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Class - 10 Math Notes Chapter - 11 Constructions

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161 views54 pages

Class - 10 Math Notes Chapter - 11 Constructions

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Artham

Resource Material
For Session 2024-25

Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 10
MATHS
100% updated Quick Revision,
as per 2023-24 tips, notes &
curriculum. mind maps.

To the point Easily


Answers Understandable &
effective language.
MATHEMATICS
Chapter 11: Constructions
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

Constructions
1. To divide a line segment internally in a given ratio m: n, where both m and n are
positive integers, we follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Draw a line segment AB of given length by using a ruler.
Step 2: Draw any ray AX making an acute angle with AB.
Step 3: Along AX mark off (m + n) points A1, A2,………Am-1, Am+1,………,Am+n, such that AA1 =
A1A2 = Am+n-1 Am+n.
Step 4: Join BAm+n
Step 5: Through the point Am, draw a line parallel to Am+nB by making an angle equal to
∠AAm+nB at Am, intersecting AB at point P.
The point P so obtained is the required point which divides AB internally in the ratio m: n.

Justification
In ∆ABAm+n, we observe that Am P is parallel to Am+n B . Therefore, by Basic Proportionality
theorem, we have:
AAm AP
=
Am Am+n PB
AP m AAm m
= = [∵ = , by construction]
PB n Am Am+n n
= AP ∶ PB = m ∶ n
Hence, P divides AB in the ratio m: n.
Bisecting a Line Segment
Step 1: With a radius of more than half the length of the line segment, draw arcs centred
at either end of the line segment so that they intersect on either side of the line
segment.
Step 2: Join the points of intersection. The line segment is bisected by the line segment
joining the points of intersection.

(1)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AB


2. Alternative method to divide a line segment internally in a given ratio m: n
Example Find the point C such that it divides BA in ratio 2:3

Steps of Construction:
• Draw any ray XA making an acute angle with BA.
• Draw a ray YB parallel to XA by making ∠YBA equal to ∠XAB.
• Locate the points A1, A2, A3 (m = 3) on AX and B1, B2 (n = 2) on BY such that AA1 =
A1A2 = A2A3 = BB1 = B1B2.
• Join A3B2. Let it intersect AB at a point C Then BC : CA = 2:3
Justification
Here ∆BB2C ̴ AA3C …AA test
BB2 BC
= … … (c. p. s. t. )
AA3 AC
2 BC
=
3 AC

(2)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
3. The ratio of the sides of the triangle to be constructed with the corresponding sides of
the given triangle is known as a scale factor. The scale factor may be less or greater than
1.
4. If the scale factor is less than 1, then the new figure will be smaller in comparison to the
given figure.
5. If the scale factor is greater than 1, then the new figure will be bigger in comparison to
the given figure.
Construction of Triangle Similar to given Triangle
Consider a triangle ABC. Let us construct a triangle similar to ∆ABC such that each of its
m th
sides is ||of ( ) the corresponding sides of ABC.
n
Steps of constructions when m < n:
Step 1: Construct the given triangle ABC by using the given data.
Step 2: Take any one of the three side of the given triangle as base. Let AB be the base of
the given triangle.
Step 3: At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle BAX below the base AB.
Step 4: Along AX mark off n points A1, A2, A3,………, An such that
AA1 = A1A2 = ……… = An-1 An
Step 5: Join AnB
Step 6: Draw AmB’ parallel to AnB which meets AB at B’.
Step 7: From B' draw B'C'||BC meeting AC at C'.
m th
Triangle AB'C' is the required triangle each of whose sides is ( ) of the corresponding side
n
of ΔABC.

(3)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

Justification
Since Am B'|| An B. Therefore
AB′ AAm
= [by basic proportionality theorem]
B′B Am An

AB′ m
 =
B′B n − m
B′B n − m
 =
AB′ m
AB AB′ +B′B
Now, =
AB′ AB′
AB B′B n−m n
 =1+ =1+ +
AB′ AB′ m m
AB′ m
 =
AB n
In triangles ABC and AB’C’, we have
∠BAC = ∠B' AC'
And ∠ABC = ∠AB' C'
So, by AA similarity criterion, we have
∆AB'C' ̴ ∆ABC
AB′ B′C′ AC′
 = =
AB BC AC
AB′ B′C′ AC′ m
 = = =
AB BC AC n

(4)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
Steps of construction when m > n:
Step 1: Construct the given triangle by using the given data.
Step 2: Take any one of the three sides of the given triangle and consider it as the base. Let
AB be the base of the given triangle.
Step 3: At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle ∠BAX below base AB i.e., on
the opposite side of the vertex C.
Step 4: Along AX mark off m (large of m and n) points A1, A2, A3,………Am of AX such that
AA1 = A1A2 = ………= Am-1Am.
Step 5: Join AnB to B and draw a line through Am parallel to AnB, intersecting the extended
line segment AB at B'.
Step 6: Draw a line through B' parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at
C'. Step 7: ΔAB'C' so obtained is the required triangle.

