First Aid Course

2023
 MODULE I:
THE INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF THE RED CROSS
AND RED CRESCENT

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the trainee should be able to:

 Know the history of the Red Cross and Red Crescent;
 Know the roles of the three components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement;

 Know the use of the emblem, its usefulness and defend its abuse;
 Master the NS (CRC) and its activities;
 Know the code of ethics and respect the principles of voluntary service;
 Adopt and promote the culture of peace in their community.

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 CHAPTER I: KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOVEMENT

1- History

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the story of a Swiss businessman by the name
of Jean Henry DUNANT (08 May 1828 – 30 October 1910) who, during his trip to meet King Napoleon
III of France for business reasons, witnessed on June 24, 1859 the grim aftermath of a battle (the Battle of
Solferino), having opposed the French to the Austrians in and around the city of Solferino (a small town in
northern Italy). He found on the battlefield more than 40,000 dead and wounded abandoned to their fate
and lying in blood without assistance. Deeply moved by the suffering of thousands of wounded and dying
soldiers left without any medical care, he began organizing first aid with the help of the local population.
He dressed wounds, gave water to thirsty soldiers, paid for sheets and food out of his own pocket and
recorded the last words of the dying so they could be sent to their families. He also asked the victorious
French forces to release Austrian surgeons they had captured so they could treat wounded soldiers from both
sides.

When Dunant got back to his hometown of Geneva, he published a book in 1862 entitled "A MEMORY
OF SOLFERINO", in which he described the situation experienced in Solferino and set out two major
ideas:

• « to set up in peacetime, in every country, relief societies composed of volunteers ready to take care of
wounded soldiers in wartime;». The first proposal led to the establishment of a National Red Cross or Red
Crescent Society in almost every country around the world.
• « to encourage countries to agree to the idea of an international legal protection for the wounded and
sick on the battlefield and those caring for them ». The second proposal set the stage for the adoption of
the Geneva Convention adopted in 1949 and constitutes the foundation of modern-day international
humanitarian law.
He will be joined by 4 high prominent figures from Geneva (Gustave MOYNIER, General Guillaume
Henri DUFOUR, Dr Théodore MAUNOIR and Dr Louis APPIA) to found the Committee of 5 on
February 17, 1863. At the call of this Committee of 5, experts from 16 countries met in Switzerland and
drafted the founding charter of the International Red Cross Movement on October 26, 1863.

The background of this story is usually summarised like this (concerning key event):
 A man : Jean Henry DUNANT (08th May 1828 – 30th October 1910);
 A date: 24th June 1859;
 A place: Solferino;
 An event: the battle of Solferino;
 Consequences: more than 40.000 deaths and wounded;
 An idea : provide assistance
 An action : publishing of a book “A Memory of Solferino” (1862).

2- Emblems

a) Definition

The emblem is a distinctive sign by which we recognize a structure or an organization. They are three
in number, namely:

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- The Red Cross on a white background; it was adopted in 1863 and officially recognized in August 1864
during a diplomatic conference in Geneva as a red cross on a white background, the colours of the Swiss
flag in reverse (to pay homage to the founder of the organization). Bhutan is currently the last NS of the Red
Cross movement (South Asian country, 20 July 2017).

NB: the cross is made up of five squares of equal dimensions.

- In 1876, the Red Crescent on a white background was used for the first time during the war between Russia
and Turkey which was formally recognized and adopted in 1929.

- In December 8, 2005, States adopted an additional emblem: the Red Crystal on a white background due to
a proliferation of emblems by country according to religious sensitivities. The red crystal enjoys the same
legal status as the Red Cross and Red Crescent and may be used in the same way and under the same
conditions. To date, we have one (01) national society that uses the Red Crystal on a white background. It
is Israel.

