satan.
 He gives us power to resist Satan.
 We choose to eat and drink those foods and substances that are unhealthy and harmful.

To inspire the Pathfinder to better understand the meaning of the word temperance, there is the
need for the friend to make commitment to follow the example of Daniel in Daniel 1: 8.
Daniel 1:8
‖But Daniel resolved not to defile himself with the royal food and wine, and he asked the chief
officials for permission not to defile himself in this way‖ (NIV)

NB:
There were several reasons why a pious Jew (Daniel) would avoid eating of the royal food:
1. The Babylonians, like other pagan nations, ate unclean meats:
2. The beasts had not been properly killed according to Levitical law (Lev. 17:14, 15);
3. A portion of the animals eaten was first offered as a sacrifice to pagan gods (see Acts 15:29);
4. The use of luxurious and unhealthful food and drink was contrary to strict principles of
temperance;

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5. For Daniel and his friends there was the added desire to avoid a flesh-food diet (see EGW,
Supplementary Material on Dan. 1:8). The Hebrew youth determined to do nothing that would
interfere with physical, mental, and spiritual development.
(SOURCE: SDA Bible Commentary)

Air
Pure air is abundant, free and permeates all of nature. You cannot live more than five minutes
without it. Your fantastic respiratory system needs pure air to regenerate the oxygen in your body.
Oxygen keeps the blood healthy and enables it to carry all the nutritive elements to your living
machine-your body.
Some ways to use fresh air include:
Deep breathing several times every morning.
Doors and windows should be open for fresh air.
Plant trees around homes, and work places to get fresh air from them as they breathe them
out.
Organic matter/water should be taken from the home daily and buried before night to
increase fresh air around the home.
We pay nothing for air so let‘s use it well. (WATTS, p. 25)
Rest
Rest is as important as work and exercise. In order to keep the living machinery (our body)
healthy and working efficiently, we must have sufficient rest. As the muscles and organs of the
body do their work, they wear out (i.e. they lose part of their substance). They need building up.
Further, a well-exercised muscle always has to be bigger than it was before. It is during rest that
these take place
Rest is defined as a situation of being ceased from exertion, action or work. It is also the practice
of being still or asleep, especially to refresh oneself or recover strength. This normally includes
sleep, sitting or lying down comfortably doing nothing else.
The body should rest for at least eight (8) hours each day. If we fail to rest our bodies for eight
(8) hours daily, our bodies will demand from us this rest naturally and at the wrong times we do
not expect to take rest.

Sleep
Sleep is the only perfect form of rest, and it is most important for health that sleep should be
regular and sufficient.

Rules for Sleep

No definite rule can be given as to the number of hours one ought to sleep, as the amount varies
according to age, sex, temperament and work. However, the following are recommended:
i. Children should have plenty of sleep at night and also rest during the day. They should go to
bed early, say 7 pm and sleep till morning.
ii. Boys and girls should go to bed about 9.30 pm.
iii. Adults should go to bed not later than 11 pm. A habit of going to bed after 11 pm may be kept
by some, but with most people, it will have bad effects. It is a law of nature that night should not
be turned into day, and the hours between 10 pm and 5 am are those during which sleep is
beneficial.
iv. Brain workers and women require more sleep than do manual laborers and men.
v. A short rest after lunch is beneficial.
vi. The bedroom should be clean and airy.
vii. Food should not be taken immediately before going to bed for the night.

Trust in God
Paying heed to the will of God and keeping His commandments, we are assured of Good health
because He is the Giver of life.

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Adventist Advantage
These are the benefits in health and fitness available to every Adventist Christian as a result of
living a Biblically-centered healthful lifestyle. This advantage is available to everyone who will
accept the divine invitation: "Whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do all to the glory of
God" (1 Cor.
10:31, R.S.V.)
The Adventist Advantage includes the following:

Good Health
One of the principal helps to good appearance is good health. The divine will for us is also "that
you may . . . be in health, just as your soul prospers" (3 John 2, NKJB). Among Christians,
Seventh-day Adventists are noted for their emphasis on health. One extensive study showed that
they suffer only 20 percent as much lung cancer related to smoking, 13 percent as many deaths
from cirrhosis of the liver, which is related to drinking.
Longevity
This defines the practice of having long life with good health. Adventist women were found to
live three years longer and Adventist men six years longer than non-Adventists. This is due to
their complete abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, and harmful drugs, their emphasis on healthful
diet (vegetarian where possible), avoidance of coffee and tea, promotion of exercise, adequate
rest, and trust in God.
Salvation
Salvation is the ultimate aim of every Christian. However, most people forget that observing
proper healthful living principles amount to stewardship and accountability at the judgment day.
Jesus declared, "I am come that they might have life . . . more abundantly" (John 10:10). Reform
without Christ is legalism. But Christ without reform is mere sentimentalism. Divine Wisdom
says, "By me thy days shall be multiplied, and the years of thy life shall be increased" (Proverbs
9:11). Here is both the promise and the power for a happier, healthier life.

ALCOHOL AND EFFECTS ON THE BODY

Alcohol
An alcohol is any drink that can make a person drunk; also the colorless flammable liquid found
in these drinks, produced by fermenting sugar.
Effects of Alcohol on the body
Alcohol has effect on the various parts of the body. Among these are:
BRAIN
 Alcohol depresses brain center producing incoordination, confusion, poor judgment, etc.
 Alcohol kills brain cells. These cannot be replaced.
 Drinking over a period of time causes loss of memory.
LIVER
 Alcohol inflames liver cells causing them to swell.
 As drinking continues, the number of cells destroyed increases, eventually causes
cirrhosis of the liver.

HEART
 Alcohol inflames the heart muscles.
 It has a toxic effect and causes increased amount of fats to collect.

STOMACH
 Alcohol irritates the stomach protective lining resulting in gastric or duodenal ulcers.

KIDNEY AND BLADDER

 Alcohol irritates the bladder preventing it from functioning properly.
 It irritates the kidney causing an increased loss of fluid.

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MOUTH AND OESOPHAGUS

 Alcohol is an irritant to delicate linings of the throat and food pipe. It burns as it goes
down.

BLOOD VESSEL
 95% of alcohol taken into the body is absorbed into the blood stream through the lining
of the stomach and duodenum.
 Therefore it travels rapidly to every cell and tissues in the body.
 It causes anemia by reducing the production of red blood cells.
 Alcohol shows the ability of white blood cells to destroy bacteria and inhibits clotting
ability of blood platelets.
 It causes red blood cells to clump together in sticky wad slowing circulation and
depriving tissues of oxygen.

Myths and Facts about Alcohol

A myth is an untrue belief or explanation that has come to stay.
A fact, however, is a piece of knowledge or information that is true or something that has actually
happened. A fact therefore unveils all truths about those beliefs which many people think are true
but are not.
The following are some myths about alcohol and their relevant facts.

1. Myth: Alcohol is a stimulant

Fact: Alcohol may appear to stimulate because it releases inhibitions. Alcohol is a depressant.

2. Myth: A few drinks can improve your skills

Fact: Alcohol does not normally increase physical or mental skill. It may increase confidence but
decreases judgment and self-criticism and self-control. Drinkers may feel their performance has
improved when in reality it may have declined.

3. Myth: Alcohol warms the body.

Fact: Alcohol may make a drinker feel warmer because it causes blood to rise to the skin surface.
This lowers body temperature because the surface heat is lost.

4. Myth: Drinking beer won't cause you to become an alcoholic

Fact: Beer still contains the potentially addicting ingredient -ethyl alcohol. Because the alcohol
content is lower, it simply means more beer will be consumed to make a person drunk as
compared with wine or whisky.

5. Myth: Alcoholics drink every day

Fact: Some alcoholics only drink on weekends. Alcoholism simply means a person cannot
control his drinking.

6. Myth: Alcohol cures colds.

Fact: Some symptoms may be temporarily relieved but alcohol does not cure colds

7. Myth: Drinking coffee, having a cold shower, fresh air, etc. will quickly make a drunken
person sober.
Fact: These methods may arouse an individual and the person could be simply a wide-awake
drunk. This can be more dangerous as he can feel more capable and attempt tasks such as driving
with drastic results. It takes time for alcohol to be eliminated from the body

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8. Myth: All alcoholics are skid row types.

Fact: Alcohol problems can be found among all classes of people. Only about 3 % of alcoholics
are actually skid row types.
9. Myth: Alcoholics are morally weak.

Fact: This is not necessarily true; however alcohol does affect the brain centers controlling
judgment, reason and willpower.
10. Myth: Women don't become alcoholics.

Fact: Women do become alcoholics, but are not so easily recognized because their problem
drinking is often hidden at home. In recent years the number of women alcoholics has increased.

True/False Quiz
(Answers are supplied for teacher's help)
1. Alcohol is a stimulant. (F)
2. Alcohol increases confidence but decreases judgment. (T)
3. Alcohol warms the body. (F)
4. Alcoholics drink every day. (F)
5. Drinking coffee, having a cold shower, fresh air, etc. will quickly make a drunken person
sober. (F)
6. Alcohol problems can be found among almost all classes of people. (T)
7. Alcohol destroys the cells in the liver. (T)
8. 95% of alcohol taken into the body is absorbed into the blood stream through the intestines. (F)
9. Alcohol irritates the kidneys causing an increased loss of fluid. (T)
10. Alcohol only affects people who have no will power. (F)

HIV/AIDS
HIV means Human Immune Deficiency Virus. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.
AIDS also stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
Acquired means that you get it from somewhere else. Your own body does not make this disease.
It comes from outside your body.
Immune means the body‘s ability to fight sickness. Every person has some immunity to sickness.
This helps the person fight diseases and stays healthy.
Deficiency means lack of something. In a person with AIDS, the body‘s immune system can no
longer work. It cannot fight off even the weakest disease germ. A person with AIDS, therefore,
catches many illnesses.
Syndrome means a group of illnesses that occur together. People with AIDS get many of the
same kinds of infections and illnesses, such as cough, diarrhea, shingles, painless boils, etc.
Mode of Transmission of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS can be transmitted in various ways. Some of these are:
 Sexual Intercourse
 Contaminated Blood Transfusion
 Use of contaminated instruments like needles, razor blade and syringes.
 Deep kissing with infected person
 From an infected mother to child
 Signs and Symptoms of AIDS
 It is very difficult in determining the symptoms that show whether one has acquired
AIDS. However, associated findings might include:
unexplained tiredness
fever for more than one month
diarrhea for more than one month
genital or anal ulcers for more than one month
cough for more than one month

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sores on the mouth and on the body

painless boils
Shingles (ananse), etc.
Prevention of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS prevention is as easy as A, B, C and D.
A- Abstinence: This means that you should abstain from sex using assertive skills. To be
assertive means to stick to your guns when you say „NO‟ to sex.
B- Be faithful: This means you must be faithful to your partner. You do not have to jump from
man to man or woman to woman.
C- Condom Use: This implies that if you cannot abstain totally from sex and you want to use
condom, it must be used consistently (always) and correctly.
D- Do not share unsterilized instruments like needles, razor blade, etc. with anyone.

