REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

1.Since school is one of the avenue that will provide education and will disseminate information about
solid waste management, several studies were conducted in determining its impact in the student’s
level of awareness and practices. However, these are conducted in tertiary education. For instance,
Paghasian (2017) revealed that college students in Maigo has a high level of awareness on solid waste
management. Meanwhile, their solid waste management practices in terms of segregation, reduce and
recycle were good; while their practices in terms on recycle and disposal were fair. The awareness on
solid waste management of the students had no influence on their practices in disposal however had
affected their practices specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse, and recycle. In the study of Gequinto
(2016), the extent on solid waste management practices among college students from different state
universities and colleges in CALABARZON were determined.Of which, waste collection got the highest
composite mean particularly on the promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle)while waste recycling and
waste treatment obtained the lowest composite mean.

Author: Romenick Alejandro Molina

Year published: 2020

Link: https://www.aquademia-journal.com/download/solid-waste-management-awareness-practices-
among-senior-high-school-students-in-a-state-college-9579.pdf

2. Negative effect or improper waste management to give awareness to the people in every
circumstances that might occcur and possibilities of having an unhealthy environment. Specially to have
a clean and green community by having an accurate waste disposal.Waste segregation is the process of
dividing garbage and waste products in an effort toreduce, reuse and recycle materials. Preparation.
Identification and Segregation. Once yourwaste meets the definition of solid waste, you must then
determine if it meets the definitionof hazardous waste under Section C of the RCA. Ignorance of people
brought large amount of garbage to our place. Proper waste management is a responsibility in terms of
garbage disposal to prevent any kind of disaster that might come.

Author: Ashley Echeveria

Year of publication: 2018

Link:https://www.scribd.com/document/438032155/RRL-CHAPTER-2-docx
3.Solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by many countries. Poor solid waste
management will lead to various problems in health, environment and socio-economic aspects. Since,
educational institution is an agent of change and through R.A. No. 9003, solid waste management
concepts are being integrated in science education. In this study, descriptive – quantitative approach
was utilized using the researcher made instrument - Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices
Questionnaire (SWMAPQ). A total of 332 Grade 12 students participated in the study from a State
College, of which 68 are Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students, 166 are
Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) students and 98 are General Academic Strand (GAS) students.
Result shows that students have enough knowledge in terms on definition of solid waste, effect of
improper solid waste disposal, solid waste prohibited activities, school initiatives towards solid waste,
importance of solid waste management and students’ responsibilities. However, students have low
knowledge on the different laws relevant to solid waste management. Television or radio, parents and
social media are the sources of these awareness. The result also shows that students have good solid
waste management practices in terms on segregation, reduction, reuse, recycle and disposal.

Author: Ivee Catan, Romenick Molina

Year of publication:

Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348556320_Solid_Waste_Management_Awareness_and_Pr
actices_among_Senior_High_School_Students_in_a_State_College_in_Zamboanga_City_Philippines

4. The problems of solid waste disposal such as odors, pest infestation, community littering, and
devastating effects on environmental health are serious in our secondary schools. This study
investigated the effects of motivation package on secondary school students' attitudes towards solid
waste disposal in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. This research used quasi-experimental research with
a non-equivalent group design. The subject of the research is all SSII Geography students of public and
private senior secondary schools in Jos North Local Government Area. The stratified sampling and simple
random sampling techniques were employed for the study. The sample includes 43 geography SS2
students from intact classes of the four sampled schools. The experimental group was made up of 8
males and 12 females while the control group was made up of 11 males and 12 females. Therefore there
are 20 and 23 students in the experimental and control group respectively.