All three emblems have equal status and may be used individually as a protective device.
The emblem in its protective function is displayed in large size and with no wording, and on a white
background.
A logo is displayed in a small size with the words of the name of the Movement’s component.

b) Roles

Emblems play two main roles:

• Indicator (small size): it is used in peace time and shows the link that a person, object, vehicule or building
has with the Movement and its components. In such cases, the small dimension emblem displayed as part
of the logo of a Movement component must be accompanied by additional information (e.g. the name or
initials of the National Society).
• Protective (large size): In times of armed conflict, they are displayed for protective purposes. The emblem
in its protective function must be displayed on a white background, without wording or additional graphics,
designs or inscriptions, and are displayed in large size.It ensures the safety of Red Cross personnel,
buildings, installations and medical equipment.

c) Misuse
Imitation: it is the use of a sign which, owing to its shape and color, may be confused with one of the
emblems;
Improper use: it is the use of an emblem by people or organizations that are not authorized to do so
(commercial companies, pharmacies, hospitals, NGOs, individuals, etc.);

Perfidy: it is the use of the distinctive emblem during an armed conflict, with the aim of protecting
combatants or military equipment and with the intent to mislead the adversary.

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 In order to ensure universal respect for the protection of the emblems, each State party to the 1949
Geneva Conventions has an obligation to enact national legislation with the aim of regulating the use
of the emblems and of preventing and punishing their improper use both in times of war and peace.
National authorities must also take steps to inform the public, businesses and the medical community
of the proper use of the emblems. Finally, National Societies also cooperate with the authorities to
ensure proper use of the emblems.

NB: these abusive uses of the emblem lead to confusion and discredit the movement. *

3- Fundamental principles

They are 07 in number and constitute the foundation and the doctrine of the Movement. They were adopted
in 1965 at the Vienna Conference in Austria. They are as follows (in order):
 Humanity;
 Impartiality;
 Neutrality;
 Independence ;
 Voluntary Service;
 Unity ;
 Universality.
4- The Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2005
a) The 1949 Geneva Conventions
They are 04 in number and deal respectively with:
 Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces
in the Field;
 Convention II for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked
Members of Armed Forces at Sea;
 Convention III is relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War that have to be respected and
treated humanely, adequately housed and receive sufficient food, clothing and medical care ;
 Convention IV is relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War in areas of
armed conflict and occupied territories.

b) Additional Protocols

 Protocol I of 1977 is related to the problems arising from international armed conflicts;
 Protocol II of 1977 is related to the problems arising from Non-international armed conflicts ;
 Protocol III of December 8, 2005 is related to the adoption of the Red Crystal on a white
background as an alternative emblem of the Movement.

5- International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

a) Definition
IHL is the set of international legal rules and principles, both written and customary, that ensure respect for
the human being and his or her fulfilment in times of armed conflict.
It helps limit or reduce for humanitarian reasons the right of the parties in conflict to use methods and means
of combat of their choice. It protects the persons and the goods that are or can be reached by these conflicts.

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 b) Sources of IHL
IHL is inspired by:
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948;
- The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2005;
- The Hague Convention of 1907;
- The 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons;
- The Ottawa Convention on the prohibition of anti-personnel mines;
- The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of gases;
- Habits and customs etc.

c) Some rules of IHL

- Do not shoot at a surrendering soldier;
- Do not shoot at a rescuer, personnel and sanitary facilities;
- Do not condemn civilian populations to forced labor;
- Do not harm civilian property.

6- The components of the Movement

They are three in number :

a) The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) created in 1863

Missions
• It takes action in response to emergencies in times of armed conflict;
• It works for the respect of human dignity in times of conflict;
• Is responsible for the promotion and dissemination of IHL;
• It protects and assists war prisoners;
• Provide RFL.

b) The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) created in 1919

Missions
- Organizes, coordinates and directs disaster relief;
- Works for the development of National Societies (NS).

c) National Societies

National Societies are auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and are subject to the
laws of their respective countries.

NB: there can only be one National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society in the same country.