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CHAPTER 7
church heritage

Learning objectives

For Instructors
Church Heritage instructors should thoroughly master the subject before attempting to teach
this important course.
In the introductory lessons the teachers should give an overall view of Church Heritage, so
that when members are studying detail they can see how it relates to the whole course of
Church Heritage. Instructors should prepare charts depicting various phases of Church
Heritage.
Church Heritage should be an interesting class where the students receive inspiration as well
as information. Do not simply ―read the book‖ to the class members, pausing only to say,
―Learn this.‖ Make the history come alive, and the students will be eager to learn.

N.B
Master Guide/Senior Youth Leadership candidates need to study all sections in the Church
Heritage course. The passages in the course that are underlined or marked with an asterisk (*)
are of particular importance.

Chapter outline

Learning objectives

Heralds of the Advent Message

Birth of the Remnant church

The Mid Night Cry

The Great Disappointment

Facts concerning the Life and service of Ellen G. White

Early Pioneers

Significant Anniversaries

Youth Directors of General Conference since 1907 to date

Pathfinder directors of General Conference since 1920 to date

Timeline summary of the Great Advent Movement

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Church heritage
This is described as a course in church history. It is a brief record of the lives of the
Adventists and the events that show providences of God in the establishment of the
movement. We will go to Heaven for thousand years to learn the science of the cross.
Therefore, ―We have nothing to fear for the future, except as we shall forget the way the Lord
has led us and His teaching in our past history‖. E.G White, Life Sketches, p 196.

Heralds of the Advent Message (1755-1843)

During this time period, numerous spectacular signs appeared in the natural world, which were
interpreted by theologians and secular media alike as portents of grave things to come– maybe even
the second coming of Christ. The first of these (1755) is known as the Lisbon Earthquake, due to the
massive destruction caused in that city and which is still referred to by its citizenry. It was actually felt
as far away as Scandinavia, Greenland and the West Indies, covering a region of more than four
million square miles (6.4 million square kilometers). The earthquake was an obvious fulfillment of the
prophecy connected to the opening of the sixth seal of Revelation 6:12, 13.
Then in 1780, twenty-five years later, the second prophecy-fulfilling event took place as
predicted by Jesus and recorded in Mark 13:24. The 1260-year period referred to as ―those
days‖ ended in
1798, but the persecution was to be cut short before the close of that time prophecy. This
happened with the decree of Empress Maria Theresa and the Acts of Toleration from 1773 to
1776. Therefore, the sign would occur after those dates and before 1798. This happened as
predicted with the Dark
Day of May 19, 1780.
The newspapers of the day reported clearly the most unusual circumstances of this event,
which occurred over the northeastern states of America. Noah Webster, years later, wrote,
―No satisfactory reason has ever been given to explain the reason for this darkness.‖ Those
describing the darkness of the night of May 19 said, notwithstanding there was a full moon,
that ―if every luminous body in the universe had been struck out of existence, the darkness
could not have been more complete.‖

*The third sign given occurred first on November 13, 1833, in the Western Hemisphere then
again a few days later on November 25th over Europe– two incredible meteorite showers, ―the
likes of which have never been seen in the annals of recorded history‖ (to quote one
newspaper of the day). The first shower was witnessed from Hawaii to the mid-Atlantic and
from Hudson Bay, Canada, to northern South America and was described as ―streams of fire
coming down from heaven‖ and ―falling as thick as snowflakes in a snow-storm.‖ The second
was described as ―like a rain of …making the night so light that the people thought that the
houses near them must be on fire.‖
―Horses were frightened by it and fell to the ground. Many people were made sick through
fear.‖
Thus was fulfilled the prophecy of Revelation 6:13.
These three spectacular signs in the natural world, placed there by God to call people‘s
attention to the truth, gave great impetus to the preaching of the Advent message.

b. *Three Special Angels

To symbolize the moment in the great clock of historical time for the delivery of the last warning
message to a perishing world, God chose three mighty angels. God could have literally sent celestial
beings in person to appear on earth in dazzling splendor and have them shout the messages from the
mountaintops, but this was not His plan. The members of the church of God in our time have been
entrusted with the messages, and the Holy Spirit gives the power to proclaim these messages to the
world.
There are many doctrines contained in the three Angels messages but they may be summarized as
follows:
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_The first angel‘s message calls to give allegiance to God, the Creator of the heavens and earth, and
warns that the judgment hour has come.
_The second angel‘s message declares that spiritual Babylon has fallen.
_The third angel‘s message warns men and women living in the time of the remnant church against
receiving the mark of the beast.
The books of Daniel and Revelation have special significance for the last period of the world‘s history
and should be studied carefully by those living in these times. The three angels messages of
Revelation 14 summarize some of the special teachings of the books of Daniel and Revelation. They
are to be heralded by the members of the remnant church so that those living in the last days can
decide for truth and not be caught in the deceptions of tradition.

c. Advent Ambassadors in America

1. William Miller, 1782-1849
(A biography is given in the book Herald of the Midnight Cry by Paul Gordon, Pacific Press, 1990.
The complete biography was written by Sylvester Bliss, 1853,
Memoirs of William Miller and is still available in reprint form).
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the most prominent American preacher of the second
coming of Christ was William Miller. The eldest of a family of sixteen, Miller was able to receive
what would be termed a ―good education,‖ but his curiosity and desire for knowledge led him to study
for himself. Later, due to his association in political circles with unbelievers, he became a deist,
although he was not fully persuaded and still retained some hold on the Bible. Rather miraculously, he
made a change from deism to full faith in God and the Bible, but he was challenged by his deist
friends as to his unswerving faith in the Bible. In order to vindicate his new faith, he studied for years
and during this time became convinced of the nearness of the Advent.
He studied for fifteen years, from 1816 to 1831, and became more and more convinced that he
15 should tell others of his remarkable and important discoveries. But now, being almost fifty years
old and without any schooling in the art of public speaking, he resisted the prompting to declare what
he had learned. However, he finally made a covenant with God that he would preach if an opportunity
came. That Saturday morning in August of 1831, before he had made this decision with God, his
nephew left home sixteen miles away in Dresden on a mission inspired by God. Miller was studying
in his farmhouse in New York, near the border of Vermont, about a half hour after his encounter with
God, when his nephew (Irving Guilford) arrived with a request from his father. The minister of the
Baptist church was away, and could William come and preach tomorrow on the subject of the second
coming? When he arrived back home, there was a request waiting from Poultney, Vermont.
From this beginning, William Miller continued to preach, first in rural areas around his home, then in
the larger towns and big cities until more than 100,000 had accepted the message of a soon-coming
Savior.
His earlier messages included the signs of the second coming, specifically the one already fulfilled in
1780– the Dark Day of May 19. Soon, his work was aided by another miraculous sign, the falling of
the stars on November 13, 1833. When Joshua V. Himes joined him, Boston was opened up to his
ministry. Later, in 1840, he entered New York City.
*Miller studied the 2300-day prophecy of Daniel 8 and 9 and became convinced that the cleansing of
the sanctuary was the cleansing of the earth by fire at the second coming of Christ. While he spoke
much about the second coming, it was not until late in 1844 that he accepted a definite date.
However, in January of 1843, he did say that Christ would come between March of 1843 and March
of 1844.
When Miller and his associates began preaching on the prophecies, many ministers saw it as an
excellent means of bringing about a revival and filling their churches, but as time progressed a
negative reaction set in, until by late 1843 and during 1844 many Advent believers were
disfellowshipped from the churches they still loved and longed to help. Among those being asked to
leave the church were Robert Harmon and his family. Opposition became stronger, and in 1844 it was
generally evident that the popular churches had rejected the first angel‘s message as given by the
Advent preachers.
When 1843 and 1844 passed and Jesus did not come, it did not shake William Miller‘s faith. He
continued to preach the second coming. His public ministry ended in 1845, and he died four years
later. Throughout his life Miller was a leader in God‘s work and a keen Bible student; however, he did
not come to see the Sabbath truth.

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In ten years of ministry, William Miller gave more than three thousand lectures in nearly a thousand
different places. In 1848 the veteran worker became blind. He died the following year, confident in
the hope of the Savior‘s return. He received little money for his labors, but his name was inseparable
from the Advent movement; he was the leader of the movement from which we descend today. Miller
has rightly been called the ―Morning Star‖ of the Advent movement because:

a. He recommended the work of preaching the first angel‘s message.

b. He proclaimed the gospel with such vigor and fervor that the early work was known for some years
as Millerism and his followers were called Millerites.