Author: Christian Y Oche

Year of publication: 2022

Link: phd-dissertations.unizik.edu.ng
5. Environmental education and education for the environment today play an important role toward
sustainability. Environmental education provided by higher education institutions has an important
impact on training and preparing the future generation for a green society. The purpose of this study is
to examine the relationship among perception, attitude, and environmental behavior of the university
students enrolled in different specialization fields (engineering electrical, mechanical, and economic). A
total of 358 students participated in this survey conducted at the North Center University of Baia Mare.
To collect data to measure students’ environmental education, perception, students’ attitudes, and
behavior a Likert scale was used. In this study, it was revealed that students receiving academic
education are involved in activities regarding environmental protection (volunteer, warning,
participation, recycling of materials) using the new product and “greener” alternative energy. As a result
of the t-test performed, it was put forward that there was no difference in their level of perception
regarding the importance of environmental education. As a result of the correlation analysis, a positive
relation was identified between the perception, attitude, and behavior variables.

Author : Gratiela Dana Boca

Year of publication: 2019

Link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=rrs+about+the+effect+of+Improper+waste+disposal+to+students+environmen
tal+awareness+and+Discipline+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709691231167&u=%23p%3Dwi1Cnayw6R0J

6.Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and
open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in
low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing
countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector
in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging.
Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and
water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most
important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams,
in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues
due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment,
population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of
reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning
integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.

Author: Navarro Ferronato, Vincenzo Torretta

Year of publication: 2019

Link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=review+of+related+literature+about+the+effect+of+improper+waste+disposal
+to+students+environmental+awareness+and+discipline+in+Philippines+only&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=170
9702169701&u=%23p%3DH5yLtaSP0jQJ

7. This case highlights the issues and challenges of implementing solid waste management program in
Polytechnic University of the Philippines–San Pedro Campus. As a local government-funded educational
institution with an enrollment of over a thousand students, management of solid waste has been a
concern with lack of manpower as one of the main reasons. The Campus Administration believed that
solid waste management requires a collective effort of its stakeholders including the students. These
students do not only contribute to the waste generation in the campus, but they can also suffer from the
ill effects of poor waste management even in their communities. All of these are hugely attributed to
their inadequate awareness about proper waste disposal and lack of initiative to implement changes.
From a social marketing perspective, shaping students’ ability to recognize the magnitude of these
issues and take corrective measures to solve them will benefit not only the campus but also the
community at large.

Author: Mary Rose Maharlika P Cruz

Year of publication : 2023

Link: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=review+of+related+literature+about+the+effect+of+improper+waste+disposal
+to+students+environmental+awareness+and+discipline+in+Philippines+only+year+2019+and+2024+an
d+give+me+a+author+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709702799110&u=%23p%3DxFQ0qQExlwoJ

8. This study assesses the level of awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices of Grade 6 pupils
in terms of the solid waste management of a public elementary school in Laguna, Philippines. Using
a descriptive research design, the data has been collected from the responses in the survey
questionnaire distributed to the selected respondents and analysed using descriptive statistics.
Findings reveals low level of pupils’ awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and practices on the solid
waste management. Findings also reveals that while the school has already introduced solid waste
management to the pupils, they still need to have a systematic and well-defined goals and practices to
highlight the importance of managing waste. Based on informal interviews with the head teachers
and school leaders, the researcher has been able to confirm that the school does not have any
formally drafted guidelines and policies about the school’s solid waste management program.
Thus, the study recommends specific ways to enhance the school-based solid waste management
program of public elementary schools in the Philippines. Keywords: Attitudes, Awareness, Knowledge,
Practices, Solid Waste management Introduction olid Waste Management (SWM) is defined as the
discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport or transfer,
processing, and disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public
health, conservation, economics, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental considerations
(Leblanc, 2020). Waste can be categorized based on material, such as plastic, paper, glass, metal,
and organic waste.