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 CHAPTER II: EXAMPLE OF A NATIONAL SOCIETY: CAMEROON RED CROSS (CRC)
1- Creation

As early as 1959, there was already a department of the French Red Cross in Cameroon. The CRC
was created on April 30, 1960 under the leadership of Dr Simon Pierre TCHOUNGUI who was its first
President until 1993. He was later replaced the same year by H.E William Aurélien ETEKI MBOUMOUA
2nd President, who following his death on October 26, 2016, was also replaced by Mrs. AKAME
MFOUMOU Cécile Léonie on August 21, 2017 who is currently the 3rd President of the CRC. It was
recognized as a Public Utility Association by Presidential Decree No. 63/DF/6 of January 9, 1963, by the
ICRC on July 4, 1963 and the IFRC on August 28, 1963, and thus became the 14th National Society in
Africa, and the 92nd in the world. After every 2 years there are statutry assembly and elective assembly
takes place after 6 years.

2- Objectives
• Alleviate suffering without any discrimination;
• Prevent disasters and diseases;
• Defend and protect the emblem of the Red Cross based on law N° 97/02 of January 10, 1997.
3- The structure of the CRC

a) The central or internal structure

 The General Assembly: it is made up of the members of the Management Committee, the Delegates of the
Departmental Committees, and the advisory members.
 The Management Committee: it is made up of 14 members, 2 of whom are from the National Youth Council
of Cameroon;
 The General Secretariat, supported by the Technical Departments and Services such as:
- The National Coordination of Projects and Research;
- The National Directorate of Cooperation ;
- The National Directorate of Disaster Management;
- The National Directorate of Administrative and Financial Affairs ;
- The National Directorate of Gender and Diversity ;
- The National Directorate of Communication;
- The National Directorate of Organizational Development;
- The National Directorate of Health and Social Affairs.

b) Decentralized or external structures

We can quote the following services:
• Divisional Committees;
• Sub-divisional Committees;
• Youth Red Cross Clubs in secondary schools, universities, colleges and communities;
• School Brigades in primary and nursery schools.
NB: between the central structure and the decentralized structure we have the Regional Coordinator
Corps;

4- Activities

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 In order to achieve its objectives, the CRC carries out the following activities:
 Recruitment and training of volunteers;
 Assistance to the most vulnerable;
 Promotion and dissemination of IHL;
 Organization of blood donation and vaccination campaigns;
 The outreach of the Fundamental Principles of the Movement;
 The promotion of development activities within the communities;
 The organization of emergency relief services for the victims of disasters
 RFL promotion, etc.

CHAPTER III: THE CODE OF ETHICS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF VOLUNTARY SERVICE
1- Definitions
- Code of ethics: is the set of provisions that regulate the service and action of the volunteer in the
community;
- Voluntary: it is any person who, apart from his usual occupations, offers his free time and his services
for the benefit of the community without expecting any reward; if so, a source of moral satisfaction;
- Volunteer-rescuer: it is any person trained in first aid and who, apart from his usual occupations,
offers his free time and his services for the benefit of the community without expecting any reward; if
so, a source of moral satisfaction.
AIM: promote the image of the movement, ensure the trust of all, preserve the safety of volunteers in
the field.

2- The principles of voluntary service

a) Duties

The CRC first aider has the duty to:

• To always act according to the Fundamental Principles of the Movement;

• To respect the rules concerning the use of the emblem;
• To strive to provide the best possible services;
• To carry out its missions without any discrimination;
• To respect the desire for discretion of those we help;
• To respect his hierarchy and to be accountable ;
• To participate in the meetings and activities of its sub-divisional Committee;
• To promote honesty, dedication, altruism and group spirit;
• To rescue and help to the limit of its means…etc.

b) Rights
The CRC first aider not only has duties; he also has rights, in particular the right to:
- Training and improvement;
- Guidance and supervision;
- Motivation and loyalty;
- Regular information on the activities of the Movement, etc.