*Joshua V. Himes, (1805-1895)

Fifty-seven-year-old Miller met 35-year-old Himes at Exeter, New Hampshire, in November of
1839. In December, Miller preached at Himes‘ church in Boston, converting many, including
Himes. From that point, Himes became Miller‘s chief promoter, arranging preaching appointments in
most of the large cities of the country.
Joshua Himes was born in Rhode Island. His father wanted him to become an Episcopal minister.
However, financial problems made it necessary for Joshua to become an apprentice to a cabinetmaker.
His interest in church was strong, however, and at the age of 22 he entered the ministry in Boston.
After his encounter with Miller, he wrote ―I laid myself, family, society, reputation, all, upon that altar
of God, to help him, to the extent of my power, to the end.‖
*Joshua V. Himes began publishing the Signs of the Times at Boston in 1840. A number of other
Advent papers were published, including The Midnight Cry (1842) with a daily edition of 10,000
copies. This continued for four weeks and then became a weekly publication. Camp meetings
attended by thousands did much to spread the message

Others included: Josiah Litch and Charles Fitch, etc.

Advent Ambassadors in Other Countries
The Advent movement began at the same time in both Europe and America as men of God were led to
study the prophecies of the Bible. It was providential that Christians in various lands studied the
Scriptures and arrived at that belief that Jesus was coming soon. We list here only a few of the more
prominent ones:

Joseph Wolff - 1821 to 1845 (Africa, Syria, Persia, India, the United States– even to the island of St.
Helena.) Wolff spoke fourteen languages.

Johann A. Bengel - during the first two decades of the 1700's (Germany).

Edward Irving – Great Britain. He received his M.A. at the age of seventeen, began studying
prophesies, and particularly those with reference to the second coming.
Other Ambassadors.
Henry Drummond, Robert Winter, Manuel de Lacunza, H. Heintzpeter, Louis Gaussen, Francisco
Ramos Mejia.

The Birth of the Remnant Church (1844-1852)

*The Second Angel‘s Message
―And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she
made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication‖ (Rev. 14:8).
The message of the second angel, which is joined with that of the first angel, may at first glance seem
unrelated to it. However, in this section we shall see how the two messages were joined together. The
first and second angels‘ messages were given at the right time, when the hearts of the people would
accept them. The work that God planned to accomplish through these two messages was effectively
done. The second angel‘s message was proclaimed mainly during the ―tarrying time‖ between March
and October, 1844. Wiliam Miller began his public ministry in 1831, and many voices were heard in
other parts of the world announcing the coming of Christ. However, the focal point of Advent
teaching was in New

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England, the northeastern corner of the United States. William Miller worked almost singlehandedly
for several years. In 1839 and 1840 men of influence and ability as writers and preachers began to
accept the teaching and to join Miller in his devoted evangelism.

The Advent Bible Conferences (1840 to 1842)

From 1840 to 1842 a series of general conferences of Advent believers was held in various cities of
New England. William Miller had been unable to attend the previous meetings, but one, in his home
town, enabled him to meet with the earnest, scholarly and skillful men who had joined the movement,
some through his teachings and some through independent study.
About 200 leaders were associated at these conferences, which unified their thinking and stimulated
their preaching. Many of them were ministers of Protestant churches, and they represented most of the
popular denominations. They preached the first angel‘s message in their own pulpits, in other
churches, in various public meetings and at camp meetings. There were many Advent papers
published, but the nearest to an official organ of the group was the Signs of the Times. They formed
the Adventist Association without shifting their loyalty from their own congregations or
denominations.

*The Midnight Cry

William Miller and others attempted to find a definite time for the end of the 2300-day prophecy. At
first they declared that it was ―about 1843." Later, the limit of time was set at March 21 and then
April 18, 1844, the end of the Jewish year 1843. The time passed without any unusual happening.
This first disappointment was a heavy blow to the believers and was followed by a period of
quietness, the ―tarrying time‖ of the parable of the ten virgins, as the experience was later interpreted.
After this disappointment the scholars returned to their books and discovered their error– 2300 years
would include the complete years of 457 B.C. and A.D. 1843. Thus, a happening within the year 457
B.C. would be matched in the prophecy at the same date in 1844. This had been pointed out a year
before but had not been generally heeded. In the summer of 1844 a new burst of light appeared and
illuminated the Advent movement to its dramatic climax in October.
At a camp meeting in New Hampshire in August, Joseph Bates felt that he would receive new light.
He invited Samuel S. Snow to give his study on ―The Midnight Cry.‖ The man not only spoke that
day but each day afterward until the meetings closed. The people were thrilled, for the parable of the
ten virgins seemed to apply to them. Brother Snow explained that the Advent people had expected the
Lord to come in the spring of that year but had been forced to wait. The 2300-day prophecy could not
end until the fall of 1844. A closer study of the sanctuary and its services revealed that the cleansing
of the sanctuary occurred on the tenth day of the seventh month. This coincided with the idea that the
2300 days would end in the fall, for the tenth day of the seventh month (of the Jewish year) in 1844
was on October 22.
In the parable of the ten virgins the cry was made at midnight. Samuel Snow‘s midsummer message
seemed to correspond to the ―midnight cry.‖ The reality of the truth gripped the hearts of the people,
and they went from the camp meeting to herald the glad tidings far and wide, ―Behold, the
bridegroom cometh; go ye out to meet him. ‖ The ―Midnight cry‖ was given during the ―tarrying
time.‖ The 50,000 Advent believers were so impressed that the Lord would come that many of them
did not cultivate their fields, because they thought He would have come before another harvest time.
They spent their time proclaiming the coming of Jesus.

*The Great Disappointment

As October 22, 1844, drew near, tension increased among the Adventists. There were thousands who
were completely unconcerned or who were watching merely as bystanders. Newspapers had published
sensational stories about the Millerites. However, the sober factual reports described the
Adventist groups as sincere, devout people who were calm and earnest. There were several classes of
people among the Advent believers. Some had joined the group through fear; some rejected the exact
date, such as William Miller himself until a few weeks before October 22. Then there were the honest
believers, the majority of whom accepted the day; they made consistent preparation to meet
Jesus.
The day arrived. The Adventists were in meeting houses or private homes. The believers sang hymns
and reviewed evidences that the Lord would come. The day passed and the sun set. Still there was
hope: ―For ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cock-

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crowing, or in the morning‖ (Mark 13:35). Finally, midnight passed. Prayer was offered, and tears
filled the eyes of some of the believers. The believers were grief-stricken and asked one another,
―Have the Scriptures failed?‖ Further diligent study would reveal that the time prophecy was correct,
but the event to take place had been incorrectly interpreted.
Hiram Edson said, ―There is a God in heaven. He has made Himself known to us in blessing, in
forgiving, in redeeming, and He will not fail us now. Sometime soon this mystery will be solved.‖
Many Millerites drifted away soon after the disappointment, though a substantial group held together
for several years. Miller died in December, 1849. Some of his associates continued to set new dates
for several years. They became the Evangelical Adventists, believing in consciousness in death and an
eternally burning hell. They gradually declined into extinction. Another group, which believed in the
unconscious state of the dead but continued to observe Sunday, took the name Advent
Christians. Their church still exists. There were several other groups with different ideas, and some
went into fanaticism. We are primarily interested in the group including Hiram Edson, Joseph
Bates, James White and Ellen Harmon, who formed the nucleus of the remnant church. (James and
Ellen were united in marriage August 30, 1846).
Those who were to form this nucleus shared the bitterness and heartache of the disappointment with
the other believers. Most of those gathered at Edson‘s farmhouse went sorrowfully home on the
morning of October 23. Edson and some close friends went to the barn for a season of prayer, which
gave them confidence that the Lord would show them the way.
After breakfast Edson said to one of the believers who remained, ―Let us go out to comfort the
brethren with this assurance.‖ The two men walked through the field where Edson‘s corn was still in
the shocks. They went with meditative hearts, thinking of the disappointment. At about the middle of
the field, Edson stopped. * He seemed to see the sanctuary in heaven and Christ as High
Priest going from the Holy Place of the sanctuary into the Most Holy. ―I saw distinctly and clearly,‖
writes Edson, ―that instead of our High Priest coming out of the Most Holy of the heavenly sanctuary
to come to this earth on the tenth day of the seventh month, at the end of the 2300 days,
He for the first time entered on that day the second apartment of that sanctuary and that He had a
work to perform in the Most Holy before coming to this earth.‖ This cleansing of the sanctuary
marked the beginning of the investigative judgment.
His companion had gone across the field; but at the fence, he turned. Seeing Edson far behind, he
called, ―Brother Edson, what are you stopping for?‖ Edson called, ―The Lord was answering our
morning prayer.‖ Catching up with his friend, he told him of his new insight.
The cornfield experience led these men and others to intensively study the sanctuary service given to
Israel and the significance of the doctrine of the 2300 days. They published their findings in Advent
journals, and Hiram Edson called a conference late in 1845.
Now the mystery was resolved and the dates confirmed. The message of the first angel continued as
present truth. It was and is a powerful doctrine to turn sinners to Christ in this time of judgment.
The second angel‘s message held significance for the period preceding the disappointment and holds
additional significance for the future.

The Third Angel Begins

The study of the sanctuary was the key that unlocked the mystery of the disappointment. It was also a
key to the central doctrine of the *Third Angel‘s Message, which points especially to the law of
God and particularly to the consequences of transgressions. There is a definite link between this
message and the Sabbath, which is the center of the law. It was in the light given to the early believers
on the Sabbath truth that God was preparing for the final message.
During the time of the Midnight Cry in 1844, Mrs. Rachel Oakes (later Preston), a Seventh Day
Baptist, came to Washington, New Hampshire, to visit her daughter, who was one of the Advent
believers. Mrs. Oakes was an ardent believer in the Bible Sabbath and had brought with her a supply
of tracts. Soon she accepted the Advent doctrines, and she also continued to keep the
Sabbath. The tracts she quietly distributed bore fruit. At a Sunday morning service one of the
Adventist believers arose and said he was convinced the seventh day was the true Bible Sabbath, and
that he, for one, was resolved to keep it. Several others expressed themselves as like-minded, and
within a few days practically the entire company of forty became Sabbath-keepers.
Thus began, in a sense, at Washington, New Hampshire, the first Seventh-day Adventist church,
although it was years before the Seventh-day Adventist organization was established.
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He was formerly a Methodist minister and an associate of William Miller.