Justification
Consider triangle ABC and AB’ C’. We have:
∠BAC = ∠B' AC '
∠ABC = ∠AB 'C '
So, by AA similarity criterion,
ΔABC ̴ ΔAB 'C'
AB BC AC
 = =
AB′ B′C′ AC′

(5)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
ΔA Am B', AnB || AmB'
AB AAn
∴ =
BB′ An Am
BB′ An Am
 =
AB AAn
BB′
 AB = 𝑚−𝑛
𝑛
AB′ −AB
 AB
= 𝑚−𝑛
𝑛

AB′ 𝑚−𝑛
 −1=
AB 𝑛
AB′ 𝑚
 =
AB 𝑛
From (i) and (ii), we have
AB′ B′C′ AC′ m
 = = =
AB BC AC n
The tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at exactly one point.
Tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Construction of Triangle to a Circle from a point outside the Circle
Construction of a tangent to a circle from a point outside the circle, when its centre is
known
The steps of constructions are as follows:
Step 1: Join the centre O of the circle to the point P.
Step 2: Draw perpendicular bisector of OP intersecting OP at Q.
Step 3: With Q as centre and radius OQ, draw a circle. This circle has OP as its diameter.
Step 4: Let this circle intersect the first circle at two points T and T'. Join PT and P T' .
PT and P T' are the two tangents to the given circle from the point P.

(6)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
Justification
Join OT and OT'
It can be seen that ∠PTO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that angle in a semi-circle
is a right angle.
∴∠ PTO = 90°
 OT ꓕ PT

Since OT is the radius of the circle, PT has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, PT' is a
tangent of the circle.
Number of Tangents to a circle from a given point
If the point is in an interior region of the circle, any line through that point will be a secant.
So, in this case, there is no tangent to the circle.

AB is a secant drawn through the point S


When the point lies on the circle, there is accurately only one tangent to a circle.

(7)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

PQ is the tangent touching the circle at A


When the point lies outside of the circle, there are exactly two tangents to a circle.

PT1 and PT2 are tangents touching the circle at T1 and T2


Drawing tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle

(8)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

To construct the tangents to a circle from a point outside it.


Consider a circle with centre O and let P be the exterior point from which the tangents to
be drawn.
Step 1: Join the PO and bisect it. Let M be the midpoint of PO.
Step 2: Taking M as the centre and MO(or MP) as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the
given circle at the points Q and R.
Step 3: Join PQ and PR
Step 4:PQ and PR are the required tangents to the circle.

(9)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

Important Questions

(10)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

Multiple Choice questions-


1. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio p : q (p, q are positive integers), draw a ray
AX so that ∠BAX is an acute angle and then mark points on ray AX at equal distances
such that the minimum number of these points is

(a) greater of p and q

(b) p + q

(c) p + q – 1

(d) pq

2. To draw a pair of tangents to a circle which are inclined to each other at an angle of
35°. It is required to draw tangents at the end points of those two radii of the circle,
the angle between which is

(a) 105°

(b) 70°

(c) 140°

(d) 145°

3. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 5 : 7, first a ray AX is drawn so that ∠BAX is
an acute angle and then at equal distances points are marked on the ray AX such that
the minimum number of these points is

(a) 8

(b) 10

(c) 11

(d) 12

4. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 4 : 7, ray AX is drawn first such that ∠BAX is
an acute angle and then points A1, A2, A3,……… are located at equal distances on the
ray AX and the point B is joined to

(a) A12

(b) A11

(c) A10

(d) A9

(11)
CONSTRUCTIONS
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5. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 5 : 6, draw a ray AX such that ∠BAX is an
acute angle, then draw a ray B4 parallel to AX and the points A1, A2, A3, …….. and B1,
B2, B3,………. are located at equal distances on ray AX and B4, respectively. Then the
points joined are:

(a) A5 and B6

(b) A6 and B5

(c) A4 and B5

(d) A5 and B4
3
6. To construct a triangle similar to a given ΔABC with its sides of the corresponding
7
sides of ΔABC, first draw a ray BX such that ∠CBX is an acute angle and X lies on the
opposite side of A with respect to BC. Then locate points B1, B2, B3, on BX at equal
distances and next step is to join

(a) B10 to C

(b) B3 to C

(c) B7 to C

(d) B4 to C
8
7. To construct a triangle similar to a given ΔABC with its sides of the corresponding
5
sides of ΔABC draw a ray BX such that ∠CBX is an acute angle and X is on the opposite
side of A with respect to BC. Then minimum number of points to be located at equal
distances on ray BX is

(a) 5

(b) 8

(c) 13

(d) 3

8. To draw a pair of tangents to a circle which are inclined to each other at an angle of
60°, it is required to draw tangents at end points of those two radii of the circle, the
angle between them should be:

(a) 135°

(b) 90°

(c) 60°

(12)
CONSTRUCTIONS
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(d) 120°

9. To construct a pair of tangents to a circle at an angle of 60° to each other, it is


needed to draw tangents at endpoints of those two radii of the circle, the angle
between them should be:

(a) 100°

(b) 90°

(c) 180°

(d) 120°

10. A pair of tangents can be constructed from a point P to a circle of radius 3.5 cm
situated at a distance of ___________ from the centre.

(a) 3.5 cm

(b) 2.5 cm

(c) 5 cm

(d) 2 cm

Very Short Questions:


1. Is construction of a triangle with sides 8 cm, 4 cm, 4 cm possible?

2. To divide the line segment AB in the ratio 5 : 6, draw a ray AX such that
∠BAX is an acute angle, then draw a ray BY parallel to AX and the point A 1,
A2, A3… and B1, B2, B3… are located at equal distances on ray AX and BY
respectively. Then which points should be joined?

3. To draw a pair of tangents to a circle which are inclined to each other at an


angle of 60°, it is required to draw tangents at end points of those two radii
of the circle. What should be the angle between them?

4. In Fig. by what ratio does P divide AB internally.

(13)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11

5. Given a triangle with side AB = 8 cm. To get a line segment AB’ = 2 of AB, in
what ratio will line segment AB be divided?

6. Draw a line segment of length 6 cm. Using compasses and ruler, find a
point P on it which divides it in the ratio 3 : 4.

7. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Using ruler and compasses, find a
𝐴𝑃 3
point P on AB such that = .
𝐴𝐵 5

Short Questions :
1. Draw a triangle ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Then
construct a triangle whose sides are 57 times the corresponding sides of ∆ABC.

2. Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 5.5 cm and 6.5 cm. Now construct another
3
triangle, whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given triangle.
5

3. Construct a right triangle in which the sides, (other than the hypotenuse) are of
3
length 6 cm and 8 cm. Then construct another triangle, whose sides are times
5
the corresponding sides of the given triangle.

4. Draw a triangle PQR such that PQ = 5 cm, ∠P = 120° and PR = 6 cm. Construct
3
another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of ∆PQR.
4

5. Draw a triangle ABC with BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45° and ∠C = 60°. Then construct
3
another triangle, whose sides are times the corresponding sides of ∆ABC.
5

6. Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm. Then construct another
2
triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of first triangle.
3

7. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 3 cm, which are inclined to each
other at an angle of 60°.

(14)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
8. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric
circle of radius 6 cm.

9. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 4.5 cm, which are inclined to each
other at an angle of 45°.

10. Draw two tangents to a circle of radius 3.5 cm, from a point P at a distance of
6.2 cm from its centre.

Long Questions :
1. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45° and ∆A = 105°. Then
3
construct a triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of ∆ABC.
5

2. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, ∠C = 30° and ∠A = 105°. Then
2
construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of
3
∆ABC.

3. Draw a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. Then construct another
2
triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
3

4. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 6 cm and altitude 4 cm. Then


3
construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of
4
the isosceles triangle.

5. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of


radius 3 cm and taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 2 cm.
Construct tangents to each circle from the centre of the other circle.

6. Construct a ∆ABC in which AB = 6 cm, ∠A = 30° and ∆B = 60°. Construct


another ∆AB’C’ similar to ∆ABC with base AB’ = 8 cm.

7. Construct a triangle ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Now


5
construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of
7
∆ABC.

