BASIC COMPUTER

SKILLS
Basic introduction of computer
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performs
calculations, and executes instructions to perform a wide range of tasks. It
can store, retrieve, and manipulate information, making it an essential
tool in many aspects of daily life.
Main Components of a Computer:
1. Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including:
o Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer
that performs calculations and tasks.
o Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and
instructions for the CPU while a computer is running.
o Storage: Where data is permanently stored (e.g., Hard Disk
Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD)).
o Input Devices: Tools for entering data (e.g., keyboard,
mouse).
o Output Devices: Tools for displaying or outputting data (e.g.,
monitor, printer).
2. Software: Programs and applications that run on the computer,
enabling it to perform specific tasks. Software can be divided into:
o System Software: Operating systems (like Windows, macOS,
Linux) that manage hardware and provide a platform for
applications.
o Application Software: Programs that help users perform
specific tasks (like word processors, web browsers, and
games).
Types of Computers:
 Personal Computers (PCs): General-purpose computers used by
individuals.
  Laptops: Portable computers with built-in screens and keyboards.
 Tablets and Smartphones: Mobile devices with touchscreens that
function similarly to computers.
 Servers: Powerful machines designed to manage network resources
and run applications for multiple users.
Basic Functions of a Computer:
1. Input: Receiving data through input devices.
2. Processing: Performing calculations and operations on the data.
3. Storage: Saving data for later use.
4. Output: Presenting results to the user through output devices.
Applications of Computers:
 Business: For accounting, inventory management, and
communication.
 Education: For online learning, research, and educational software.
 Entertainment: For gaming, streaming, and media creation.
 Science and Medicine: For simulations, research, and data
analysis.

Block diagram of computer

Explanation of Each Component:
1. Input Unit: This includes devices like a keyboard and mouse, which
allow users to enter data into the computer.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): Often referred to as the brain of
the computer, the CPU processes instructions and performs
calculations. It consists of:
o Control Unit: Directs the operation of the processor.
o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and
logical operations.
3. Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and
instructions that the CPU needs while performing tasks. It is volatile,
meaning it loses its data when the power is turned off.
4. Storage Unit: This includes hard drives (HDD), solid-state drives
(SSD), and other types of storage that retain data permanently or
semi-permanently.
5. Output Unit: This includes devices like monitors and printers that
present processed data to the user.
 Basic input/output devices
Input devices
Input Devices
1. Keyboard
o Function: Used for text input and command entry.
o Characteristics: Usually has a QWERTY layout, includes
function keys, and may have special keys (like multimedia or
programmable keys).
o Uses: Essential for typing documents, coding, and gaming.
2. Mouse
o Function: A pointing device for navigating graphical user
interfaces.
o Characteristics: Typically has two buttons and a scroll wheel;
can be wired or wireless.
o Uses: Commonly used for selecting items, dragging, and
scrolling through content.
3. Scanner
o Function: Converts physical documents and images into
digital format.
o Characteristics: Can be flatbed, sheet-fed, or handheld.
Some models include Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
capabilities.
o Uses: Digitizing documents for storage, sharing, or editing.
Output Devices
1. Printers
o Daisy Wheel Printer
 Function: Produces hard copies of text using a wheel
with letters on it.
 Characteristics: Known for high-quality text printing
but limited to text only.
 Uses: Suitable for documents that require a professional
appearance.
o Dot-Matrix Printer
  Function: Creates images by striking pins against an
ink ribbon.
 Characteristics: Can print both text and graphics, but
with lower quality than modern printers.
 Uses: Often used for multi-part forms and invoices.
o Impact Printer
 Function: Similar to dot-matrix but can include other
mechanisms (like typewriters).
 Characteristics: Uses mechanical impact to transfer
ink onto paper.
 Uses: Ideal for carbon-copy documents.
o Non-Impact Printer
 Function: Uses methods like inkjet or laser technology
to print without direct impact.
 Characteristics: Generally produces higher quality
prints and is quieter than impact printers.
 Uses: Common for everyday printing tasks, including
photos and documents.
Storage Devices
1. Hard Disk
o Function: Magnetic storage device for storing large amounts
of data.
o Characteristics: Non-volatile, typically has spinning platters
and read/write heads.
o Uses: Primary storage for operating systems, applications,
and files on computers.
2. Floppy Disk
o Function: Portable storage medium for data.
o Characteristics: Small, flexible disk enclosed in a protective
shell; limited capacity (typically 1.44 MB).
o Uses: Primarily used in older systems for transferring files;
largely obsolete today.
3. CD-ROM
o Function: Optical disc used to store data.
 o Characteristics: Can hold about 700 MB of data, read-only.
o Uses: Software distribution, media storage, and data backup.
4. DVD
o Function: Similar to CD-ROM but with a larger storage
capacity (4.7 GB single-layer, 8.5 GB dual-layer).
o Characteristics: Can store video, software, and more.
o Uses: Movies, software installation, and data storage.