The Sabbath Conferences

The doctrine of the seventh-day Sabbath soon became a test for those wishing to join the
Sabbath-keeping Adventists. The reading of a single article was sufficient to convince Joseph
Bates.
Hiram Edson also readily accepted the Sabbath truth. Frederick Wheeler and William
Farnsworth needed only the introduction to the subject and a little time to study; soon they
were Sabbath-keepers.
James and Ellen White were not impressed with the importance of the Sabbath doctrine at
first.
After their marriage the Whites studied a pamphlet that Bates had published, and they soon
accepted the Sabbath.
However, these were difficult days for these leaders, for there was not yet a unity of teaching.
In the providence of God several conferences were held about this time. The believers dug
deeply into the
Scriptures and compared text with text until they knew the doctrines of the Bible. In all, there
were six Bible conferences during 1848. Ellen White played a very important part in these
conferences.

God‟s Gift to the Remnant Church

―While in vision on Patmos, the apostle John saw symbols of great eras of world history. As John
peered into the future, he caught a glimpse of God‘s loyal people near the close of time, and he saw
the intensity of the conflict. As the prophet looked closely, he observed that this church was keeping
God‘s commandments. He saw, too, that it had special divine guidance through the Spirit of
Prophecy, ‗for the testimony of Jesus is the Spirit of Prophecy‘ ‖ (Revelation 19:10), The Story of Our
Church, p. 186.
From the very beginning, God has in various ways kept in contact with His church. His leadership is
not always as obvious as the pillar of cloud by day or pillar of fire by night, but His people are made
aware of His presence. The main channel of communication between God and His people has always
been through ―His servants the prophets.‖ As predicted in Revelation 12:17 and 19:10, the remnant
church was to have the gift of prophecy.
William Ellis Foy was born in 1818 to Joseph and Elizabeth Foy in Augusta, Maine a free state so
consequently, William was born ―free‖ and grew up during a time of racial conflict and divide. His
birthplace, however, was far removed from the oppressive conditions of the slaveholding states, as
Maine had very few Blacks and virtually no slaves, but was not without racial prejudice.
After growing up in a country setting for a large part of his life, he then married in the middle or late
1830s and moved to Boston, where his skills in farming and carpentry provided him a means by
which to live.
In 1835 Foy was converted, under the preaching of Elder Silas Curtis at the Freewill Baptist Church
in Augusta, Maine. Here Foy converted to Christianity and began to inquire what he should do to be
saved. Shortly thereafter, Foy began receiving visions about the Advent. After he moved to Boston,
many witnessed him during times of these visions.
His first vision was concerning the ultimate victory of the saints. Then late one Friday evening he
entered into his second vision, which lasted 12½ hours, until early Saturday morning. It was based
upon the judgment and the level of preparedness of those in the church. Given the racial tensions of
the times, Foy was apprehensive to share the visions. However, he trusted God and shared what he
had been given.
After traveling extensively with his message, Foy was given two more visions shortly before the
disappointment. New material was presented to him showing three platforms, which indicated a third
phase in the message from God for that time. In perplexity he ceased public work but maintained an
interest in the Advent movement. He died on November 9, 1893, at the age of 75.
(Excerpts taken from The Unknown Prophet by Delbert W. Baker)
Hazen Foss, a talented young Adventist of Poland, Maine, was given a vision a few weeks before the
great disappointment. The vision included the three platforms shown to Foy. Foss was warned of

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some of the difficulties he would have to face as a messenger of the Lord and when he related the
vision. Due to the ridicule of the people, he refused to do so. The vision was repeated, with a warning
that if he still refused, the gift would be withdrawn. Since he still refused, a third vision was given
telling him the gift was being given to one of the weakest of the weak. Though he lived until 1893, he
never regained an interest in personal religion.
Ellen Harmon was the third person selected by the Lord to be the messenger to the remnant. In
December, 1844, two months after the disappointment, when a voice of assurance from heaven was
needed for the Advent believers, God gave a vision to Ellen, a young woman of seventeen. In brief, a
symbolic representation of the future of the church was portrayed to her. The time covered was from
October 22 until the saints would enter the New Jerusalem. She saw that the coming of Jesus was not
as near as they had hoped. The glory of the vision of heaven was so real to Ellen that after she came
out of vision everything seemed dark about her. She wept as she realized that her experience was only
a vision. She was homesick for heaven.
About a week after Ellen‘s first vision she was given a second revelation. She was told she must go
from place to place and relate the divine messages that had been revealed to her. At the same time she
was shown the trials she would face.
In her first vision Ellen Harmon saw the same portrayal that was revealed to Foss and Foy. The vision
depicted the journeys of the people of God on their way to the kingdom.
In the early Advent church each member had to decide whether or not to believe that Ellen
Harmon‘s messages were from God. In like manner a person who joins the Seventh-day Adventist
Church today must determine in their own mind whether she spoke truthfully or not when she
declared that God called her to be His messenger. However, we are not left in doubt, because the
Bible gives important tests by which we may check the claims of the writings of Ellen White as one of
His prophets.
*There are four clear tests, and we see that in each case her life and work harmonize with these Bible
tests.
1. ―To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because there is no
light in them‖ (Isaiah 8:20).
There is no conflict between the statements in the Testimonies for the Church and the teachings of the
Bible. Ellen White consistently upholds and magnifies the Bible.
2. ―By their fruits ye shall know them‖ (Matthew 7:20).
The Sabbath School, Christian education, healthful living, the publishing work are but a few of the
fruits that have come to the church or a result of following counsels of the messenger of the Lord.
Over a period of seventy years, Ellen White proved to be a genuine Christian, and a wise and safe
leader. She devoted her life to the work of God, never seeking office or wealth.
3. ―When the word of the prophet shall come to pass, then shall the prophet be known‖ (Jeremiah
28:9).
There are many Bible prophets, and there are people in the Scriptures who are named to be prophets
but did not make predictions. However, if a prophet makes predictions, they need to come to pass. In
1848 Ellen White predicted that the publishing work, which would begin with a few papers in a
carpetbag, would grow until it would seem ―like streams of light that went clear round the world.‖
Today, the Seventh-day Adventist Church operates about fifty publishing houses. There are many
other predictions, such as stating that cancer was a virus and that the world would become involved in
international war, with the loss of ships and navies and millions of lives, which confirm her words to
be true. One of the most outstanding recent fulfillments can be read about in the first few pages of
Testimonies volume 9, regarding New York City.
4. ―Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God‖ (1John 4:2).
Books such as The Desire of Ages, Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing, and Christ‘s Object
Lessons are clear witnesses to the fact that Ellen White confessed that
Jesus was God.
Through the years enemies have bitterly assailed Mrs. White and her claims to divine revelations.
Their work has been built largely on prejudice, distortion of facts and outright falsehood. Such attacks
were to be expected. However, more than sixty volumes and thousands of magazine articles still bear
testimony to the divine commission of this remarkable lady. The history of the church is interwoven
with the story of guidance by the gift of prophecy. Wherever the church has followed the counsels
from the Lord it has, as promised, prospered.

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*Listed below are some interesting facts concerning the life and service of Ellen White:
1. Ellen Gould Harmon was born November 26, 1827, on a farm at Gorham, Maine, about twelve
miles west of Portland. With her twin sister she was the youngest of a family of eight. She was a
normal, happy child with a pleasant disposition and a deep sense of the importance of religion, which
she received from her devout parents.
2. A turning point in her life came when one day as she was crossing a park she received a blow on
her face by a stone thrown by another girl. Her nose was broken and her face temporarily disfigured.
She was unconscious for three weeks, and the shock rendered her an invalid for some considerable
time. Study was out of the question, and although she endeavored to attend school again, she finally
had to surrender any plans for academic education due to her health.
3. In 1840 and again in 1842 Ellen Harmon, with her family, listened to William Miller‘s doctrine of
the imminent advent of Christ. They accepted his teachings while remaining Methodists.
However, it was not easy. During this period Ellen went through a spiritual crisis in making her
decision. At a camp meeting in the latter part of 1840 she gave her heart to God, and immediately her
troubled spirit was calmed. From that time forward she began a new relationship with the Lord.
4. Her family was among those who accepted the ―midnight cry‖ to forsake and leave the apostate
churches. They were among the company that experienced the ―Great Disappointment‖ but remained
firm in the Advent message.
5. Her first vision occurred shortly after the great disappointment, and she was shown the progress of
God‘s people toward the heavenly home. As she thought of her youth (she was just seventeen), her
timidity, her poor health and the hardships before her, she prayed earnestly that God would release her
from the responsibility to be His messenger. However, the call of duty did not change, and she
expressed her willingness to go and do what God wanted her to do.
6. In April, 1847, she was given a vision of the Sabbath. She saw the temple in heaven with Jesus
raising the cover of the lid. There she saw the Ten Commandments with a soft halo of light around the
fourth and heard an angel confirming its importance. She was shown that if the Sabbath had always
been kept, there would not have been an infidel or atheist, and the world would have been prevented
from idolatry. This vision opened up to her the relationship of the Sabbath to the third angel‘s
message. The believers who saw the true importance of the sanctuary, Sabbath and Second
Advent doctrines were the forerunners of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (Life Sketches, pp. 95,
96).
7. For the next seventy years her work was to receive counsels from God and to give them to his
people. She spoke to many audiences, wrote about forty volumes of books (which became known as
the ―Spirit of Prophecy‖) and contributed many articles in Seventh-day Adventist publications.
29
Perhaps her best-known and best-loved book is the story of Christ‘s life, The Desire of Ages. She
traveled widely, not only in North America but to many parts of Europe and out to Australia and New
Zealand, where her counsel was used in laying the basis of the work there. She was instrumental in
setting up Avondale College in Australia.
8. The messages that Ellen White received from God were usually given to her in vision form.
During these visions it was evident that she was under divine control. She looked intensely at some
distant object; her breathing ceased but her face did not lose natural color, nor did her pulse fail.
Various testimonials from eyewitnesses, including doctors, have all attested that the whole procedure
was not of this world. F.C. Castle, who witnessed a medical examination, says, ―A lighted candle was
held close to her eyes, which were wide open, and not a muscle of the eye moved.
She was then examined with regard to her pulse and her breathing, and there was no respiration.
The result was that all were satisfied they would not be accountable for unnatural scientific
principles.‖ This frail woman gave evidence of great strength while in vision; at one time she held a
large eighteen-pound Bible in her extended left hand for half an hour.
9. Seven years after she received her first vision she published her first book, a pamphlet of 64 pages,
now the first section of Early Writings. The writings of Ellen White are termed ―Spirit of
Prophecy Writings.‖ Some of the outstanding books from her pen that you should know about and
study are as follows:
 1855-1909 Testimonies for the Church (9 volumes)
 1882 Early Writings
 1888 The Great Controversy

