Explain basic structure of C program #include <stdio.

#include <stdio.h>, used to include standard Next are Global Declarations, where global variables,
A C program has a well-defined structure comprising libraries or define macros required for the program. These constants, or function prototypes are defined. These
several essential components, each serving a specific directives are processed before compilation.
purpose. It begins with Preprocessor Directives, such as
elements can be accessed throughout the program,
ensuring shared functionality. executed, where further checks or actions can be Explain switch case statement
The heart of every C program is the Main Function (int performed. Nested if statements enable complex logical The switch case statement in C is a control structure that
main()), which acts as the entry point for execution. This flows by organizing conditions hierarchically.The syntax allows a program to execute one out of multiple possible
function contains the core logic and often returns an integer for a nested if statement is:if (condition1) { code blocks based on the value of a given expression. It is
// Executes if condition1 is true typically used when there are several possible conditions,
(return 0) to indicate successful program completion. if (condition2) { making the code more readable and efficient compared to Explain print()and scanf()statement
Inside the main function or other functions, you'll find Local if condition2 is true} } using multiple if-else statements. The expression with suitable example
Declarations and Statements. These involve defining local For example: within the switch is evaluated, and the program jumps to In C, the printf() and scanf()
variables and implementing the logic of the program. For if (age >= 18) { the case that matches the expression’s value. If no match functions are standard input-output
instance, using printf() for output or scanf() for if (citizenship == 1) { is found, the default case is executed, if defined. Each functions provided by the <stdio.h>
printf("Eligible to vote.\n"); case represents a constant value, and multiple statements library. printf() is used to display
input.
} can be executed under each case until a break statement is output on the screen, while scanf() is
Example: } used to read input from the user.The
#include <stdio.h> encountered, which exits the switch statement.The
In this example, the program checks if age is 18 or more printf() function takes a format
void greet(); syntax for a switch case is as follows:
and then confirms citizenship before deciding eligibility. specifier and one or more variables to
int main() { switch (expression) {
This ensures that conditions are evaluated in a logical display formatted output. For instance,
printf("Welcome\n"); case constant1:// Code to execute for
order. Nested if statements improve decision-making but the code printf("The value is: %d",
greet(); constant1
should be used cautiously to avoid excessive complexity. num); prints the value of the integer
return 0; break;
variable num. Common format specifiers
} case constant2:
include %d for integers, %f for floats,
void greet() { // Code to execute for constant2 and %s for strings.The scanf() function
printf("Have a great day!\n"); break;
reads input from the user and stores it
} default:
in the specified variables using
This structure ensures clarity, Explain bitwise operator in C // Code if no match is found
pointers. For example, scanf("%d",
organization, and efficient execution. Bitwise operators in C perform operations directly on the }
&num); reads an integer value entered
binary representations of integers. These operators This structure provides clear and concise handling of by the user and stores it in the
manipulate individual bits, making them essential for low- multiple potential conditions based on the value of the variable num. The ampersand (&) is used
level programming, such as hardware interfacing and expression. to pass the memory address of the
optimizing performance. The AND (&), OR (|), and XOR variable.
Define array.Explain 1D,2D array with example
(^) operators compare corresponding bits of operands and Example: #include <stdio.h>
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type return results based on their logic. For instance, & results in int main() {
stored in contiguous memory locations, allowing easy 1 only if both bits are 1, | results in 1 if either bit is 1, and int num;
access and manipulation using an index. There are two ^ results in 1 if the bits differ. Explain while and do while loop with suitable example printf("Enter a number: ");
common types of arrays: 1D and 2D arrays. A 1D array is a The NOT (~) operator flips all bits, converting 1 to 0 and In C, both the while and do-while loops are used for scanf("%d", &num);
linear collection of elements accessed with a single index, vice versa. Shift operators move bits left (<<) or right repeating a block of code as long as a specified condition printf("You entered: %d\n", num);
useful for storing data in a list format. Its syntax is (>>), effectively multiplying or dividing the number by remains true. The while loop evaluates the condition before return 0;
executing the code block. If the condition is true, the loop }
data_type array_name[size];, and an example is powers of two. For example, a << 1 doubles a, and a
continues; otherwise, it terminates immediately. Its syntax This program takes user input and
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};, which >> 1 halves it. These operators are highly efficient for is: displays it, demonstrating both
stores five integers. Elements can be accessed and tasks like setting, clearing, or toggling specific bits, and while (condition) { functions.
displayed using a loop, such as for (int i = 0; i < they are widely used in embedded systems, cryptography, // Code to be executed
and performance-critical applications. }
5; i++).
A 2D array resembles a matrix with rows and columns, For example, a simple while loop to print numbers from 1
to 5 would look like this:
accessed using two indices. Its syntax is data_type
int i = 1;
array_name[rows][columns];, and an example is while (i <= 5) {
int matrix[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, Define algorithm An algorithm printf("%d\n", i);
6}};. Loops are used to traverse rows and columns. Unlike is a step-by-step, well-defined sequence of instructions i++;
1D arrays, 2D arrays provide matrix-like data designed to solve a specific problem or perform a task. It }
provides a systematic approach to problem-solving by The do-while loop is similar, but it guarantees that the code
representation for more complex structures.
breaking the task into smaller, logical steps that can be block will execute at least once, as the condition is
executed in a finite amount of time. Algorithms are evaluated after the loop executes. Its syntax is:
fundamental to computer science and programming, do {
Define pointer.Explain it's uses serving as the foundation for writing efficient and effective // Code to be executed
A pointer in C is a variable that stores the memory address code.An algorithm typically includes inputs, a series of } while (condition);
of another variable, enabling indirect access to the value steps for processing the inputs, and an output. It must be For instance, the same task with a do-while loop:
clear, unambiguous, and guarantee a result after a finite int i = 1;
stored at that address. The syntax is data_type
number of steps. Algorithms can be expressed in various do {
*pointer_name;, where data_type defines the type forms, such as natural language, pseudocode, or flowcharts, printf("%d\n", i);
of data the pointer will point to, and * indicates it is a and are implemented using programming languages.Good i++;
pointer. For example, int *ptr = &num; stores the algorithms are efficient, considering time (speed) and space } while (i <= 5);
address of the integer variable num in the pointer ptr. (memory usage) constraints. They are widely used in tasks The key difference is that in a do-while loop, the body is
Pointers can directly access or manipulate memory using like sorting, searching, optimization, data processing, and executed first, regardless of the condition.
machine learning, making them integral to software
dereferencing, as in *ptr.Pointers are crucial for various
development and computational problem-solving.
purposes in C. They facilitate dynamic memory allocation
by enabling functions like malloc, calloc, and free,
which allocate and manage memory at runtime. Pointers
can also traverse arrays efficiently using pointer arithmetic,
such as *(ptr + i) to access elements. Additionally, Define string
they support function arguments by reference, allowing A string in C is a sequence of characters stored in
contiguous memory locations, terminated by a special
functions to modify variables directly by passing their
character \0 (null character) to indicate the end of the Describe static function and its use
addresses. For instance, a swap() function can string. Strings are essentially arrays of characters, allowing A static function in C is a function that has its scope
interchange two variables using pointers.Pointers can also developers to store and manipulate text data such as words, limited to the file in which it is defined. Declared using the
store the addresses of functions, enabling dynamic sentences, or symbols. In C, strings are declared as char static keyword, such functions are not visible or
invocation. For example, a pointer like void arrays and can be initialized directly, such as char accessible outside their defining file, providing
(*funcPtr)() can call a function such as display(). str[] = "Hello";. encapsulation and preventing naming conflicts in larger
With advantages like efficient memory management, direct C provides a standard library, <string.h>, offering projects. This file-level scope makes static functions
variable manipulation, and support for advanced data functions to perform operations on strings. Common tasks particularly useful in modular programming, where
structures, pointers are powerful yet must be used carefully include calculating length (strlen), copying (strcpy), different files may have functions with the same name but
concatenation (strcat), and comparison (strcmp). serve distinct purposes.Static functions are also associated
to avoid issues like memory leaks or segmentation faults.
Strings in C are flexible but require careful handling to with internal linkage, meaning their symbol names are not
avoid memory-related issues like buffer overflows, as they exposed to the linker for use in other files. This ensures
do not have built-in bounds checking.Strings are widely better security and avoids accidental access or modification
used in programming for tasks like user input, file from external files. Additionally, they help in maintaining
Difference between structure and union handling, and data formatting, making them an essential cleaner code by allowing developers to define helper
Structures and unions in C are user-defined data types that concept for developers to master. functions that support primary functions within the same
group variables of different types under one name, but they file.
For example, a static helper function can handle repetitive
differ in memory allocation and usage. In a structure, each
tasks for a primary function without being accessible or
member has its own memory, allowing all members to hold misused in other files. This encapsulation enhances
values simultaneously. The size of a structure is the sum of Give example of string in built function maintainability and reliability.
the sizes of all members, including any padding. Structures In C, the standard library <string.h> provides several
are ideal for scenarios where all members need to be built-in functions to manipulate strings efficiently. One
accessed independently, such as employee records or commonly used function is strlen(), which calculates
student information. and returns the length of a string, excluding the null-
In contrast, a union shares the same memory space for all terminating character. For example, if you have a string Explain call by reference function
char str[] = "Hello";, calling strlen(str) Call by reference in C is a method of passing arguments to
its members, allocating memory equal to its largest
would return 5 because "Hello" contains five characters. a function where the function receives the memory address
member. Only one member can hold a valid value at a time, of the actual arguments rather than their values. This allows
Another useful function is strcpy(), which copies one
as assigning a value to one member overwrites the others. the function to modify the original variables directly, as any
string to another. It copies the source string, including the
Unions are efficient for memory-saving applications like null-terminator, to the destination string. For instance, changes made to the referenced memory location reflect in
hardware registers or data conversions. the caller's variables. Call by reference is achieved by using
strcpy(destination, source); copies the
For example, a structure can store a student’s roll number, pointers in the function definition and passing the addresses
contents of source to destination. Additionally,
of variables as arguments.The primary advantage of this
name, and marks independently, while a union is useful for strcmp() compares two strings and returns 0 if they are approach is efficiency, as it avoids copying large amounts
interpreting data in different formats. Structures prioritize identical, a positive value if the first string is of data and enables direct manipulation of the original
independent member access, while unions are used for lexicographically greater, and a negative value if it is variables. It is particularly useful for functions requiring
saving memory when only one value is needed at a time. smaller. These built-in functions simplify string handling in updates to multiple variables, such as swapping values or
Both are powerful tools tailored to different use cases in C C, making tasks like string length calculation, copying, and modifying data structures like arrays or linked lists.For
comparison much easier and more efficient. example, in a swap function, the variables can be
programming.
exchanged using their pointers:
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
Define operator *b = temp;
In C, an operator is a symbol or keyword used to perform }
operations on variables or values. Operators act on This approach ensures changes persist outside the function.
operands to produce a result and are categorized into
several types. Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %) perform Define function
basic mathematical operations like addition or modulus. A function in C is a block of code designed to perform a
Relational operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=) compare values specific task. It allows code modularization, meaning
and return a boolean result. Logical operators (&&, ||, !) complex programs can be divided into smaller, manageable
combine multiple conditions. Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, parts, each of which performs a particular operation.