8. Construct a triangle ABC in which BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Then


3
construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of
4
∆ABC.

Case Study Questions:


1. The management of a school decided to arouse interest of their students in
Mathematics. So they want to construct some geometrical shapes in one corner of the
school premises. They showed a rough sketch of a right triangular structure on a plane

(15)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
sheet of paper with sides AB = 6 m, BC = 8 m and ∠B = 90°. The diagram shows a
perpendicular from the vertex B to the front side AC. They want to build a circular wall
through B, C and D but they had certain problems in doing so. So they called on some
students of class X to solve this problem. They made some suggestions.

i. Referring to the above, what is the length of perpendicular drawn on side AC


from vertex B?

a. 2.6 m

b. 3.0 m

c. 4.8 m

d. 4.0 m

ii. Referring to the above, what is the length of perpendicular drawn on side AC
from vertex B?

a. 2.6 m

b. 3.0 m

c. 4.8 m

d. 4.0 m

iii. Referring to the above, the length of tangent AE is

a. 10 m

b. 8 m

c. 12 m

(16)
CONSTRUCTIONS
11
d. 6 m

iv. Referring to the above, what will be the length of AD?

a. 3.6 m

b. 3.8 m

c. 4.8 m

d. 5.6 m

v. Referring to the above, sum of angles ∠BAE and ∠BOE is

a. 120°

b. 180°

c. 90°

d. 60°

2. The construction of a road is in progress. A road already exists through a forest that
goes over a circular lake. The engineer wants to build another road through the forest
that connects this road but does not go through the lake.

As it turns out, the road the engineer will be building and the road it will connect
to both represent characteristics of a circle that have their own name. The
road/bridge that already exists is called a secant of the circular lake, and the road
the engineer is going to build is called the tangent of the circular lake.

i. Refer to the question (2) if the road under construction, PT is 6 km and it is


inclined at an angle of 30° to the line joining the centre, the radius of the lake is

a. 3√3 km

b. 4√3 km

c. 2√3 km

d. 5√3 km

ii. Refer to the above, if PT = 12 km and PA = 9 km, then the length of existing
bridge is

a. 7 km

b. 9 km

c. 12 km

(17)
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d. 16 km

iii. Refer to the question (3) above, the area of the lake is

a. 12π km2

b. 16π km2

c. 18π km2
d.
9π km2

iv. Refer to the above if the length of existing bridge is 5 km and the length of the
existing road outside the lake is 4 km, then the length of the road under
construction is

a. 4 km

b. 6 km

c. 10 km

d. 14 km

v. Refer to the question (3) above, the circumference of the lake is

a. 2√3 π km

b. 3√3 π km

c. 4√3 π km

d. 5√3 π km

Assertion Reason Questions-


1. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R is false.

Assertion: a, b and c are the lengths of three sides of a triangle, then a+b > c

Reason: The sum of two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side.

2. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a


statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

(18)
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11
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) Both A and R is false.

Assertion: The side lengths 4cm, 4cm and 4cm can be sides of equilateral triangle.

Reason: Equilateral triangle has all its three sides equal.

Answer Key
Multiple Choice questions-
1. (b) p + q

2. (d) 145°

3. (d) 12

4. (b) A11

5. (a) A5 and B6

6. (c) B7 to C

7. (b) 8

8. (d) 120°

9. (d) 120°

10. (c) 5 cm

Very Short Answer :


1. No, we know that in a triangle sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the
third side. So the condition is not satisfied.

2. A5 and B6.

3. 120˚

4. From Fig. it is clear that there are 3 points at equal distances on AX and 4
points at equal distances on BY. Here P divides AB on joining A3 B4. So P divides
internally by 3 : 4.

5.

(19)
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Given AB = 8 cm
3
AB’ = of AB
4

3
= × 8 = 6 cm
4

BB’ = AB – AB’ = 8 – 6 = 2 cm.

⇒ AB’: BB’ = 6 : 2 = 3 : 1

Hence the required ratio is 3 : 1.

6.

Hence, PA : PB = 3 : 4
𝐴𝑃 3
7. AB = 7 cm, AB = = … [Given
𝐴𝐵 5

∴ AP : PB = 3 : 2

(20)
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𝐴𝑃 3
Hence, AP : AB = 3 : 5 or =
𝐴𝐵 5

Short Answer :
1. In ∆ABC

AB = 5 cm

BC = 6 cm

∠ABC = 60°

Hence, ∆A’BC’ is the required ∆.