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 1890 Patriarchs and Prophets

 1892 Gospel Workers
 1892 Steps to Christ
 1896 Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing
 1898 The Desire of Ages
 1900 Christ‘s Object Lessons
 1903 Education
 1905 The Ministry of Healing
 1911 The Acts of the Apostles
 1913 Counsels to Parents, Teachers and Students
 1916 Prophets and Kings.
10. Ellen White fell asleep in Jesus as quietly and peacefully as a weary child goes to rest, at her
Elmshaven home on July 16, 1915. She is buried beside her husband and children in Battle Creek.

Other Early Pioneers

*James White (1821-1881) was a pioneer minister in the Advent movement. In spite of physical
defects, he felt that God wanted him to warn the world of its nearing end and went on a preaching tour
carrying the first angel‘s message to many towns. He was a persuasive speaker and a good singer, but
above all he was a leader of men. ―James White, intrepid, resourceful, far-seeing, eager leader of the
infant Seventh-day Adventist Church, who in the early decades of its history had a chief part: first, in
framing the doctrines and bringing out a people to stand upon them; second, in promoting and
organizing the ecclesiastical polity; and third, in founding and managing the institutions– corporate
church, publishing, health and educational– which make up the pillars of this cause. He was a born
leader...All his co-workers felt the dynamic power of his spirit‖ (Spalding).
*James White served as president of the General Conference for three terms, totaling ten years.

*Joseph Bates (1792-1872) had risen from cabin boy to captain and had retired from the sea before
the first angel‘s message came to him. God had been leading him; always a man of good principles
and a lover of right and truth, he had given up the use of alcohol and tobacco while sailing the seas.
He was a member of the Christian Church and about fifty years of age when he was called to preach;
he organized one of the first temperance societies in America. He poured his money into the work
until, at the time of the great disappointment, he had little left; after that, he lived much by faith.
He was the first of leaders who later became Seventh-day Adventist ministers to accept the Sabbath
truth and introduce it to other leading workers and believers. He also wrote the first comprehensive
Sabbath tract that was printed. He spent much of his time from then on traveling the ―unworked
West,‖ even in the winter snows of Canada and in all parts of eastern America. ―He shrank from no
hardship in his untiring zeal.‖ He was older in years than his more youthful associates, the Whites,
and they leaned upon his fatherly advice in the pioneering days of the movement. He was active until
the end of his life; he died in 1872 and is buried near his home in Michigan.

*John Nevins Andrews (1829-1883) was but fifteen years old when he shared in the great
disappointment. He began to preach at 21. He was among the first of the leaders to accept the
Sabbath truth, was a diligent student, an able writer (History of the Sabbath) and a good organizer.
He led out in studying God‘s plan for gospel finance, from which was developed the tithing system as
we know it today. In August, 1860, he suggested publicly that the brethren should meet to discuss
church organization; as a result, the Advent Review Publishing Association was formed, and the name
―Seventh-day Adventist‖ was chosen for the church. Partly because he was a good linguist, he was
sent to Europe in 1874 as our first official overseas missionary, and he laid a firm foundation for the
work there. *J. N. Andrews was the third president of the General Conference.

John Norton Loughnborough (1832-1924) preached for the Adventists from the age of sixteen,
though he had not heard the Sabbath truth until 1852, when J. N. Andrews explained it so clearly that
he accepted it immediately. He worked with M. E. Cornell in the 1850's before ministers received
salaries, laboring at any work he could find for four half-days a week, and preaching the rest of the
time.

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*John Byington (1798-1887) is best remembered as the first president of the General Conference.
He had been a Methodist minister before the three angels‘ messages came to him. One of the first
Sabbath schools and the first Adventist elementary school (begun in 1853) were taught in Byington‘s
home at Buck‘s Bridge, New York. The teacher was his daughter Martha. Early
Sabbath-keepers gathered at his property, on which he built an Adventist church.

J. H. Waggoner (1820-1889) accepted the Advent message in 1852 and is listed among those who
called for a discussion of church organization in 1860; by then he was one of the leaders among
Sabbath-keeping Adventists. He worked in the West, chiefly as the editor of the Signs of the Times.
Later he served in Europe and died in Switzerland.

Uriah (1832-1903) and Annie (1828-1855) Smith were two promising young people, brother and
sister, who were teaching when the Lord called them to work for Him. Annie Smith responded as a
result of a dream about Elder Joseph Bates, whom she heard speak very soon after. She was an ardent
worker, best remembered for her poems, many of which were used as hymns. Her life ended
prematurely in 1855 as a result of tuberculosis. Uriah Smith accepted the message about the end of
1852, more than a year after his sister, and entered the publishing work. He was an ordained minister
of the gospel and spent most of his life as an editor, from 1853 to 1903, the year of his death. He was
an editor of the Review and Herald and author. Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation is the work by
which he is best remembered. In 1888 he was a leader in the discussions on righteousness by faith,
and he was one of the prominent Bible scholars of the denomination.

Frederick Wheeler (1811-1910) was a Methodist-Adventist preacher who lived in New Hampshire
and pastored the church at Washington. He was essentially the first Seventh-day Adventist minister,
for he accepted the Sabbath truth brought to him by Mrs. Rachel Oakes in 1844. Among those in his
congregation who accepted the third angel‘s message were the Farnsworth brothers, William and
Cyrus.
For further studies on early pioneers, read: Life Sketches of Ellen G. White, pp. 105-111.Footprints
of the Pioneers, by Arthur W. Spalding

1960-2000
Significant Anniversaries
Beginning in 1960 and forward the church began celebrating various anniversaries which have helped
to remind us of God‘s leading in the past. However, they also remind us that we have not yet reached
the promised ―Rest‖ spoken of at the close of Hebrews chapter 11.
1960– 100th of the adoption of the name Seventh-day Adventist
1961– 100th of the formation of the first conference
1963– 100th of the organization of the denomination
1966– 100th of the first sanitarium (hospital)
1968– 100th of the first camp meeting
1972– 100th of organized educational system
1974– 125th of the first periodical
100th of the first missionary
1976– 50th of camping ministry
1979– 100th of first youth society, Hazelton Township Michigan
1980– 100th of first Conference outside of North America– Denmark
1981– 100th of death of James White
1993– 100th of the opening work in Southern Asia– India
1997– 75th of the Pathfinder Classes
1996– 50th of first Pathfinder Club, California
1999– 120th of Youth Ministry
2000– 50th of World Pathfinders.

Presidents of the General Conference since 1863 to date.

1. John Byington - May 20, 1863-May 1965
2. James White – May 1865- May 1867
3. John N. Andrews– May 1867- May 1869

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4. James White – May 1869- December 1871

5. George Butler – December 1871- August 1874
6. James White – August 1874- October 1880
Elder White‘s third term, for a total of just over ten years.
7. George Butler – October 1880- October 1888
Elder Butler‘s second term, for a total of nearly eleven years
8. Ole A. Olsen – October 1888- February 1897
9. George A. Irwin – February 1897- April 1901
10. Arthur G. Daniells – April 1901- May 1922
11. William A. Spice r – May 1922- May 1930
12. Charles H. Watson – May 1930- May 1936
13. J. Lamar McElhany – May 1936- July 1950
14. William H. Branson – July 1950- May 1954
15. Reuben R. Figuhr – May 1954- June 1966
16. Robert H. Pierson – June 1966- January 1979
17. Neal C. Wilson – January 1979- July 1990
18. Robert Folkenberg – July 1990- March 1999
19. Jan Paulsen – March 1999 - June 2010
20. Ted N.C. Wilson - June 2010*****

Youth directors of General Conference since 1907 to date.

Milton Early Kern H. T. Elliott A.W. Peterson

1907-1930 1930-1933 1934-1946

E. W. Dunbar Theodore Lucas John Hancock

1946-1955 1955-1970 1970-1980

Church Ministries
Leo Ranzolin “Super Department” Baraka G. Muganda
1980-1985 1985-1995 1995-2010

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Gilbert R. Cangy
2010****

Pathfinder directors of General Conference

World Junior Youth /Pathfinder Directors

Harriet Holt Lester C. Bond Laurence A. Skinner

1920-1928 1928-1946 1947-1963

John H. Hancock Leo Ranzolin Michael H. Stevenson, Sr.