Author: Alfredo P. Nabor Jr. , Ruth A. Ortega-Dela Cruz

Year of publication: 2020

Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361578077_Pupils
%27_Awareness_Knowledge_Attitude_and_Practice_of_School-
Based_Solid_Waste_Management_in_a_Public_Elementary_School_in_the_Philippines

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES:

1. Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices among Senior High School Students in a State
College in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by many countries. Poor solid waste
management will lead to various problems in health, environment and socio-economic aspects. Since,
educational institution is an agent of change and through R.A. No. 9003, solid waste management
concepts are being integrated in science education. In this study, descriptive – quantitative approach
was utilized using the researcher made instrument - Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices
Questionnaire (SWMAPQ). A total of 332 Grade 12 students participated in the study from a State
College, of which 68 are Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students, 166 are
Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) students and 98 are General Academic Strand (GAS) students.
Result shows that students have enough knowledge in terms on definition of solid waste, effect of
improper solid waste disposal, solid waste prohibited activities, school initiatives towards solid waste,
importance of solid waste management and students’ responsibilities. However, students have low
knowledge on the different laws relevant to solid waste management. Television or radio, parents and
social media are the sources of these awareness. The result also shows that students have good solid
waste management practices in terms on segregation, reduction, reuse, recycle and disposal.
Ivee Catan, Romenick Molina ( 2021)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
348556320_Solid_Waste_Management_Awareness_and_Practices_among_Senior_High_School_Studen
ts_in_a_State_College_in_Zamboanga_City_Philippines

2. Investigation of students' knowledge and perceptions about environmental problems and

management in Nigeria (A casestudy of Kano state

YayınlanmamıĢ yüksek lisans tezi). Fatih Üniversitesi, Ġstanbul, 2014

The greatest possible of education is sharpen human behavior. Education system was established in the
world for the societies in order to develop citizens who will behave in suitable way (Huungerford, Volk,
and Ramsey 1990). Education plays a significant part in preserving and in taking care of the
environmental problems as becoming larger, while improving the environment. It is important for
citizens, formal educational institutions, local municipalities, and also mass media to engage in
Education for the environment which play an important role in increasing public awareness (Mehmet
and Damet, 2013).

Fatih Üniversitesi, Ġstanbul (2014)

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=the+effect+of+improper+waste+disposal+to+students+environmental+awarene
ss+and+discipline+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709704278685&u=%23p%3DAFQmB8ryHv8J

3. Level of Awareness and Information Needs on Indiscriminate Dumping of Solid Waste Among Staff
and Students of Nigerian Universities.

Michael Chigozie Nwafor etc. (2019)

This work examined level of awareness and information needs on indiscriminate dumping of solid waste
among staff and students of Nigerian Universities. The study adopted descriptive survey and was guided
by five research questions. Questionnaire, interview and observation were used for data collection. The
population of the study comprised four hundred and fifteen thousand, one hundred and twenty eight
(415,128) students and staff of federal universities in the six geo political zones in Nigeria. A total sample
of six hundred (600) staff and students were used for the study. Convenience sampling technique was
employed to select 50 students and 50 staff from each institution under study thereby totalling six
hundred (600) staff and students of the universities under study. The choice of convenience sampling
technique was used based on the fact that all staff and students resident in the campuses are generators
of solid wastes and are likely to give valid information on the research questions. Questionnaire,
interview and observation were used as the instruments for data collection and the data collected were
analysed using inferential statistics of mean and percentage while content analysis was adopted to
analyse interview and observation. Findings revealed that staff and students of the universities studied
dump solid wastes indiscriminately to a very large extent. Also, the results showed that orientation
programmes for fresh men and women, university radio house, university website among others are
efficient information channels that can help increase awareness to curb indiscriminate dumping of solid
wastes. Equally, it was discovered that the staff and students are aware of the environmental risk-
factors associated with indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes. Lack of advanced technology, and
facilities for separation at source, strength of waste management policy and enforcement, low
environmental education and income status of individuals among others were all found to be
responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes. On the hand, provision of adequate advanced
technology, proper use of dumping sit and adequate facilities for separation of solid

Michael Chigozie Nwafor etc. (2019)

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=tl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=the+effect+of+improper+waste+disposal+to+students+environmental+awarene
ss+and+discipline+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709704422257&u=%23p%3DxrgN7nj5eGgJ