SOFTWARE AND TYPES OFSOFTWARE

Definition of Software
Software refers to a set of instructions, data, or programs that tell a
computer how to perform specific tasks. Unlike hardware, which is the
physical component of a computer, software is intangible and enables
users to interact with the system to execute various operations.
Types of Software
Software can be broadly categorized into two main types:
1. System Software
 Definition: System software is designed to manage and control the
hardware components of a computer and provide a platform for
running application software.
 Examples:
o Operating Systems: Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
These systems manage hardware resources and provide a
user interface.
o Device Drivers: Programs that allow the operating system to
communicate with hardware devices, such as printers,
graphics cards, and network adapters.
o Utilities: Software that performs maintenance tasks, such as
disk management tools, antivirus programs, and file
management utilities.
2. Application Software
 Definition: Application software is designed to help users perform
specific tasks or solve particular problems. It operates on top of
system software.
 Examples:
 o Productivity Software: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel,
PowerPoint), Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides) for
document creation and data management.
o Graphics Software: Adobe Photoshop, CorelDRAW for image
editing and graphic design.
o Web Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox for accessing
the internet.
o Media Players: VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player for
playing audio and video files.

APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. Defence
 Simulation and Training: Computers are used to create realistic
simulations for training military personnel, including flight
simulators and virtual battle environments.
 Intelligence Gathering: Data analysis tools process large amounts
of information for surveillance and reconnaissance.
 Weapon Systems: Computers control advanced weaponry, drones,
and missile guidance systems.
 Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Computers help
manage resources, troop movements, and supply deliveries
efficiently.
2. Industry
 Manufacturing Automation: Computers control machinery and
robotics for assembly lines, improving efficiency and precision.
 Quality Control: Computer vision systems inspect products for
defects during the manufacturing process.
 Inventory Management: Software applications track inventory
levels and optimize stock management.
 Design and Prototyping: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software
is used for designing products and creating prototypes.
3. Management
 Data Management: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems help manage
organizational data and customer interactions.
  Decision Support Systems: Analyzing data to support decision-
making processes, such as financial forecasting and market
analysis.
 Project Management: Tools like Microsoft Project or Asana assist in
planning, scheduling, and resource allocation for projects.
 Communication: Email, video conferencing, and collaborative tools
enhance internal and external communication.
4. Sports
 Performance Analysis: Computers analyze player performance
using data analytics, enhancing training and strategies.
 Broadcasting and Media: Live data feeds and graphics enhance
sports broadcasts and reporting.
 Event Management: Software is used for scheduling, ticketing,
and managing sports events.
 Fan Engagement: Apps and websites provide fans with statistics,
highlights, and interactive content.
5. Commerce
 E-commerce: Online platforms allow businesses to sell products
and services directly to consumers, supported by payment
processing systems.
 Supply Chain Management: Computers optimize logistics,
inventory tracking, and demand forecasting.
 Financial Management: Software applications manage
accounting, budgeting, and payroll.
 Market Research: Data analysis tools gather and analyze
consumer behavior and market trends.
6. Internet
 Information Access: The internet provides vast resources for
education, research, and entertainment through search engines and
databases.
 Social Networking: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
facilitate communication and community building.
 Online Learning: E-learning platforms offer courses, tutorials, and
resources for learners globally.
 Cloud Computing: Provides scalable resources and services over
the internet, enabling collaboration and remote work.
 ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN ANIMATION
INDUSTRY.
1. Animation Creation
 2D Animation: Software like Adobe Animate and Toon Boom
Harmony allows artists to create frame-by-frame animations,
providing tools for drawing, coloring, and layering.
 3D Animation: Programs like Autodesk Maya, Blender, and 3ds Max
are used to create three-dimensional models and animations. These
tools facilitate rigging (creating a skeleton for models), texturing,
and rendering.
 Stop Motion Animation: Computers assist in capturing and editing
frames for stop motion projects, using software like Dragonframe to
streamline the process.
2. Modeling and Texturing
 Character Modeling: Computers enable artists to design and
model characters, using polygonal modeling techniques and
sculpting tools.
 Texturing: Textures are applied to models to give them surface
detail. Software like Substance Painter allows artists to create
realistic materials and surfaces.
3. Animation Techniques
 Keyframe Animation: Animators define specific points of
movement (keyframes), and the computer interpolates the frames
in between (tweening).
 Motion Capture: This technology records the movements of live
actors and translates them into digital animations, enhancing
realism in animated characters.
4. Rendering
 Realistic Rendering: Computers handle complex calculations to
produce high-quality images and animations through rendering
engines (e.g., Arnold, V-Ray). This includes simulating light,
shadows, and textures.
 Real-time Rendering: Used in video games and virtual reality,
real-time rendering allows for immediate visual feedback, enabling
interactive experiences.
5. Compositing and Special Effects
  Compositing Software: Tools like Adobe After Effects and Nuke
allow animators to combine different visual elements, adding layers
of effects and corrections to the final animation.
 Visual Effects (VFX): Computers facilitate the integration of
animated elements with live-action footage, creating seamless and
engaging visuals.
6. Editing and Post-Production
 Editing Software: Programs like Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut
Pro help in assembling scenes, adding sound, and finalizing the
animated project.
 Sound Design: Computers enable the incorporation of sound
effects, voiceovers, and music, enhancing the overall impact of the
animation.
7. Distribution and Presentation
 Formats and Compression: Computers are used to encode
animations into various formats for distribution across multiple
platforms, including web, television, and cinema.
 Streaming: Platforms like YouTube and Netflix leverage computers
to stream animated content to global audiences.
8. Collaboration and Project Management
 Collaboration Tools: Software like Shotgun and Trello facilitate
teamwork by allowing artists to share files, track progress, and
manage tasks across different departments.
 Cloud Computing: Enables remote collaboration, allowing teams to
work together from different locations on large projects.