1963-1970 1970-1980 1980-1986

Malcolm A. Allen Robert W. Holbrook Jonathan Tejel

1986-1996 1997-2005 2005****

Time-line Summary of the Great Advent Movement

(1755-1843)
 1755 The Lisbon earthquake
 1780 The Dark Day
 1782 William Miller is born
 1792 Joseph Bates is born
 1793 Era of Protestant missions begins; William Carey travels to India
 1798 End of the 1260-year prophecy
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 1804 British and Foreign Bible Society organized

 1807 Protestant missionary to China– Robert Morrison
 1813 Missionary to Burma– Adoniram Judson
 1816 Missionary to South Pacific– John Williams
 1817 Missionary to Africa– Robert Moffat
 1827 Ellen Harmon (later White) born near Portland, Maine
 1831 William Miller, Joseph Wolff and others begin to preach on Second Advent
 1833 Falling of the stars
 1839 Joshua V. Himes joins Miller; preaching enters the large cities
 1840 Himes publishes first Advent periodical; Livingstone sails for Cape Town, Africa
 1842 Charles Fitch produces prophetic charts; James White begins preaching
 1843 ―Midnight cry‖ message proclaimed in preparation for second coming

(1844-1852)
 1844 The ―great disappointment,‖ the Sabbath (Washington, New Hampshire) and sanctuary
(Hiram Edson) truths discovered; the gift of prophecy given to the remnant; first public telegraph
message sent by Samuel Morse: ―What hath God wrought!‖
 1845 Joseph Bates, J. N. Andrews and others accept the Sabbath
 1846 Whites accept Sabbath doctrine
 1847 Sabbath vision given to Ellen White
 1848 First general meetings of Sabbath-keepers: ―Six Sabbath Conferences‖; vision to start a
small paper
 1849 First periodical published: Present Truth; Review and Herald Publishing begins here
 1850 First edition of the Advent Review and Sabbath Herald
 1852 Youth‘s Instructor first published; first Sabbath School lessons (written by James
White)

(1853-1863)
 1853 Identity cards issued to ministers; first Sabbath School organized; first church school
established, with Martha Byington as teacher; Uriah Smith joins the Review office
 1854 First tent meetings held by Loughborough and Cornell
 1855 Headquarters moved to Battle Creek, Michigan, and first building erected for Review
 1859 ―Systematic Benevolence‖ plan of giving adopted
 1860 Name ―Seventh-day Adventist‖ adopted
 1861 First conference formed in Michigan; Review and Herald incorporated in Battle Creek
 1863 General Conference organized and first session held; first steps in health reform taken

(1864-1873)
 1864 Adventists given noncombatant status in Civil War
 1866 First sanitarium (hospital) at Battle Creek; first health journal, The Health Reformer
 1868 First workers sent to California; first camp meeting (Wright, Michigan)
 1869 First tract and missionary society formed; John Erzberger asks for a missionary to
Europe
 1872 Death of Joseph Bates; Advent Tidende published in Danish (in the U.S.); school opens
in Battle Creek and will become the first college of the denomination.

(1874-1878)
• 1880 the membership stands at 15,570
• 1874 J. N. Andrews goes to Switzerland; Signs of the Times published
• 1875 Pacific Press Publishing begins
• 1876 France hears the third angel‘s message; Germany organizes their first church; Les
Signes des Temps published as first European paper
• 1877 J. G. Matteson, first missionary to Scandinavia
• 1878 First Sabbath School offerings collected for mission work; Ings and Loughborough go
to England.

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(1879-1904)
• 1879 Harry Fenner and Luther Warren organize the first youth society to work on behalf of
their peers
• 1880 First baptisms in England; first conference outside N. America– Denmark
• 1881 First colporteur, G. A. King; death of James White
• 1883 Nurses training begins at Battle Creek; death of J. N. Andrews
o 1885 First missionaries to Australia; Ellen White visits Europe
o 1886 Work begun on Pitcairn Is.; first church organized in Russia
o 1887 First missionaries to Africa (Cape Town); first camp meeting in Europe (Norway);
colporteurs enter Guyana
o 1888 Abram LaRue goes to Hong Kong; historic General Conference session at Minneapolis
o 1889 First missionaries to Turkey, Barbados; Religious Liberty Association organized
o 1890 S.S. Pitcairn plies the waters of the South Pacific; first youth-related leadership manual
published: Manual of Suggestions for Those Conducting Youth Meetings
o 1891 Ellen White goes to Australia; work established in Mexico, Central America
o 1892 Work begins in Finland, Brazil, Jamaica; Cape Conference organized; Steps to Christ
published; first youth society in Australia
o 1893 Work enters Malawi, India, Trinidad, Falklands; first college outside North America–
now Helderberg, Cape Town
o 1894 Work opens in Chile; first Union Conference organized–Australia
o 1896 First missionary to Japan, health work begins in Australia
o 1897 Work opens in Belgium, Iceland; Avondale College opens in Australia
o 1898 Work enters Peru, Hungary; Desire of Ages published
o 1900 Work enters Indonesia (Sumatra), Virgin Islands
o 1901 First organized church in Scotland; work enters Puerto Rico; A. G. Daniells elected
president; Missionary Volunteer membership cards issued
o 1902 First workers sent to China; Malamulo Mission founded; Battle Creek: hospital and
press burn
o 1903 Headquarters moves to Washington, D.C.; work enters Tanzania, Spain; Panama
mission organized
o 1904 Work begins in Romania, Portugal, Ecuador; first Korean converts (in Japan); Manual
of Young People‘s Work published.

(1905-1923)
 1905 First resident missionary goes to Korea; first evangelist goes to Haiti; first church in
Cuba organized; Peru Mission organized; work begins in the Philippines
 1906 Uruguay Mission organized; work enters Kenya
 1907 Young People‘s Department of Missionary Volunteers created, with M. E. Kern as
director;
Morning Watch first published– Central Union (U.S.); Standard of Attainment introduced as
precursor to Master Guide
 1908 Work begun in Papua-New Guinea, Guatemala; Junior Reading Course introduced
 1909 First known converts in Greece; Home Study Institute opens; JMV Societies introduced
 1911 Tent meetings held in Palestine (Israel); first precursor to Pathfinders– ―Takoma
Indians‖, Maryland
 1912 First converts in Bolivia; Communications Department begins as ―Press Bureau‖
 1913 Ellen White sends her last message to a General Conference session
 1914 First converts in Borneo; Junior Society Lessons introduced as precursors to Pathfinder
classes
 1915 Death of Ellen White; W. H. Branson elected president of the Southern Union at age 28;
Senior Bible Year introduced
 1917 Junior Bible Year introduced
 1918 Home Missionary Branch becomes a General Conference Department (today‘s Personal
Ministries section of the SS&PM Dept.); first Junior Manual published
 1919 JMV Pledge and Law adopted

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 1920 Harriett Holt elected as the first junior youth leader in the youth department
 1922 The ―Dime‖ Tabernacle in Battle Creek burns; S. N. Haskell dies; JMV/MV classwork
introduced: Friend, Companion for JMV‘s– Comrade, Master Comrade for the ―Comrade
Band,‖ a leadership club within the MV Society; uniforms and scarves are suggested
 1923 Messages to Young People idea is born; Home Nursing course developed as precursor
to the Honors.

(1924-1946)
 1924 Last link to the pioneers dies– J. N. Loughborough; MV Week of Prayer introduced
 1925 First youth camp held in Australia
 1926 H. M. S. Richards begins radio broadcasting; first youth camps in U.S. (girls–
Wisconsin, boys–Michigan)
 1927 Mwami Hospital opens in Zambia; Junior Manual in Spanish, Chinese
 1928 16 ―vocational merits‖ introduced (Honors); C. Lester Bond becomes Junior Youth
Director at G. C.; First Youth Congress, Germany
 1929 Southeastern California Conference opens JMV ―Pathfinder‖ Camp.
 1930 H. T. Elliot replaces Kern as G. C. Youth Director; Pre-JMV classes added (Adventurer
classes)
 1931 Leo Haliwell‘s launch, the Luzeiro I, is completed and begins plying the Amazon River
 1932 SDA Church Manual published; Camp Leader‘s Handbook published
 1936 Central Union adopts a complete uniform for JMV ―units‖
 1937 Theological Seminary established
 1938 Master Comrade Manual published; Ideals for juniors by Bond published, based on the
phrases of the Pledge and Law; Pathfinder Club organized in California by Lawrence Paulson
 1939 Advent Wacht youth club forms in Switzerland; Advanced Honors introduced; Middle
East College established in Lebanon
 1941 Voice of Prophecy becomes a denominational project
 1942 Trailblazers experimented with in Pacific Northwest with Laurence Skinner
 1945 First MV devotional book– ―Mysteries‖ by L. H. Wood; first summer camp in Puerto
Rico
 1946 First conference-sponsored Pathfinder Club, Riverside, California, Francis Hunt,
director,
John Hancock, conference Youth Director, designs triangle; EGW compilation Evangelism Released.

(1947-1959)
 1947 First NAD Youth Congress, San Francisco; International Temperance Association
formed;
Pathfinder song written by Henry Bergh
 1948 Pathfinder flag made by Helen Hobbs; Area Coordinators first used in Pathfindering
 1949 First Junior Congress, La Sierra College, with John Hancock; hospital opens in Pakistan
 1950 First television broadcasting– Faith for Today; Pathfinder Club adopted by General
Conference, Laurence Skinner becomes first World Pathfinder Director; First Pathfinder Fair,
California
 1951 Maluti Hospital opens in Lesotho; Master Comrade becomes Master Guide
 1953 SDA Bible Commentary begins release; Pan American Youth Congress, San Francisco;
first issue of the Junior Guide comes off the press; first Pathfinder Camporee, Massachusetts;
first Pathfinder Club in Puerto Rico, Eliezer Melendez, director
 1954 The first Pathfinder clubs organized on the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean.
 1955 First ―Conquistadores‖ Club organized, Lima, Peru (Spanish Pathfinders), with D. J.
von Pohle, Youth Director, and Nercida Ruiz, Club Director
 1956 MV Voice of Youth evangelism adopted by G. C.
 1958 Advanced Classes added to Pathfinder curriculum; Silver Award introduced
 1959 World membership of the church reaches the 1 million mark; First student missionary
sent from Columbia Union College; first Pathfinder Club in Zimbabwe and Brazil
(Desbravadores); Gold Award introduced