4. AWARENESS AND PRACTICE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE WINNEBA MUNICIPALITY OF

GHANA

The management of solid waste has attained highest importance in this era globally but the practices of
basic concepts on waste disposal are often neglected. In most communities around the world, people
are much aware of the serious consequences of improper solid waste management practices but the
negative attitude of implementation gives rise to chaotic situations. In Ghana, municipalities are
responsible for waste management in the cities but have challenges to provide an effective and efficient
system to the inhabitants. The study was conducted to obtain baseline information about waste
management practices among the residents of Winneba in the Effutu municipality of Ghana. The study is
a descriptive cross sectional survey in which 120 people who were randomly selected from 10 suburbs
responded to a well designed and validated questionnaire as well as interview. The data obtained was
tabulated and expressed into percentages for analysis. In the study, majority of people who were aware
of solid waste management strategies did not put them to practice. Also, there was decrease in people’s
attitude towards social commitment to participate in solid waste management. Awareness on e-waste
disposal was lacking and there was an urgent need to rectify this gap in knowledge and practice. The
methods of solid waste management identified included open dumping, burning and burying of solid
waste. The study revealed that waste was usually transported to its final destination by using closed
trucks/vehicles and the frequency of collection was usually done once in a week. Effective solid waste
management enhance sustainable development of any city.

Twumasi Kwarteng ( 2017 )

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
320719375_AWARENESS_AND_PRACTICE_OF_SOLID_WASTE_MANAGEMENT_IN_THE_WINNEBA_MUN
ICIPALITY_OF_GHANA

5. Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices among Senior High School Students in a state
college in Zamboanga City, Philippines

Since school is one of the avenue that will provide education and will disseminate information about
solid waste management, several studies were conducted in determining its impact in the student’s
level of awareness and practices. However, these are conducted in tertiary education. For instance,
Paghasian (2017) revealed that college students in Maigo has a high level of awareness on solid waste
management. Meanwhile, their solid waste management practices in terms of segregation, reduce and
recycle were good; while their practices in terms on recycle and disposal were fair. The awareness on
solid waste management of the students had no influence on their practices in disposal however had
affected their practices specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse, and recycle. In the study of Gequinto
(2016), the extent on solid waste management practices among college students from different state
universities and colleges in CALABARZON were determined.Of which, waste collection got the highest
composite mean particularly on the promotion of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle)while waste recycling and
waste treatment obtained the lowest composite mean.

Romenick Alejandro Molina (2020)

Link: https://www.aquademia-journal.com/download/solid-waste-management-awareness-practices-
among-senior-high-school-students-in-a-state-college-9579.pdf

6. Raising awareness on solid waste management through formal education for sustainability: A
developing countries evidence review

Justice Kofi Debrah etc. (, 2021)

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a multifaceted problem comprising political, socioeconomic,

institutional, and environmental aspects. Due to exponential urban growth, it has become one of the
most significant issues faced by urban spaces in developing countries. The gap in environmental
knowledge among the youth and the old within developing countries contribute to ecological issues or
waste management problems, resulting in unsustainable development, with important consequences in
low-income countries. For that matter, a systematic review was conducted aiming to identify and
analyse environmental knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practice studies on SWM from 2010 to
2019 in developing countries. The evidence suggests that students at both secondary and tertiary levels
have positive environmental attitudes, and high awareness of environmental issues, but there is a lack of
practical education of teachers to guide students to put SWM into practice. Student’s low environmental
knowledge is related to a deficiency in teachers’ practical experience in SWM for environmental
sustainability. A relationship between teachers’ and students’ knowledge and attitudes towards SWM,
as well as differences in awareness, attitude, and practices of SWM linked with education and age, were
also found. This review also revealed that the lack of environmental education in most developing
countries is caused by fragilities in practical environmental curricula of teachers to respond to modern-
day environmental issues for sustainable development and cleaner production (CP). To bridge the
knowledge gap between the youth and older people in SWM, environmental sustainability education
should be integrated into schools at all levels within developing countries.

