CS 101
Computer Programming and
Utilization
Puru
with
CS101 TAs and CSE Staff
Course webpage: https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~cs101/
Lecture 5: conditional execution and general loops
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
• Lab3
– conditional execution and loops
– if, if-else, while, break, continue
• Labquiz1
– 20th , 21st , 22nd August (Tue-Wed-Thu) 8.15 pm
• lookup student-lab mapping and schedule
• Bits and Bytes Labs for practice
– Monday - Friday : 9:30 AM - 8:30 PM
Saturday, Sunday, Holiday : 10:00 AM - 5:00 PM
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 2
recap
• conditional execution
– boolean condition
– if
– if-else
• loops
– while
– do-while
– for
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 3
flowchart of the if statement
Previous Statement
True
Condition
Consequent
False
Next Statement
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flowchart of the if-else statement
if (condition) consequent else alternate
Previous statement
True False
Condition
Consequent Alternate
Next statement
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the slightly improved discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total;
if (total < 1000)
cout << No discount << endl;
else
cout << Discount coming your way!”<< endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart of the general if-else statement
Previous Statement
True False
Condition 1
Consequent 1 True False
Condition 2
Consequent 2 True False
Condition 3
Consequent 3 Alternate
Next Statement
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount program
main_program {
double total, discount;
cin >> total; // get input
if (total < 1000) discount = 0;
else if (total < 2000)
discount = 0.1 * total;
else if (total < 5000)
discount = 0.2 * total;
else discount = 500 + 0.3 * total;
cout << “Total discount = “ << discount << endl;
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the discount + points program
double total, discount;
int points;
cin >> total; // get input
if (total <= 1000) {
discount = 0;
points= 10;
}
else if (total <= 2000) {
discount = 0.1 * total;
points = 20;
}
else if (total <= 5000) {
discount = 0.2 * total;
points = 30;
}
else { discount = 500 + 0.3 * total; points = 50; }
cout << “Total discount = “ << discount << endl;
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
combining conditions
Boolean AND
condition1 && condition2
true only if both true
Boolean OR
condition1 || condition2
true if at least one is true
Boolean negation
!condition
true if only if condition is false
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
examples for combined conditions
if ((total < 1000) || (nitems == 1)) discount = 10;
if ((discount > 500) && (nitems == 1)) discount = 50;
write without combined conditions …
bool flag = (2>3);
if (!flag) cout << “ 2 is really less than 3 \n”;
if (!flag || flag) cout << “why flag? \n”;
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 11
sample multi-condition execution
input a number less than 10
print square of it, if is a even number
else cube of the number, else print error
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sample multi-condition execution
input a number less than 10
print square of it if is a even number else cube of the number,
else print error
#include <simplecpp>
main_program {
int num = 0;
cin >> num;
if (num<10 && num%2==0)
cout << num*num;
else if (num<10 && num%3==0)
cout << num*num*num;
else
cout << “Number out of range or not divisible by 2 or 3 !”;
}
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need of a more general loop
Read marks of students from the keyboard and prints average
• number of students not mentioned/known
• if a negative number is entered as marks, then it is a signal that all
marks have been entered
• Examples
− Input: 98 96 -1, Output: 97
− Input: 90 80 70 60 -1, Output: 75
•
The repeat statement repeats a fixed number of times. Not useful
• We need a more general statement
• while, do while, or for
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
what is required?
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 15
what is required?
• a loop that keeps iterating till a condition is true
– till all students marks are entered
– till end of a file is reached
– till all columns of a table are added up
–…
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 16
the while statement flowchart
Previous statement in the program
False
Condition
True
Body of loop
Next statement in the Program
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the while statement
1. Evaluate the condition
If true, execute body. body can be a
single statement or a block, in which
while (condition) case all the statements in the block
body will be executed
2. Go back and execute from step 1
3. If false, execution of while statement
next_statement ends and control goes to the next
statement
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the while statement
• The condition must eventually
become false, otherwise the
program will never halt.
Not halting can be tricky!
while (condition) Infinite loop.
body
• If the condition is true originally,
then the value of some variable
used in condition must change in
the execution of body, so that
eventually condition becomes
false
• Each execution of the body =
iteration
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 19
a program that does not halt
// infinite loop!