3- Role of the first aider in his community

Within his community, the first aider is:

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  A community health supervisor;
 A development project initiator;
 A community animator;
 An animator ready to intervene in emergency situations etc…

CHAPTER IV: THE CULTURE OF PEACE

I-Definition

The culture of peace : is the effect of developing a state of calm, social, economic and psychological
balance.
Peace: is a state of social harmony. War: is the absence of peace.

II- The factors of peace

- Dialog,
- Forgiveness,
- Justice,
- mutual aid,
- Tolerance,
- Education,
- Social equilibrium,
- Sport,
- The respect of human rights,
- Information

III- Obstacles to Peace

- unfairness,
- tribalism,
- intolerance,
- lack of leisure,
- selfishness,
- Racism,
- Arguments,
- Poverty,
- Political instability,
- War,
- Riots.

IV- Consequences of the War

- Starvation,
- Debt,
- Diseases,
- The loss of human and material lives,
- Migrations, etc.

IV- Role of FAW (First Aid Worker)

In the community, the FAW must:

- Encourage tolerance,
- Encourage solidarity,
- Promote dialogue,
- Make an effort to be impartial,

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- Make friendship clubs,
- Contact the authorities to support its initiatives,
- Report any conflicting situation,
- Initiate community projects to reduce delinquency,
- Organize raising awareness and educational talks in the communities,
- Conduct outreach campaigns,
- Organize campaigns for the exchange of ideas,
- Create a peacekeeping committee within our community.

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 MODULE II:

FIRST AID

Objectives :
- To know the importance of first aid
- To know the injuries to the different systems of our body
- To know your role when faced with one of these injuries
- To perfectly master first aid gestures.

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 CHAPTER I:GENERALITIES ON FIRST AID

1- Definitions

Rescue: it is the set of the means implemented to bring help to a person in a situation of suffering. It
is also the set of techniques coupled with the state of mind acquired during training, with the aim of
bringing help;

First Aid: it is group of efficient gestures and techniques that someone apply on casualties or a sudden
illness, before evacuating him/her to the nearest health center or while waiting for the intervention of
spacialized services or people.

2- The objectives of First Aid

First Aid aims to:

 Save human lives;

 Alleviate pain and sorrows;
 Promote healing;
 Avoid the worsening of cases
It is very often expressed by the following formula: SAPA.

3- The general principles of First Aid (PAR)

To achieve first aid objectives, the first aid worker must respect the following principles : Protect ; Alert
and Rescue.

a) Protect
It is to ensure the immediate, adapted and permanent protection of oneself, the victim and other people
from the surrounding dangers such as accident, using if possible a marking up or emergency release.
b) Alert
This is an important act that allows the arrival of reinforcements, specialized or qualified assistance
with regards to the type of accident. It must be done as quickly as possible after having ensured
protection, a rapid assessment of the victims and start rescue actions. It can be done by siren or any
other means of communication known by the population or by other stakeholders.

→ The elements that fit into an alert message:

 Introduce yourself (name and telephone number);
 Give the exact location of the accident site;
 Give the nature of the accident/risk/disease: reason for the call;
 Specify the number of victims and their apparent condition;
 Give particular circumstances;
 Explain the gesture already made;
 Express needs if necessary;
 Never hang up without your interlocutor's permission.

→ Who to alert?

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 The emergency services (the Cameroonian Red Cross “222 22 41 77”, the Directorate of Civil
Protection (DPC), the Police, the Gendarmerie, the Fire Brigade, the SAMU, the Hospitals closest to
you… etc.) ;
Neighbors, passers-by.
NB : Always enter in your phone and in your notebook numbers to call In Case of Emergency ICE
(ECU in french) to intervene as quickly as possible a brother or close.

c) Rescue

It is the act of applying gestures to save a life, while waiting for specialized help.