Justice Kofi Debrah etc. (2021)

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=give+me+a+review+related+literature+about+the+effect+of+improper+waste
+disposal+to+students+environmental+awareness&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709706634094&u=%23p
%3DatDMxcQnBVAJ

7. Student’s knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) to solid waste management: A survey towards a
more circular economy from a rural-based tertiary institution in South Africa

Students of Higher Educational institutions (HEIs) are regarded as major stakeholders of an institution
and key agents of transformation in society. Thus, the environmental knowledge of students in
academic institutions is instrumental in providing a solution to the solid waste menace and other
environmental problems in the community. However, there exists a wide rural–urban gap in
transitioning towards sustainable development across HEIs. This informed the current study examining
the knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) of students at a rural-based educational institution on
solid waste management. It also aimed to learn about the institution’s current practices regarding solid
waste management and identify steps that can be taken to move the institution closer to a circular
economy goal. This study presents the KAP results from a survey of 376 students from nine schools at
the University of Venda for the conceptualization of a circular economy (CE) vision for the university.
The results show that the knowledge of the students on solid waste management was low and
inadequate. However, students are willing to partake in recycling projects to improve the current
environmental state of the institution. This study also revealed that some of the students (41%) require
motivation to participate in recycling schemes through economic incentives. Increasing awareness of
environmental education and initiating participatory environmental programs and strengthening 3 of
the key sustainability competencies is recommended as an effective tool to transition to a circular
economy in the institution. Further studies are recommended in areas of gamified learning for CE and
capital generation from waste for capacity building.
Oluwatobi Mary Owojori etc. (2022)

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_ylo=2020&q=give+me+a+review+related+studies+about+the+effect+of+improper+waste+disposal+t
o+students+environmental+awareness&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1709707624502&u=%23p
%3DioNORbACh4EJ

8. Waste education and awareness strategy: towards solid waste management (SWM) program at UKM

Most of the environmental problems could be caused by manmade pollution which not only damage
natural resources, but also its effect is also dangerous. In order to encourage waste minimisation, re-
use, recycling, and reduce, have been introduced in UKM. Critical to the success of these programs are
fullfill by participation and commitment by the members of UKM. The aim of this study was to assess the
assess the attitudes and behaviour concerning SWM among first year students (n= 591) using
questionnaire survey. It was determined that 60% of the students had positive attitude towards this
program. Results also indicated that all of the students showed high levels of practices and responsibility
regarding SWM. However, there is still the need for the university to encourage through education and
awareness on managing solid waste in the campus among the first year students. To ensure compliance
with SWM program, UKM must make sure participation in the program it introduces remains high. This
can be done by raising the students’ education and awareness level of waste. To achieve this, a carefully
thought-out waste education and awareness strategy must be developed in order to change students’
habits and behaviour and traditions.

Asmawati Desa etc. (2022)

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=give+me+a+review+related+studies+about+the+effect+of+improper+waste+di
sposal+to+students+environmental+awareness&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709708673017&u=%23p
%3D9XjvFo_CjNEJ

Theoretical Background :

1. "Ecological Footprint theory"(William Rees, 1992)

The ecological footprint measures human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes
to support people and their economies.[1][2][3] It tracks human demand on nature through an
ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use to
satisfy their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region, nation, or the
world (biocapacity). Biocapacity is the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from
nature. Therefore, the metric is a measure of human impact on the environment. As Ecological Footprint
accounts measure to what extent human activities operate within the means of our planet, they are a
central metric for sustainability.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_footprint

2."Eco- Psychology theory"(Fisher,Andy,2012)

Ecopsychology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary field that focuses on the synthesis of ecology
and psychology and the promotion of sustainability. It is distinguished from conventional psychology as
it focuses on studying the emotional bond between humans and the Earth. Instead of examining
personal pain solely in the context of individual or family pathology, it is analyzed in its wider connection
to the more than human world. A central premise is that while the mind is shaped by the modern world,
its underlying structure was created in a natural non-human environment. Ecopsychology seeks to
expand and remedy the emotional connection between humans and nature, treating people
psychologically by bringing them spiritually closer to nature.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopsychology

3."Sustainable development theory"(Edward Barbier, 1987)

Sustainable development is an organizing principle that aims to meet human development goals while
also enabling natural systems to provide necessary natural resources and ecosystem services to
humans.The desired result is a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without
undermining the planetary integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development tries to
find a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being. The
Brundtland Report in 1987 defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of
the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs". The concept of sustainable development nowadays has a focus on economic development,
social development and environmental protection for future generations.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development#:~:text=In%201987%2C%20the
%20economist%20Edward,can%20be%20reinforcing%20each%20other.

4. A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON WASTE MANAGEMENT (Jennie Lagman Bautista , 2020)

 Theory formulation is crucial in search of a genuine panacea on Solid Waste Management Disposal. The
study aims to catenate the different theories in Solid Waste Management to be able to re-craft a
theoretical framework for Sustainable Cities. A qualitative research method was applied to consolidate
and synthesize the fragmented theories on Urban Ecology, Policy Making, Eco-Innovations, Triple-
Bottom Line, Waste Management and Sustainability. Formulation of policy and implementation
instruments is vital tool to reinvent Waste Management Theory. Wastes disposal is a global
phenomenon. As a result of theoretical analysis, urban transformation amidst economic development
poses environmental degradation. Progress is inevitable, hence urban transformation occurs. The
upward pressure from economic development creates downward pressure on environmental
degradation. This condition when exhibited longer than necessary, stagnation proliferates and cities
turned into an ecological sacrificial zone. To mitigate, formulation of policy instruments as government
sticks must transpire. And at the end of the spectrum, regulations and policies embodied in the
implementation instruments based on Waste Management Theory must be supported by eco-
innovations. These innovations inclusive of new ideas, new behavior, processes, and products in sync in
a Waste Management Program measured through environmental preservation/restoration, economic
resilience, and social wellbeing commonly called as the “Triple bottom-line”. Thereafter, the
metamorphosis of cities from the ecological sacrifice zone into sustainable cities will transpire.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
340357454_CRAFTING_A_THEORETICAL_FRAMEWORK_ON_WASTE_MANAGEMENT_A_CASE_FOR_SUS
TAINABLE_CITIES

5."Eco- design theory"(Sim Van Der Ryn etc., 1996)

The term ecological design was coined in a 1996 book by Sim van der Ryn and Stewart Cowan, in which
the authors argued for a seamless integration of human activities with natural processes to minimize
destructive environmental impact. Following their cautionary statements, William McDonough and
Michael Braungart published in 2002 their manifesto book From Cradle to Cradle, which proposed a
circular political economy to replace the linear logic of “cradle to grave.” These books have been
foundational in architecture and design discussions on sustainability and establishing the technical
dimension, as well as the logic, of efficiency, optimization, and evolutionary competition in
environmental debates. From Cradle to Cradle evolved into a production model implemented by a
number of companies, organizations, and governments around the world, and it also has become a
registered trademark and a product certification.

https://www.routledge.com/A-Theory-of-Ecological-Justice/Baxter/p/book/9780415758543

6."Eco-Leadership theory" (Simon Western, 2020)

Eco-leaders conceptualize organizations as ‘ecosystems within wider ecosystems.’ Their focus is on

networks, connectivity and interdependence, breaking down silos and distributing leadership
widely.Commercial eco-leadership describes how companies can utilize new technology and platform
economics to exploit the power of networks. Ethical eco-leadership aligns technological, people and
environmental networks. These leaders see the connections between utilizing digital platforms,
distributing leadership and placing environmental values at the heart of their leadership task. The task
of eco-leadership today is to ‘adapt and belong,’ to co-create organizations that are adaptive to change,
and also belong to the social and natural world.