#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
int x=10;
while(x > 0){
cout << “Iterating” << endl;
}
}
// Will endlessly keep printing
// Not a good program
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
a program that halts
#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
int x=3;
while(x > 0){
cout << “Iterating” << endl;
x--; // Same as x = x – 1;
}
}
// Will print “Iterating.” 3 times
// Good program (if that is what you want)!
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
while vs. repeat
repeat can be
expressed using while?
while can be
expressed as repeat?
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 22
repeat as while
int n, x=0, sum=0;
cin >> n;
repeat(n) {
cin << x;
sum = sum + x;
}
cout << sum;
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 23
repeat as while
int n, x=0, sum=0;
int i=0, n, x=0, sum=0;
cin >> n;
repeat(n) { cin >> n;
cin << x; while(i<n) {
sum = sum + x; cin << x;
} sum = sum + x;
cout << sum;
i++;
}
cout << sum;
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while vs. repeat
while can be
expressed as repeat?
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 25
while as repeat
// print positive integers
int n;
cin >> n;
while(n>=0) {
cout << n; // print
cin >> n; // next number
}
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 26
the break statement
• the break keyword is a statement by itself
• break the loop!
• when it is encountered in execution, the
execution of the innermost while statement
which contains it is terminated, and the execution
continues from the next statement following the
while statement
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repeat as while
int n, x=0, sum=0; int i=0, n, x=0, sum=0;
cin >> n; cin >> n;
repeat(n) { while(i<n) {
cin << x; cin << x;
sum = sum + x; sum = sum + x;
}
i++;
cout << sum;
}
int i=0, n, x=0, sum=0;
cout << sum;
cin >> n;
while(true) { //infinite loop
if(i >=n) break;
cin << x;
sum = sum + x;
i++;
}
cout << sum;
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 28
the continue statement
• the continue keyword is a statement by itself
• (skip rest of loop) continue the loop from start!
• when it is encountered in execution, the
execution of the innermost while statement
which contains it is skipped, and the execution
continues from start of the loop
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example for break/continue
main_program{
float nextmark, sum = 0;
while (true){
cin >> nextmark;
if(nextmark > 100)
continue;
if(nextmark < 0)
break;
sum = sum + nextmark;
}
cout << sum << endl;
}
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Example: GCD calculator
• Given two numbers, each greater than 0, calculate
the greatest common divisor
• GCD (HCF) of two numbers is the largest number
that divides both numbers without a remainder
– GCD (10, 2) =
– GCD (8, 3) =
– GCD (54, 48) =
– GCD (126, 84) =
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 31
the GCD solution
• GCD (m, n) = // assume m > n
– n if m%n == 0, else
– GCD (n, m%n)
– repeat till answer
• Example
– GCD (126, 84) = GCD (84, 42) = 42
– GCD (124, 64) = GCD (64, 4) = 4
02/08/19 Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 32
the GCD program
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the do-while statement
• not very common
• discussed in the book
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the for statement: motivation
• Example: Write a program to print a table of cubes of numbers
from 1 to 100
int i = 1;
repeat(100){
cout << i <<‘ ‘<< i*i*i << endl;
i++;
}
• This idiom: do something for every number between x and y,
occurs very commonly
• The for statement makes it easy to express this idiom, as follows:
for(int i=1; i<= 100; i++)
cout << i <<‘ ‘<< i*i*i << endl;
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
the for statement
for(initialization; condition; update)
body
• initialization, update : Typically assignments (without semi-colon)
• condition : boolean expression
• Before the first iteration of the loop the initialization is executed
• Within each iteration the condition is first tested. If it fails, the
loop execution ends. If the condition succeeds, then the body is
executed. After that the update is executed. Then the next
iteration begins
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
flowchart for for Statement
Previous statement in the program
Initialization
Condition False
True
Body
Update
Next statement in the Program
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
definition of repeat
repeat(n)
is same as
for (int _iterator_i = 0, _iterator_limit = n;
_iterator_i < _iterator_limit;
_iterator_i ++)
hence changing n in the loop will have no effect in the number of
iterations
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
determining whether a number is prime
• using a for loop
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
Determining whether a number is prime
main_program{
int n; cin >> n;
bool found = false;
for(int i=2; i < n && !found; i++){
if(n % i == 0){
found = true;
}
}
if(found) cout << "Composite.\n";
else cout << "Prime.\n";
}
Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay