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(1960-2000)
 1960 Andrews University takes the place of the Theology Seminary; first union Camporee at
Lone Pine, California
 1961 CME becomes Loma Linda University
 1962 5-Day Plan to Stop Smoking introduced; new 60-hour Pathfinder Staff Training course
 1963 John Hancock becomes World Pathfinder Director
 1966 Adventurers begun in Hartford, Connecticut, with Rita Vital directing
 1967 Stewardship Dept. established
 1969 World Youth Congress, Zurich, Switzerland
 1970 Insight replaces Youth‘s Instructor; membership at 2 million; Leo Ranzolin (Brazil)
becomes World Pathfinder Director
 1971 First division-wide Camporee, Sweden (Northern Europe-West Africa Division, today:
TED)
 1972 First efforts at world-wide coordinated evangelism, Mission ‗72....; first Euro-Africa
Division Camporee, Austria
 1974 First Antillean Union Pathfinder Camporee
 1975 First South Pacific Division Camporee, Australia
 1976 50th anniversary of MV camping; highest youth camp in the world is realized at Ticllo,
Peru, with 20 Master Guide candidates, elevation 4,900 mts./17,000+ ft.
 1977 G. C. Annual Council launches plan for baptizing 1,000 persons/day by 1980; Youth
Ministry Accent produced by G. C. Youth Dept.
 1978 First Southern Asia Division Camporee, India; Missionary Volunteers (MV) replaced by
Adventist Youth (AY)
 1980 Africa-Indian Ocean Division organized; Mike Stevenson (South Africa) becomes
World Pathfinder Director; Leo Ranzolin becomes World Youth Director, the first non-
American to hold the position
 1983 First Inter-American Division Camporee, Mexico
 1985 First North American Division Camporee, Colorado; the merged Church Ministries
Department begins its experiment
 1986 Malcolm Allen (Australia) becomes World Pathfinder Director, Pan African Youth
Congress in Nairobi
 1988 Special edition ―Pathfinder Bible‖ introduced; revised Pathfinder curriculum introduced
 1989 Adventurer Club accepted by G. C. and goes world-wide
 1990 ―Valuegenesis‖ survey of youth begun in NAD, followed by SPD and other divisions,
provides a base of over 50,000 respondents to questions on moral and spiritual values
 1993 World Youth Evangelism Convention in Prague
 1994 First East African Division Camporee at Victoria Falls
 1995 Baraka G. Muganda from EAD (Tanzania) becomes the World Youth Director, first in
the ―new‖ Youth Department and first Black African to hold this position
 1996 First SPD Youth Congress in Brisbane
 1998 First Division Master Guide Camporee, SAD– Chile; first Division Master Guide
Convention, NAD– California; a major revision of the Honors begins including the
introduction of a new eighth category: Health and Science
 1999 Discover the Power Camporee, Wisconsin, celebrating 50 years of Pathfindering, with
22,000 participants from all continents; there are now as many Pathfinders as there were total
church members in 1959 (40 years ago); world church membership passes 11 million
 2000 Impact Toronto 2,000 Project in Toronto, Canada
 2001 World Youth Leadership Conference in Brazil
 2003 World Youth Conference on Evangelism and Service, Bangkok, Thailand

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Chapter 8
Life enrichment

ADVENTIST YOUTH MINISTRIES UNIFORM, INSIGNIAS, AND HONORS.

As we continue our work for God, one of the main priorities is to make certain
we are all working together towards the same goals.
This means that as club ministries grow, we need to continue pulling together
even more as we lead children and teens into the different stages of ministry.
Mainly, our organizational paradigms need to be so clear that we work in a way
that there are no questions about the responsibilities of each ministry towards
each other.
These are some of the recommendations by every head of ministry (Adv., PF,
MG) that we will ask you to learn and understand as we continue working to be
better leaders:

Adventist youth ministries uniform.

EPHESIANS 6:11
Put on the whole armor of God that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.

A uniform is a set of clothes that one wears to identify himself as part of a particular
organization. The Pathfinder uniform helps make the Pathfinder program real and visible. It
is emblematic and representative of the worldwide clubs ideals and standards. Each
individual member becomes a very vital representative of the organization, and wearing the
uniform will help to provide a consciousness of belonging to a club that rightly represents the
Adventist Youth of today. If the uniform is worn as ordinary clothing it will have failed in its
purpose.

Proper Usage of a Pathfinder Uniform

It is recommended that uniforms be worn on the following occasions:
1. At all Pathfinder meetings
2. At any public gathering when any or all act as:
Messengers
Ushers
Guard of honor
Color Guard
3. On occasions as specified by Pathfinder director
4. At special Pathfinder services
5. While engaging in witness activity, or community service such as ingathering, distributing
food, baskets, flowers, literature, etc.

Uniforms should not be worn:

-members

purposes.
. At any time or place when its wearing discounts the organization or casts reflection upon the
uniform, lowers its dignity and esteem, and makes it common place.

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The uniform.
The official uniform for the Adventurer, Pathfinders, Master Guide, and Ambassador is stipulated
by the General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Youth Ministries Department. Any
deviation or changes, including, but not limited to, the uniforms style and color, must first be
authorized by the General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Youth Department.
Source:gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications

The Nature of Pathfinder/MG Uniform

The basic Pathfinder uniform should include the Pathfinder world emblem and the Pathfinder
scarf.
Other insignia and styles of uniforms are determined by each Division in keeping with the
norms and economic conditions of the fields under their care.
The Pathfinder/Master Guide uniform has been grouped into two: Class A and Class B
CLASS „A‟ Uniform
The "Class A" uniform is the Pathfinder dress uniform. The specifications of this
uniform
Shirt/ Blouse……………………………white
Pants/ Shirt……………………………..forest Green

Hat ……………..free between Hats/ caps/ berets/ garrison cap.

Scarf.. … ……… …….yellow

Socks…………………………………….white
Shoes……………………………………..Black
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Sash……………………………………….green
Neck tie……………………………………black.

Male Female

Pathfinder Class B uniform

The pathfinder class B uniform is the field uniform. The field uniform is used during most
club meetings and on camp-outs.
Shirt/Blouse……………………………….khaki
Pants/ skirts………………………………..green
Hat……… free between Hats/ caps/ berets/ garrison cap.
Scarf………………………………………..yellow
Socks……………………………………….Black/Dark colors
Shoes……………………………………….Black.
Neck tie ……………………………………..Black.
Source: master-guide-uniform-guidelines, 2015
Source: gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications

STAFF UNIFORM
Staff uniforms are very similar to Pathfinders uniforms except for the following adjustments:

Years of service pin

(Just to the right of the Pathfinder pin on the top left of left flap)

Baptismal pin
(On the top right of left pocket flap–close to heart)
Patches:
Rank strip (right sleeve)

Staff may also be qualified to wear the following:

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***THE COAT*** ***THE COAT***

MALE FEMALE

Photos of officers from various conferences, unions, and divisions.

JONATHAN TEJEL (G.C. PATHFINDER DIRECTOR)

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Green epaulette

1 Gold stripe……….Area coordinators (district Youth Leaders, District

pathfinder directors, Sector coordinators, federation Presidents,)

2 Gold stripes………Conference Youth Directors

3 Gold stripes………………….Union Youth Directors

4 Gold stripes………………...Division Youth Directors

5 Gold stripes…………….General Conference Youth Director

The insignia.
While the uniform of the Pathfinder Club varies in regions or even countries around the world,
the insignia and where they are placed are well-nigh universally the same. Designing and setting
the position of the insignia and/or working any changes or additions is the responsibility of the
world pathfinder Director and the General Conference in consultation with the Divisions. Clubs,
conferences, unions and divisions may make no exceptions or variations without the definite
permission from the World Pathfinder Director.
*gcyouthministries.org/ministries/pathfinders/uniformSpecifications*

Insignia is defined as all the PF/AY materials (emblems, honors, etc) worn on the blouse,
shirt and sashes.
Insignia are divided into two categories. These are
1. Identification Insignia
2. Recognition Insignia

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Identification Insignia
These are the group of emblems that signify the organization to which a person (a group of
people) belongs.
Examples of identification insignia include:
 Pathfinder world emblem
 Pathfinder shoulder emblem (triangle)
 Pathfinder club (society) name tag
 Neckerchief
Pathfinder World Emblem
This oval symbol, containing the Pathfinder triangle, represents the worldwide organization
of Pathfinder Clubs of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This symbol is worn on the left-
hand sleeve of shirt/girl‘s blouse, and dress uniform jacket. It is positioned ½-inch (1.2-cm)
below the shoulder seam.
The pathfinder world emblem (logo) is shown below:

Pathfinder Triangle Emblem

This is the symbol that represents the Pathfinder Club. There are three types of the emblem,
according to size.
a. The 2-inch (5-cm) triangle which is worn on the cap, beret, etc.
b. The Pathfinder Club emblem 3-inch triangle (7.5-cm) in the local language is worn on
the right-hand sleeve, shoulder high.
c. The Pathfinder Club sash crest/emblem which is worn on the tip of a sash.
Below is the pathfinder shoulder emblem (triangle):

1. Neckerchief, pathfinder, Master Guide.

This neckerchief is yellow in color and has the Master Guide or pathfinder emblem as the
logo on the back.
Invested Master Guides that have completed all of the Pathfinder classes (Friend, Companion,
Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide) will wear the Master Guide scarf with the ribbon in the
colors of the Pathfinder classes.

Invested Master Guides that have not completed all of the Pathfinder classes will wear the Master
Guide scarf with the red color border and no ribbon.

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Non-Invested Master Guides

This neckerchief is yellow in color and has the Pathfinder world emblem as the logo on the back.
All other pathfinder classes from friend to guide are required to use this neckerchief.

Source: master-guide-uniform-guidelines, 2015.

Recognition/Award Insignia
These are emblems that indicate class achievement, position, or special achievements in
conduct or service.
Examples of recognition or award insignia include:
 Pathfinder class strip/tag
 Pathfinder class chevrons
 Pathfinder class pins
 Pathfinder class ribbons/bars
 Pathfinder excellence ribbons
 Staff-Office Sleeve Strips/Office tag
 Captain and Scribe badges
 Pathfinder staff service stars
 Epaulettes, stripes, stars of ranks, etc

The following are a description of Pathfinder recognition insignia:

Class Pocket Strip (Tag)
This strip (tag) indicates the highest Pathfinder Class in which the individual has been
invested. It has the name of the tag written on it with the colour of the class as the
background.
It is centered just above the left pocket of the shirt or blouse. It should be level with the top of
the uniform shirt pocket.