https://www.socialsciencespace.com/2020/03/a-brief-guide-to-eco-leadership/

7. Evolving the Theory of Waste Management-Implications to waste minimization (Eva Pongrácz, 2004)

Solid wastes varies extremely in generation rates and types of materials compositions across countries
and cities or even within the city parts due to changing socio-economic and climate conditions which
also differs with location and time. Thus, studies to define these parameters are essential for achieving
efficiency of waste management. This paper reviewed literature and proposed a framework for the
analysis of residential solid wastes generation and composition in Bauchi metropolis Nigeria, being an
extract of PhD research in progress. The framework suggested a mixed approach with mainly
quantitative. The framework paradigm moves toward positivism school. Case studies and stratified
random technique is suggested for sample selection and Experiment and questionnaire surveys will
constitute data collection instruments. SPSS software can be used for data analysis. The framework will
develop reliable data base to underpin policies for efficient solid waste management in Bauchi
metropolis, Nigeria.

https://www.scientific.net/AMM.773-774.1389

8. A Theory of Waste Management (Adamu Isa Harir,2015)

The Theory of Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management,
and it is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to
human health and the environment and promote resource use optimization. Waste Management
Theory is to be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology as Industrial Ecology is equally
adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and/or resource use optimization goals and values.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229015605_Evolving_the_Theory_of_Waste_Management-
Implications_to_waste_minimization

9. Theoretical Framework for Plastic Waste Management in Ghana through Extended Producer
Responsibility: Case of Sachet Water Waste ( Ebi Tawiah Quartey et. al, 2015)

Currently, use and disposal of plastic by consumers through waste management activities in Ghana not
only creates environmental problems, but also reinforces the notion of a wasteful society. The
magnitude of this problem has led to increasing pressure from the public for efficient and practical
measures to solve the waste problem. This paper analyses the impact of plastic use and disposal in
Ghana. It emphasizes the need for commitment to proper management of the impacts of plastic waste
and effective environmental management in the country. Sustainable Solid Waste Management (SSWM)
is a critical problem for developing countries with regards to climate change and greenhouse gas
emission, and also the general wellbeing of the populace. Key themes of this paper are producer
responsibility and management of products at end of life. The paper proposes two theatrical recovery
models that can be used to address the issue of sachet waste in Ghana

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555319/

10. CleanHub's Theory of Change on Plastic Pollution (Beth Howell,2022)

At CleanHub, we want to make the world a better place — and we believe that one of the best ways to
do this is by making ocean-bound plastic a thing of the past. Ideally, no plastic would ever end up in our
oceans.

But that's easier said than done when our global economy relies on mass consumption and single-use
products. We're all too quick to throw items in the trash.

To give you a better insight into how CleanHub works, we've outlined how we plan to move away from
this destructive system and reduce ocean-bound plastic.

We call this our Theory of Change — and here's everything you need to know about it.

https://blog.cleanhub.com/cleanhubs-theory-of-change

Legal Bases:

1. RA 9003, Promotion of environmental awareness and education, article 7 section 7

It states that there shall be established a National Ecology Center under the National Solid Waste
Management Commission. The National Ecology Center is responsible for providing consulting,
information, training, and networking services for the implementation of the provisions of the Act. It
serves as a resource center to support and facilitate the proper management of solid waste in the
country.

RA 9003, Prohibition on the open burning of solid waste, article 11 section 11

Article 11 of RA 9003 focuses on the prohibition of the open burning of solid waste. It recognizes the
harmful effects of open burning on the environment and public health.