4- Summary examination of a casualty

The summary examination is a set of actions taken by a rescuer in order to identify the various injuries
suffered by a victim. It is done in three main steps:

The evaluation of vital emergencies (Consciousness-Ventilation-Circulation).

- Consciousness: we speak to the victim, we give him orders;

- Ventilation: this is to check if the lungs are functionning;
- Circulation: it consists of checking the heart beat (taking the pulse).
 The search for other lesions: here, we check the presence of fractures, sprains, bleeding, burns, wounds
and foreign bodies;
 Monitoring and evacuation: it consists of regularly checking the evolution of life-threatening emergencies
throughout the transport.

5- The principle of casualty sorting/evacuation order

The victims are evacuated according to the severity of the case. The evacuation order is prioritised as
follows:
a) Absolute emergencies

Extreme emergencies: These are internal haemorrhages, uncontrollable haemorrhages, asphyxia,

polytrauma, head injury with focal signs, severe damage of the noble organs (brain, heart, lungs).
First emergencies: These are chest injuries, serious vascular wounds, head trauma with unconsciousness,
serious burns, open fractures.
b) Relative emergencies
Second emergencies: These are minor injuries, closed fractures, abdominal wounds, minor burns,
unconsciousness minor wounds and burns.

Third emergencies: Simple discomfort, panics and dislocation.

PRACTICE
Turnarounds and emergency releases

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 CHAPTER II: INJURIES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1- Definition

The respiratory system is the set of organs that allow breathing. It includes: nose, mouth, pores, lungs and
bronchi. Its role is to supply the body with oxygen, while ridding it of carbon dioxide.

2- Injuries

a) Airway obstruction
Cause : presence of a foreign body
Signs: victim making efforts to breathe, presence of sweat, pale face
Role of FAW: LVA (Airway release), Heimlich or EVE (in the case of children), monitor and
evacuate.

b) Drowning
Cause : absorption of a huge amount of water after a prolonged stay in unsafe water.
Signs:bloated belly, unconscious victim
Role of FAW: LVA, lying Heimlich, VA (Artificial ventilation), PLS (Lateral safety position), monitor and evacuate.

c) Cases of respiratory failure or asthma

Cause: emotional shock, thermal shock
Signs:distressed victim, slow or rapid breathing,
Role of FAW: subtract from the cause, LVA, half-sitting position, monitor and evacuate

d) Ventilatory arrest
Cause: brutal shock, emotional shock.
Sign : unconscious victim, absence of respiratory movements
Role of FAW: remove the victim from the cause, do the LVA, the VA, then PLS, monitor and evacuate

TABLE OF RESPIRATORY FREQUENCIES

Age range Slow Normal Fast
Infant Less than 35 to 40 Over 50
20
Child Less than 25 to 30 Over 35
15
Adult Less than 14 to 20 Greater
10 than 25

NB:these figures are inducative and may vary according to the physiology of each individual.

PRACTICE : LVA, VA, HEIMLICH

CHAPTER III: INJURIES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1- Definition

The circulatory system is the set of organs that ensure the circulation of blood. Its essential function is to
ensure the transport of the nutrients necessary for the cells, to help eliminate of waste products, as well as
to regulate the temperature. It includes: the heart, blood vessels and capillaries.

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 2- Different types of injuries

Bleeding (flow of blood out of blood vessels), some diseases such as sickle cell disease, heart attack,
stroke, circulatory or cardiac arrest.

There are three types of bleeding:

- External bleeding (venous and arterial): the origin of the blood is visible;
- Internal bleeding: blood flows inside the body; It can cause a shock (state in which a victim is
when the brain is no longer properly oxygenated or irrigated with blood). It can be recognized by the signs
of shock (pale face, cold extremities, cold sweats, spinning or difficult to take pulse, anxiety sometimes
agitation, dry lips and mouth, dizziness, tingling of the body) and intense thirst.
- Externalized bleeding: the blood flows through natural opening (nose, vagina, anus, penis, mouth,
ears, eyes, etc...).

3- The causes

Several causes can lead to impaired circulatory function; in particular: ventilatory distress, heart disease,
wounds, serious burns, poisoning and various accidents.

4- Consequences
These include blood loss, loss of consciousness, shock (insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain), cardiac
arrest, death if nothing is done in time.

5- Role of FAW
 Case of an external venous bleeding
- Perform direct manual compression;
- Carry out a pressure bandage;
- Monitor
 Case of an external arterial bleeding
Do a remote compression point (any privileged place of the body where the artery can be pressed against a
hard surface which is the bone, in order to stop the bleeding);
- Monitor and evacuate.
• Case of an internal bleeding
- Lay the victim down and do an airway release (LVA)
- Put the victim in the shocked position;
- Cover the victim;
- Monitor and evacuate.
- Give the victim a small amount of water to drink and if they ask for it.
• Case of externalized bleeding
- Nose bleeding: make the victim sit down, the head lowered forward. Pinch the bleeding nostril(s), monitor
and evacuate.
- Ear bleeding: let the victim sit so that the bleeding side is facing the floor; if both ears are bleeding, have
the victim lie on their back and put their head in hyper extension; monitor and evacuate.
- Anus and genital tract Bleeding: apply a clean compress, monitor and evacuate.

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 - For a victim who spits or vomits blood: lay the victim down, put his head on one side, talk to him
regularly, retain spit or vomit, evacuate while monitoring.

CIRCULATORY FREQUENCY TABLE (heartbeats/minute)

Age range Slow Normal Fast

Infant Less than 100 120 to 140 Greater than 160

Child Below 60 80 to 100 Greater than 120

Adult Below 40 60 to 80 Greater than 100
PRACTICE: Bleeding control

CHAPTER IV:CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ARREST

1- Definition
Cardio-respiratory arrest is any simultaneous arrest of the functioning of the heart and the lungs.
2- The causes
We can cite among others: heart disease, strong emotion, brutal shock, electrification/electrocution,
abundant loss of blood, inhalation of toxic gases, various accidents, etc.
3- The signs
Loss of consciousness, total absence of pulse, absence of respiratory movements, inanimate subjects, cold
sweats, etc...
4- The results
The brain is deprived of its nutrients; and if nothing is done in time, death follows.
5- The role of the FAW
- Remove the victim from the cause;
- Make an airway release (LVA)
- Perform cardio pulmonary resuscitation (RCP);
- Place the victim in the lateral safety position (PLS);
- Monitor and evacuate.

Simple diagram of CPR

30 chest compressions + 2 rescue breaths

ꓫ3
If pulse present If pulse absent

Put the victim in PLS,

monitor and evacuate

PRACTICE : One-rescuer and two-rescuer CPR

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 CHAPTER V: CUTANEOUS OR SKIN INJURIES
1- Definition

The skin is a resistant and elastic envelope that covers our body. It performs three functions:
participating in the regulation of body temperature and the elimination of waste such as sweat, protecting
the body against external aggressions and informing the body of the external environment.

2- The different injuries

a) Wounds: opening of the skin following an injury, a burn or any other attack. There are
two types of wounds: simple and severe.
The factors of severity of a wound are: extent, location, fragile subject, depth; the presence of a foreign
body (never remove the foreign body).

The role of the First Aid Volunteer in the event of a wound

- Wash with clean water and soap, make a clean dressing and protect with a
bandage in case of simple wound;
- Make a wrap up in case of severe wounds;
- Monitor and evacuate.
b) Burns: it is the effect of heat or chemicals on the skin.
There are two types of burns: simple and severe.
The factors of severity of a burn are identical to those of a serious wound.
The role of the FAW
- Cool thoroughly with cold water;
- Wrap up, moisten if necessary;
- Monitor and evacuate.

c) Foreign bodies: these are objects such as a knife, a piece of wood, bullets, arrows, stuck in the skin. The
rescuer should wrap up with the object and evacuate; he/she should not extract or even try to extract the
object.

d) Bites and stings: Animal bites and stings can be dangerous. They can cause pain, infection, shock and
can even be fatal.