2.

(21)
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∴ ∆AB’C’ is the required ∆.

3. Here AB = 8 cm, BC = 6 cm and


3
Ratio = of corresponding sides
5

∴ ∆AB’C’ is the required triangle.

4. In ∆PQR,

PQ = 5 cm, PR = 6 cm, ∠P = 120°

∴ ∆POʻR’ is the required ∆.

(22)
CONSTRUCTIONS
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3
5. Here, BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45°, ∠C = 60° and ratio is times of corresponding sides
5

∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required triangle.

6.

Steps of Construction:

Draw ∆ABC with AC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm.

Draw ray AX making an acute angle with AÇ.

Locate 3 equal points A1, A2, A3 on AX.

Join CA3.

Join A2C’ || CA3.

From point C’ draw B’C’ || BC.

∴ ∆AB’C’ is the required triangle.

7.

(23)
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∴ PA & PB are the required tangents.+

8.

Steps of Construction:

Draw two circles with radius OA = 4 cm and OP = 6 cm with O as centre. Draw ⊥


bisector of OP at M. Taking M as centre and OM as radius draw another circle
intersecting the smaller circle at A and B and touching the bigger circle at P. Join PA
and PB. PA and PB are the required tangents.

Verification:

In rt. ∆OAP,

OA2 + AP2 = OP2 … [Pythagoras’ theorem

(4)2 + (AP)2 = (6)2

AP2 = 36 – 16 = 20

𝐴𝑃 = +√20 = √4 × 5

= 2√5 2(2.236) = 4.472 = 4.5 cm

By measurement, ∴ PA = PB = 4.5 cm

9.

(24)
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Draw ∠AOB = 135°, ∠OAP = 90°, ∠OBP = 90°

∴ PA and PB are the required tangents.

10. OP = OC + CP = 3.5 + 2.7 = 6.2 cm

Hence AP & PB are the required tangents.

Long Answer :
1. In ∆ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° … [angle sum property of a ∆

105° + 45° + C = 180°

∠C = 180° – 105° – 45o = 30°

BC = 7 cm

(25)
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∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required ∆.

2. Here, BC = 6 cm, ∠A = 105° and ∠C = 30°

In ∆ABC,

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° …[Angle-sum-property of a ∆

105° + ∠B + 30° = 180°

∠B = 180° – 105° – 30° = 45°

∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required ∆.


2
3. Here, AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm, AC = 6 cm and ratio is times of corresponding
3
sides.

(26)
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∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required triangle.

4.

∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required triangle.

5.

Step of constructions:

Draw two circles on A and B as asked.

(27)
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Z is the mid-point of AB.

From Z, draw a circle taking ZA = ZB as radius,

so that the circle intersects the bigger circle at M and N and smaller circle at X and Y.

Join AX and AY, BM and BN.

BM, BN are the required tangents from external point B.

AX, AY are the required tangents from external point A.

Justification:

∠AMB = 90° …[Angle in a semi-circle

Since, AM is a radius of the given circle.

∴BM is a tangent to the circle

Similarly, BN, AX and AY are also tangents.

6.

Steps of construction:

• Draw a ∆ABC with side AB = 6 cm, ∠A = 30° and ∠B = 60°.

• Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with AB on the opposite side of point C.

• Locate points A1, A2, A3 and A4 on AX.

• Join A3B. Draw a line through A4 parallel to A3B intersecting extended AB at B’.

• Draw a line parallel to BC intersecting ray AY at C’.

Hence, ∆AB’C’ is the required triangle.

7. In ∆ABC, AB = 5 cm; BC = 6 cm; ∠ABC = 60°

(28)
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∴ ∆A’BC’ is the required ∆.

8.

Steps of Construction:

• Draw ∆ABC with the given data.


• Draw a ray BX downwards making an acute angle with BC.
• Locate 4 points B1, B2, B3, B4, on BX, such that BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B3B4.
• Join CB4.
• From B3 draw a line C’B3 || CB4 intersecting BC at C’.
• From C’ draw A’C’ || AC intersecting AB at B’.
Then ∆AB’C’ in the required triangle.
Justification:

(29)
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Case Study Answer:


1. Answer:
i. c.
ii. d.
iii. d.
iv. a.
v. b.
2. Answer:
i. c.
ii. a.
iii. a.
iv. b.
v. c.
Assertion Reason Answer-
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(30)
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