Functions improve code readability, reusability, and
<<, >>) work at the bit level for AND, OR, XOR, and shifts.
maintainability by allowing the same set of instructions to
Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, etc.) assign or modify be executed multiple times without duplication. Define keywords in C .explain any three
values, while increment/decrement operators (++, --) A function consists of a function signature, which includes Keywords in C are reserved words predefined by the
increase or decrease a value by one. The ternary operator the return type, function name, and parameters, followed by language with specific meanings and purposes. They
(condition ? value_if_true : a body containing the executable code. A simple function cannot be used as variable names, function names, or
value_if_false) provides a shorthand for if-else structure in C is: identifiers in a program. C has a fixed set of keywords,
return_type function_name(parameters) { such as int, return, if, while, and static, which
statements. Special operators like sizeof determine
// Code to be executed are fundamental for writing a C program. Each keyword
memory size, the comma operator (a = (b = 5, b + return value; // if return type is not serves a particular function and helps in defining the
2)) combines expressions, and pointer operators (*, &) void
program's structure and logic.For instance, the keyword
access memory addresses. } For int is used to declare variables of integer data type. For
Example: example, int add(int a, int b) is a function that example, int age = 25; declares an integer variable
int a = 10, b = 20, max = (a > b) ? a : returns the sum of two integers. Functions can return values named age.The if keyword introduces a conditional
b; // max = 20 or be defined with the void type when no return value is
statement, allowing execution of code based on a specific
Operators enhance the functionality and needed. They help break down complex problems into
condition. For example, if (age > 18) checks if the
efficiency of C programs. smaller sub-tasks, making programming more organized
variable age is greater than 18 before executing the
and efficient.
associated block.The return keyword is used in functions
to send a value back to the calling function. For example,
Explain key features of C language return 0; indicates successful program termination in
C is a powerful, general-purpose programming language main().
known for its efficiency and versatility. It is a structured
language, enabling modular programming through
Explain characteristics of Computer
functions, which makes code easier to understand and Computers have several key characteristics that make them
maintain. C is also portable, allowing programs written in indispensable tools in modern society. One of the primary
C to run on different machines with minimal or no features is speed; computers can perform millions of What is storage class
modifications. As a low-level language, it provides direct operations per second, enabling tasks that would take In C, a storage class defines the scope, lifetime, and
access to memory through pointers, making it suitable for humans hours or days to complete. Another important visibility of a variable or function. It determines where the
system-level programming such as operating systems and characteristic is accuracy; computers follow instructions variable is stored in memory, how long it persists, and how
embedded systems. precisely, eliminating human errors in calculations or data it can be accessed within the program. There are four main
C supports a rich set of operators and data types, allowing processing. Additionally, computers have automation storage classes in C: auto, register, static, and extern.The
efficient manipulation of data. Its library functions and the capabilities, allowing them to execute tasks without auto storage class is the default for local variables,
ability to create custom libraries enhance code reusability. continuous human intervention once programmed. meaning they are created when the function is called and
Storage capacity is another crucial feature, as computers destroyed upon its termination. The register class
The language also allows dynamic memory allocation
can store vast amounts of data in various forms, such as suggests storing variables in CPU registers for faster
through functions like malloc and free. C is known for files, databases, or cloud storage. The versatility of access, suitable for frequently used variables.The static
its performance due to minimal runtime overhead. Its computers allows them to perform a wide range of tasks, storage class ensures a variable persists throughout the
influence is vast, serving as the foundation for many from simple calculations to complex simulations. program’s execution, retaining its value between function
modern languages, including C++, Python, and Java. Furthermore, computers are programmable, meaning they calls. It also limits the visibility of functions or variables to
can be easily adapted to perform different tasks by the file in which they are defined.The extern class
changing software. Lastly, communication capabilities extends the scope of variables to multiple files, allowing
enable computers to interact with other devices and shared access across different files in a program. These
networks, making them integral to the digital world. storage classes optimize memory and control variable
behavior effectively.

Explain nested if loop with syntax

A nested if in C refers to an if statement placed inside
another if statement, allowing multi-level decision-
making in a program. This structure is used when multiple
conditions need to be checked sequentially. If the outer if
condition evaluates to true, the inner if statement is