UCEN1013N
Critical Writing
&
Research Skills
Content
Paragraph development
Writing academically
Paraphrasing
Topic Sentence
PARAGRAPH
Topic Sentence
"A baby koala is carried everywhere in its mother’s pouch after
it is born. She is also feeding it until the baby koala is
sixth months old. At that age, its eyes are wide open and it is
eager to see the outside world. Therefore, its mother
carried it on her back until the baby koala is almost as big as
she is. It is a fact that a baby koala has a pretty easy life."
Topic Sentence
"The cockroaches that inhabit many city
apartments and homes are parasites that are
almost impossible to exterminate completely."
Topic Sentence
"Many television cartoons contain an unhealthy
amount of violence."
Unity
PARAGRAPH
Unity
"Employees' attitudes at Jonstone Electric Company should be improved.
The workers do not feel that they are a working team instead of just
individuals. If people felt they were a part of a team, they would not misuse
the tools, or deliberately undermine the work of others. Management's
attitude toward its employees should also be improved. Managers at
Jonstone Electric act as though their employees are incapable of making
decisions or doing their own work. Managers treat workers like objects, not
human beings. "
PARAGRAPH
Coherence
Coherence
"Schools should offer courses to help students with the problems of
unemployment. Such a course might begin with a discussion of where to
find employment, then cover resume writing and interviewing. Algebra and
history don't help students with real-world needs. They are required
courses that students aren't interested in, and this is frustrating for students
who would rather learn about other subjects. If schools offered job-skills
courses, students would be well prepared for the difficult task of finding a
job once they finish school."
PARAGRAPH
Adequate
Development
Adequate
Development
"The topics of leadership and management are both
similar to and different from one another in several
important ways. To be effective, a manager should be
a good leader. And good leaders know how to
manage people effectively."
Adequate
Development
Mainidea
Evidence
M.E.A.L.
Analysisof evidence(e.g. how does the evidence
fit with your main idea?)
Link (to the next paragraph)
Topic Sentence Unity
PARAGRAPH
Adequate
Coherence
Development
WRITING
ACADEMICALLY
CONVENTIONS TO FOLLOW
Conventions to Follow........
Clear and limited focus
Logical structure
Provide scholarly evidence
Use an objective and impersonal tone
Use formal language
Be precise and accurate
Make explicit how one idea relates to another idea
Use cautious language
Summarising Paraphrasing
SummarisingParaphrasing
A condensed form of the text in your own
words with only the highlights of the text.
Much shorter than the original.
Writing something in your own
words that still expresses the
original idea.
Can be shorter or longer than the
original, or even the same.
A. Putting information from another text into your
own words.
B. Making summary of information from another text.
C. Using the the exact words from another text and
placing them inside quotation marks (" ").
PARAPHRASING
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM LIKE A PRO
Identify shared
language
Definition:
Words or phrases that cannot be effectively
expressed in another way.
5 STEPSTOWRITING
A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
"Increases in the cost of air travel have had a negative effect
on tourism in destinations such as Sabah."
5 STEPSTOWRITING
A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
Read several
t imes -
understand
fully
"Increases in the cost of air travel have had a negative effect
on tourism in destinations such as Sabah."
5 STEPS TO WRITING A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
Note:
Read several ideas
t imes - order they
understand appeared
fully shared
language
Increases cost air travel / negative effect /
tourism destinations / Sabah.
5 STEPS TO WRITING A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
Note:
Read several ideas U s e your notes
t imes - order they t o writ e t he
understand appeared paraphrase
fully shared ( don't refer)
language
Increases cost air travel / negative effect /
tourism destinations / Sabah.
5 STEPS TO WRITING A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
Note:
U s e your notes Change:
Read several ideas
t o writ e t he words
t imes - order they
paraphrase word forms
understand appeared
( don't refer) wo rd o rder /
fully shared
s tructure
language
Increases cost air travel / negative effect /
tourism destinations / Sabah.
i) Change the structure or order of the sentence
Original: She is sick because she ate something bad.
i) Change the structure or order of the sentence
Original: She is sick because she ate something bad.
New: Because she ate something bad, she is sick.
ii) Find appropriate synonyms
Original: She is sick because she ate something bad.
ii) Find appropriate synonyms
Original: She is sick because she ate something bad.
New: She is ill since she consumed rotten food.
iii) Active voice to passive voice
Original: The lecturer teaches the students.
iii) Activevoicetopassive
voice
Original:
Thelecturerteachesthestudents.
New:Thestudents
aretaughtbythelecturer.
Formula: Object / Receiving action + be (appropriate tense) + past participle + by + subject / Doing the action / Object
pronoun
5 STEPSTOWRITING
A PARAPHRASE
1 2 3 4 5
Note: Change: Check:
Read several ideas U s e your notes words the s ame
t imes - order they t o writ e t he word forms meaning is
understand appeared paraphrase grammatical conveyed
fully shared (don't refer
) s tructure paraphrase is
language word order not plagiarized
The tourist industry in places like Sabah has been adversely
affected by rises in airfare.
"Increases in the cost of air travel have had a negative effect
on tourism in destinations such as Sabah."
The tourist industry in places like Sabah has been adversely
affected by rises in airfare.
THANK YOU
GOOD LUCK