RA 9003, Ecological solid waste management, article 13 section 13

States that the National Ecology Center shall be established under the National Solid Waste
Management Commission. The National Ecology Center is responsible for providing consulting,
information, training, and networking services for the implementation of the provisions of the Act. It
facilitates training and education in integrated ecological solid waste management, establishes and
manages a solid waste management information database, promotes the development of a recycling
market, provides expert assistance in pilot modeling of solid waste management facilities, and develops
waste minimization and reduction auditing procedures. The Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) chairs the Commission and has various functions, including preparing an annual
National Solid Waste Management Status Report, providing technical assistance to local government
units (LGUs), recommending policies to eliminate barriers to waste reduction programs, and issuing
rules and regulations to implement the Act. LGUs are primarily responsible for the implementation and
enforcement of the Act within their jurisdictions, and a Provincial Solid Waste Management Board is
established in every province to coordinate and oversee solid waste management efforts at the local
level.

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/01/26/republic-act-no-9003-s-2001/

2. DepEd Order No. 5, s. 2014: This memorandum, titled "Implementing Guidelines on the Integration of
Gulayan sa Paaralan, Solid Waste Management, and Tree Planting Under the National Greening Program
(NGP)," aims to integrate school gardens, solid waste management, and tree planting as components of
the NGP. It promotes poverty reduction, food security, biodiversity conservation, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.

3. DM No. 140, s. 2018: This memorandum provides guidelines on proper solid waste management in all
public and private schools. It emphasizes the importance of waste management practices such as
segregation, recycling, and proper disposal.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.

4. DM No. 505, s. 2022: This memorandum reiterates the guidelines on solid waste management in
schools. It emphasizes the need for schools to comply with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
and implement proper waste management practices. Read more

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.

5. DM 061, s. 2021: This memorandum, titled "Ecological Solid Waste Management," provides
guidelines and instructions related to solid waste management in schools. It aims to promote proper
waste management practices and environmental sustainability.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.
6. DO 10, s. 2016: This memorandum, titled "Policy and Guidelines for the Comprehensive Water,
Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools (WinS) Program," includes provisions for school-based solid waste
management as part of the comprehensive program for water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools. It
emphasizes the importance of keeping schools clean and safe through proper waste management
practices.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.

7. 1. DO 5, s. 2014: This order integrates the gulayan sa paaralan, ecological solid waste management
and tree growing and caring as key components to attain the goals of DepEd on poverty reduction, food
security, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It was issued on
February 7, 2014.

https://www.deped.gov.ph/.

8. Republic Act No. 8749, Phillipine Clean Air Act of 1999

This Act establishes a comprehensive air pollution control policy for the country by preserving and
protecting air quality, establishing an air quality management system, prohibiting certain forms of waste
disposal, and regulating emissions.

https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC045271/#:~:text=This%20Act%20establishes
%20a%20comprehensive,waste%20disposal%2C%20and%20regulating%20emissions.

9. Republic Act No. 9512 on National Environmental Awareness and Education Act, 2008

This Act provides for the promotion of environmental awareness through environmental education
which shall encompass environmental concepts and principles, environmental laws, the state of
international and local environment, local environmental best practices, the threats of environmental
degradation and its impact on human well-being, the responsibility of the citizenry to the environment
and the value of conservation, protection and rehabilitation of natural resources and the environment.

https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC091238/#:~:text=Republic%20Act
%20No.-,9512%20on%20National%20Environmental%20Awareness%20and%20Education%20Act%2C
%202008.,education%20and%20for%20other%20purposes.

10. Republic Act No. 9275, providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for other
purposes. (2004)

The Act shall apply to water quality management in all water bodies: fresh, brackish and marine waters.
It shall be the policy of the State to: prevent, control and abate pollution of the country’s water
resources; promote environmental strategies for the protection of water resources; formulate a national
program of water quality management; promote commercial and industrial processes and products that
are environment friendly and energy efficient; etc. The Act among other things shall provide for: the
designation of water quality management areas by the Department, in coordination with the National
Water Resources Board; the designation of water bodies where specific pollutants from either natural or
man-made sources have already exceeded water quality guidelines as non-attainment areas for the
exceeded pollutants; a national program on sewerage and septic management; domestic sewage
collection, treatment and disposal; water pollution permits and charges; offences and penalties; etc.

https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC070789/