Pathfinder Class Chevrons

Chevrons show the arrangement of the pathfinder classes (in colours) from the highest to the
lowest.
These are located on the left sleeve below the Pathfinder world emblem.
The order of the Chevron from top to bottom is Master Guide, Guide, Voyager, Ranger,
Explorer, Companion, and Friend. All persons (Master Guide included) should wear only the
class insignia in which they have been invested.

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When a person has completed the requirements in the Master Guide class and is invested as
such, he/she then wears the Combined Chevron which comprises the combination of
Pathfinder class chevrons and the Master Guide star.
Shown below are the individual and the combined chevrons respectively:

Master Guide Star

All persons who do not pass through the various Pathfinder classes and has interests in the
Youth Ministries at a particular club can be invested as Honorary Master Guides when it can
be verified from the Conference Youth Director that these cannot pass through the various
Pathfinder classes. Such persons should wear only the Master Guide Star and not the
Combined Chevron. The position of this Star is the same as Combined Chevron or any other
chevron.

2. Pathfinder Class Pins

Upon Investiture for each class, the Pathfinder obtains a pin of recognition to be worn on the
uniform. The order from left to right is: Friend, Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and
Guide. Only pins for completed classes should be worn. To avoid gaps for incomplete classes, all
other pins should be spaced out evenly. Each pin must be accompanied by the corresponding
chevron.

3. Advanced Pathfinder Class Ribbon Bar

This is worn only by those who have completed the basic and advanced requirements of each
class. The order from left to right is: Friend, Companion, Explorer, Ranger, Voyager, and Guide.
Each ribbon bar must be accompanied by the corresponding pin and chevron. The advanced
ribbon bar is not required, and the candidate should wear only the bars for the levels in which all
of the requirements have been met.

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1. Pathfinder Excellence Award

The Pathfinder Excellence Award has been developed to recognize individual achievement over a
one-year period of time. The Pathfinder Excellence Award should be awarded only to those who
have reached a high standard of excellence, as outlined in the criteria.

Staff-Office Sleeve Strips/Office Tag

Area/district director/coordinator, club director, deputy director, instructor, counselor, and
junior counselor may wear a strip (tag) designating their position.
It is centered below the club name 2-inch (5 cm) below the shoulder seam and ¼-inch (0.08-
cm) above the Pathfinder triangle on the right-hand sleeve.
Below are the office tags from the highest to the lowest: Only the highest earned tag can be
used.

Arrangement of insignias on the uniform

Left pocket

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PATHFINDER CLASSES AND THEIR LESSON PLAN

FRIEND
NO. AREAS LESSON
1. COMMITMENT AND Aim, motto, pledge, National Anthem, P F
GENERAL Anthem
2. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Division of the Bible (old and new testament)
3. NATURE STUDY Animals, flowers and plants
4. HEALTH AND FITNESS Memorize and explain Daniel 1:8 (temperance)
5. OUTDOOR ACTIVITY Hiking rules and signs, basic knots
6. SERVING OTHERS Good behavior at school and home
7. FRIENDSHIP How we can keep our friends, table manners
DEVELOPMENT
8. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Memorize Ps.23, Ps.46
9. LIFESTYLE How to study well at school
ENRICHMENT

COMPANION
NO. AREAS LESSONS
1. COMMITMENT AND GENERAL Aim, motto, pledge, law, National
flag (explain them)
2. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Division of the Bible, Christ
parables and miracles.
3. OUTDOOR LIFE Hiking and signs, knots tying, camp
fire
4. NATURE STUDY a.Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, trees
and poultry.
b. creation story
5. HEALTH AND FITNESS Smoking and its effects, need for
physical fitness and regular exercise
6. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY a. Bible search (Mt 5:3-12, Mt 6:9-
13, Mt 28:18-20
b. memorize and explain I Cor.
9:24-27
7. FRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT Cutesy (obedient to parents,
teachers and elderly.
8. LIFESTYLE ENRICHMENT How to study well in school.

EXPLORER
NO. AREAS LESSON
1. GENERAL AND COMMITMENT Aim, motto, pledge, law, PF ranks and
their color pin, PF flag and emblem.

2. FRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT Peer pressure, Christian Grooming and

manners.
3. HEALTH AND FITNESS Alcohol and its effects on the body, AIDs,
importance of physical fitness.
4. OUTDOOR LIFE First Aid, Camping and Hiking signs,
knots and lashings
5. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Bible search (John 3, John 4, Luke 10,
Luke 15, and Luke 19).
John 14:1-3, John 15:5-8, Mt 28:18-20 etc.
NB: memorize and explain proverbs 20:1,
proverbs 23: 29-32.

6. CHURCH HERITAGE Know the history of some pioneers (JN

Andrews, EG white, Bates, miller etc.)

7. NATURE STUDY Animals, flowers, weather, oceans, stars

and constellation.
8. LIFE STYLE ENRICHMENT Honors and uniform.
How to study well in school

RANGER

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NO. AREAS LESSON

1. GENERAL AND COMMITMENT Agreement, purpose, youth ranks, aim,
motto, pledge, law. (explain them)
2. SPIRIYUAL DISCOVERY a.Discuss the meaning of Christianity and
Christian citizenship
b.what are the marks of a true disciple
c.Bible marking program
3. COMMUNITY SERVICE Sermon preparation (conduct two Bible
studies with Non SDA member)
4. NATURE STUDY Review nature study from friend to
explorer, rocks and minerals.
5. FRIENDSHIP DEVELOPMENT Examine and Discuss
-self confidence
-Dating
-Friendship and good Samaritan
6. HEALTH AND FITNESS -Adventist Christian life style in
accordance with the Bible
-Exercise and importance
-Drilling and marching
7. OUTDOOR INDUSTRIES -Camp fire, First Aid, hiking, knots and
lashing.

GUIDE
NO. AREAS LESSON
1. GENERAL AND Review from friend to guide, Ay legion of
COMMITMENT honor, Ay and PF flags and emblems

2. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY The Church doctrine (fundamental beliefs)

3. CHURCH HERITAGE Pioneers, AY history, dates and events.

4. FRIENDSHIP -Choosing your career
DEVELOPMENT - Sex and Dating
-how to make and keep friends
-moral behavior.
5. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Sanctuary service and its significance

6. HEALTH AND FITNESS Nutrition, First Aid, AIDs, STDs and

physical fitness.
7. LIFESTYLE Uniforms and honors
ENRICHMENT
8. SPIRITUAL -Gifts of the Spirit in Galatians
DEVELOPMENT -parables and miracles of Jesus
9. OUTDOOR ACTIVITY Knots and lashings, camping Skills, fire
building and Hiking
10. NATURE STUDY Review from friend to guide, Ecology,
Environmental conservation, stars and
constellation.
NB: significance of Orion from EW. P 45

11. SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY -Lessons from the book steps to Christ

-sermon preparation (2nd coming of Christ)

MASTER GUIDE
NO. AREAS LESSON
COMMITMENT AND Review from friend to guide, AY
PREREQUISITE structure, aim, motto pledge, law
agreement, purpose , enrolment promise
etc. and their meaning

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SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY -Fundamental beliefs

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT Leadership and communication skills.

OUTDOOR ACTIVITY Camping skills, hiking and signs, knots

and lashing.
SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Lessons from the book steps to Christ,
Bible marking program.
CHURCH HERITAGE AY history, pioneers, dates and events,
light bearers through the dark ages.

HEALTH AND FITNESS AIDs, Alcohol and its effect on the body,
physical fitness.
FRIENDSHIP AND -Choosing your life partner, Dating
LIFESTYLE -AY uniforms and honors
ENRICHMENT
NATURE STUDY Review from friend to guide
SPIRITUAL DISCOVERY Sanctuary service

NB:
1. Lessons can be rearranged to suit your area.
2. At least two meetings will be enough for each lesson to ensure efficient learning.
3. A minimum of 1hr is required for each meeting.
4. Group assignment, presentations and frequent assessment must be ensured.
5. Lessons are based on the current edition of the pathfinder class requirement books for
each class.
6. Every member must have the requirement books for each class. ( master guides)
7. Knots tying, drills and marching must be organized at part of the program
8. A candidate must pass a class before promoted to another class.
9. Proper attendance for each class should be taken into consideratio
Selected references:
Adventist Pathfinder Administrative manual, General Conference Youth Ministries department
(2004 Revision)

Pathfinder Basic Staff training manual, General Conference Youth Ministries department (2004)

Master Guide Curriculum Manual, General Conference Youth Ministries department.

Pathfinder Leadership Award manual, General Conference Youth department (2003)

Administrative Manual, Ambassador, General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists, Youth

Ministries department (2006)

Church Heritage Manual, General Conference Youth department (2005)

Fundamental beliefs, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

www.adventist.org

Ellen G. White Estate, Messages to Young Peoples (MYP)

The pathfinder Story, General Conference Youth Ministries department

The A.Y. Story, General Conference Youth Ministries department

Youth Ministry Handbook and Leadership Training Manual (2005)

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www.ducsters.com
pathfinders.adventistconnect.org./document (South Pacific Division)

pathfindersonline.org (North American Division)

gc.youthministries.org/leadership/MasterGuide/UniformSpecifications

Master Guides Uniform Manual (www.masterguides.org)

Wear and Appearance of Pathfinder Uniforms and Insignia, Florida Conference Pathfinder/
Adventurer department, August 2012, Eric Stillwell, I.A.D

Revised Uniform Specifications (Caribbean Union Conference)

www.animatedknots.com

The Happy Path, Lawrence Maxwell

Uniform Instructions 2014.

Night Stars and Constellations.

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