INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING Fourth Generation

• Microprocessor – contains all circuits

WEEK 1 required to function arithmetic and
COMPUTER BASICS logic.
• IBM PC – could connect a television,
Computer – electronic device that enables users to text and play games.
manipulates information or data.
Fifth Generation
Generations of Computers • Artificial Intelligence – creates
• First Generation intelligent machines and behaviors.
- 1940s – 1950s • IBM Watson – AI is integrated into
- Vacuum Tube business and e-commerce.
• Second Generation
- 1950s – 1960s Five Types of Computers
- Transistor 1. Supercomputers
• Third Generation - Most powerful. Used by very big
- 1960s – 1970s corporations and government.
- Integrated Circuit 2. Mainframes
• Fourth Generation - Less powerful but has great processing
- 1970s – Present speed, multitasking, high data storage.
- Microprocessor 3. Mid-ranged
• Fifth Generation - For medium-sized companies for
- Present – Future specific purposes.
- Artificial Intelligence 4. Microcomputer
- Desktop computer, most common.
First Generation • Desktop computer
• Vacuum tube – controls the flow of • Notebook computer
electronics, used for switches, 5. Handheld
amplifiers, radio, television, etc. - Smallest, designed to fit into one hand,
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical aka palm-top computers.
Integrator and Computer) – general
purpose computer containing 18,000 Hardware
vacuum tubes—by J. Presper Eckert and - Tangible.
John V. Mauchly. - Physical computer elements.
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic - Replaceable with a new component.
Computer) – 1st commercialized Software
electronic computing device. Created by - Non-tangible.
Eckert and Mauchly in 1947. - Developed by writing instructions by a
programming language.
Second Generation - Collection of instructions.
• Transistor – smaller, controls flow of
electricity in devices, works as a switch. Input, Output, and Memory Devices
• IBM (International Business Machines) • Input – any data entering a computer.
– multi-tech company in Armonk, New • Output – after processing result.
York. Compiles necessary tech for • Memory – used to store data for future use.
clients’ business problems.
• IBM 1401 – used in business Computer Software
executives, could fit in an o\ice. 1. Systems Software – used by hardware.
Manages internal resources of the
Third Generation computer.
• Integrated circuits – silicon chips 2. App Software – used by end-user.
containing circuit materials like Processes raw data in the computer.
transistors, resistors, etc.
• IBM System/360 – launched on April 7,
1964. Meant to address all possible
types of users with one unified software.
WEEK 2 Binary to Hexadecimal (Base 2 to 16)
ALGORITHM, PSEUDOCODE, FLOWCHART - Write as it is then group it into 4 (right to
left, whole)
Algorithm - Use 8421 method
- Procedure to solve a problem. Exact list - Write as it is then group it into 4 (left to
of instructions in a step-by-step manner. right, decimal)
Pseudocode - Use 8421 method
- Type of algorithm in natural language.
Meant for humans to be read. Octal to Binary (Base 8 to 2)
- A.k.a. false code or code representation. - Write as it is
Flowchart - Use 421 method to get the equivalent
- Graphical representation of computer value of each binary digit.
program or algorithm.
Octal to Decimal (Base 8 to 10)
Oval – start/end. - Write it backwards, up-down (whole and
Arrow – connector of shapes. decimal)
Parallelogram – input/output. - Multiply with (x8^0…) for whole
Rectangle – process. - Multiply with (x8^-1…) for decimal
Diamond – decision. - Then add
Circle – connector symbol.
Boxed arrow – o\ page. Octal to Hexadecimal (Base 8 to 16)
- Perform octal to binary
INTRO TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING - Then binary to hexadecimal
- Created by Guido van Rossum (1991)
- Used for web and software Decimal to Binary (Base 10 to 2)
development. - Divide the number by 2 until the
• Comments – uses (#), for readability. remainder is 1, take note of every
• Variables – contains data values. remainder (whole)
• Type casting – if you want to specify data - Write in bottom to top order
type of a variable. - Multiply the number by 2, then list the
• Single/Double Quotes – declaring a string. whole number, repeat until the
remainder is 0 (decimal)
Multi-words Variable Names - Write in top to bottom order
1. Camel case – myVariableName
2. Pascal case – MyVariableName Decimal to Octal (Base 10 to 8)
3. Snake case – my_variable_name - Divide the number by 8 until its last
divisible number, take note of the
WEEKS 3-4 remainder (whole)
PYTHON INPUT AND BASIC OPERATORS - Write in bottom to top order
- Multiply the number by 8 and list the
Number System – data is represented in a whole number of the product, repeat
numerical pattern to be understood by until the decimal part is not divisible by 8
computers. - Write in top to bottom order

Binary to Octal (Base 2 to 8) Decimal to Hexadecimal (Base 10 to 16)

- Group them by 3 - Divide the number by 16 until its last
- Right to left (whole number) divisible number, take note of the
- Left to right (decimal) remainder (whole)
- 421 method - Write in bottom to top order
- Multiply the number by 16 and list the
Binary to Decimal (Base 2 to 10) whole number of the product, repeat
- 124816 method (write right-left, whole) until the decimal part is not divisible by 8
- Write as it is, multiply 124816 with binary - Write in top to bottom order
then add.
- ½, ¼,.. method (write left-right, decimal) Hexadecimal to Binary (Base 16 to 2)
- Write as it is, multiply fractions with - Use 8421 method to get the binary
binary then add. equivalent.
PYTHON OPERATORS

1. User input – allows user input execution.

2. Python operators – used to perform
operations on variables and values.
3. Arithmetic – used with numeric values
for common math operations.
4. Assignment – assigns values to
variables.
5. Comparison – used to compare two
values.
6. Logical – combines conditional
statements.
7. Identity – compare objects for same
memory location.
8. Membership – used to test if a sequence
in presented in an object.

WEEK 5
BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) – digital circuit to

perform arithmetic and logical operations.
Represents the CPU of a computer.
1. Logical operations
2. Bit-shifting operations
3. Arithmetic operations

Python Conditional Statements

1. If statement – written by using “if”.
2. Elif statement – alternative
condition than the previous one.
3. Else ststement – catches anything
not included in the previous
conditions.