Computer Arithmetic
Professor Dr. Md. Ismail Jabiullah
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University
Learning Objectives
In this lecture you will learn about:
Reasons for using binary instead of decimal numbers
Basic arithmetic operations using binary numbers
Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)
Binary over Decimal
Information is handled in a computer by electronic/ electrical
components
Electronic components operate in binary mode (can only
indicate two states – ON (1) or OFF (0)
Binary number system has only two digits (0 and 1), and is
suitable for expressing two possible states
In binary system, computer circuits only have to handle two
binary digits rather than ten decimal digits causing:
Simpler internal circuit design
Less expensive
More reliable circuits
Arithmetic rules/processes possible with binary numbers
Examples of a Few Devices that
work in Binary Mode Binary
Binary Number System
System Digits: 0 and 1
Bit (short for binary digit): A single binary digit
LSB (least significant bit): The rightmost bit
MSB (most significant bit): The leftmost bit
Upper Byte (or nybble): The right-hand byte (or
nybble) of a pair
Lower Byte (or nybble): The left-hand byte (or nybble)
of a pair
The term nibble used for 4 bits being a subset of byte.
Binary Number System
Binary Equivalents
1 Nybble (or nibble) = 4 bits
1 Byte = 2 nybbles = 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes = 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes = 1,073,741,824
bytes
Binary Arithmetic
Binary arithmetic is simple to learn as binary
number system has only two digits – 0 and 1
Following slides show rules and example for
the four basic arithmetic operations using
binary numbers
Binary Addition
Rule for binary addition is as follows:
① 0+0=0
② 0+1=1
③ 1+0=1
④ 1 + 1 = 0 plus a carry of 1 to next higher column
Binary Addition
Example 1: 000110102 + 000011002 = 001001102
Binary Addition
Example 2: 000100112 + 001111102 = 010100012
Binary Addition (Example 3)
Binary Subtraction
Rule for binary subtraction is as follows:
① 0-0=0
② 0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow from the next
column
③ 1-0=1
④ 1-1=0
Binary Subtraction
Example 1: 001001012 - 000100012 = 000101002
Binary Subtraction
Example 2: 001100112 - 000101102 = 000111012
Binary Multiplication
Table for binary multiplication is as
follows:
① 0x0=0
② 0x1=0
③ 1x0=0
④ 1x1=1
Binary Multiplication
Example 1: 001010012 × 000001102 = 111101102
Binary Multiplication
Example 2: 000101112 × 000000112 = 010001012
Binary Multiplication
Example 3:
Binary Multiplication
Example 4:
Binary Division
Table for binary division is as follows:
① 0 ÷ 0 = Divide by zero error
② 0÷1=0
③ 1 ÷ 0 = Divide by zero error
④ 1÷1=1
As in the decimal number system (or in any
other number system), division by zero is
meaningless
The computer deals with this problem by raising
an error condition called ‘Divide by zero’ error
Rules for Binary Division
① Start from the left of the dividend
② Perform a series of subtractions in which the divisor is
subtracted from the dividend
③ If subtraction is possible, put a 1 in the quotient and
subtract the divisor from the corresponding digits of
dividend
④ If subtraction is not possible (divisor greater than
remainder), record a 0 in the quotient
⑤ Bring down the next digit to add to the remainder
digits. Proceed as before in a manner similar to long
division
Binary Division (Example 1)
Binary Division (Example 2)
Example: 001010102 ÷ 000001102 = 000001112
Binary Division (Example 3)
Example: 100001112 ÷ 000001012 = 000110112
Complement of a Number
Complement of a Decimal
Number
Complement of a Octal
Number
Complement of a Binary
Number
Complementary Method of
Subtraction
Involves following 3 steps:
Step 1: Find the complement of the number you
are subtracting (subtrahend)
Step 2: Add this to the number from which you are
taking away (minuend)
Step 3: If there is a carry of 1, add it to obtain the
result; if there is no carry, recomplement the sum
and attach a negative sign
Complementary subtraction is an additive
approach of subtraction
Complementary Subtraction
(Example 1)
Complementary Subtraction
(Example 2)
Binary Subtraction Using
Complementary Method (Example 1)
Binary Subtraction Using
Complementary Method
(Example 2)
Addition/Subtraction of Numbers
in 2’s Complement Notation
Represent all negative numbers in 2’s complement
form.
Now we have the same procedure for addition and
subtraction.
Subtraction of a number is achieved by adding the 2’s
complement of the number.
This is illustrated in the following example where the
carry, if any, from the most significant bit, during
addition, should be ignored.
The result has to be interpreted appropriately using the
same convention.
35
Addition/Subtraction of Numbers
in 2’s Complement Notation…
Key Words/Phrases
Additive method of division
Additive method of multiplication
Additive method of subtraction Binary addition
Binary arithmetic Binary division
Binary multiplication Binary subtraction
Complementary subtraction Complement
Computer arithmetic