The role of the FAW,

➢ In case of snake bite
- Immediately lay the victim on the ground;
- Advise him to keep calm in order to slow the rapid spread of venom to the heart;
- Immobilize the limb where the bite occurred;
- Make a broad tie between the bite and the heart;
- Wash the bite thoroughly with soap and water;
- Put a damp dressing on the bite;
- Seek to identify the snake if possible;
- Evacuate the victim on a stretcher.

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 ➢ In case of animal bites
In the presence of a victim of an animal bite, the first aider must proceed as follows:
- Help the victim to remain calm, by explaining to him that you are able to give him first aid; this will help
limit the risk of shock;
- Clean the bite with soapy water;
- Cover the wound with a clean bandage;
-If possible, identify the animal and evacuate the victim to a health center (preferably the closest).

➢ In case of insect bite

In the event of a bee or wasp sting, the stinger must be removed and a damp dressing applied to the sting. If
there are several stings, evacuate quickly.

3- Some principles of good Wrap-up and Bandage

a) Principles of a good Wrap-up :
1) A good wrap should be tight at the edges to keep germs out and loose at the level of the lesion.
2) The hem is always outside.
3) It should be easy to undo.
4) It does not prevent the victim from moving.
b) Principles of a good bandage :
1) We always start a bandage with two circular turns with the safety catch during the 2nd turn.
2) The bandage should not be too tight or too loose.
3) The globe should always be held externally.
4) Respect the step.
5) Finish with two turns and tighten with the plaster or simply hide it.
6) The role of the safety catch allows the band not to undo.

Triangle
Summit

Full
Chief Base Chief

Bandage

Full Chief
Globe

Step

PRACTICE : Wrap up, bandages

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 CHAPTER VI: INJURIES OF THE BONE APPARATUS
1- Definition
The bone system is the set of bones and joints in the human body. Its role is to protect the vital organs against
shocks; to participate in movements; to contribute to posture.

2- Different types of injuries

These include
fractures: cracked bone (for severe fractures, the bone is broken with damage to adjacent structures (nerves,
muscles, vessels, lungs, nervous system) and may be accompanied by a wound (open fracture). For simple
fractures, the bone is cracked without visible associated lesions (closed fracture) ;
sprains: the ligaments are extended or torn by an exaggerated or forced movement of the joint without
displacement of the two bone surfaces. It may be accompanied by a bone tear ;
Dislocation: the joint is dislocated and the two ends of the bone are no longer in contact. It can be
accompanied by a lesion,as well as a rupture of the ligaments. It can also be accompanied by a fracture
and/or damage to the nerves and vessels.
3- The causes
These injuries are caused by shocks, falls, illnesses, etc.
4- The signs
Pain, functional impotence of the fractured limb, swelling, deformation.
5- The role of the FAW
Immobilize;it must be done according to the following principles:
- Respect the deformation;
- Move the fractured limb as little as possible;
- Immobilize the joints surrounding the fracture (on both sides);
- Use splints and solid ties;
- Monitor and evacuate.

THE RISKS OF POOR IMMOBILIZATION

- Infection ;
- Fracture worsening;
- Bleeding
- Paralysis.

Special cases

a) Fracture of the vertebral column (lumbar and cervical)

• The signs : tingling, difficulty/inability to move limbs, pain
• Role of the FAW :
- Immobilize on a hard surface;
- Cover the victim;
- Monitor and evacuate.

b) Skull fracture
• The signs : sinking of the skull, flow of blood through the natural orifices of the head (nose, mouth, ears),
visual disturbances.

19
• Role of the FAW :
- Lay the victim down;
- Immobilize on a hard surface;
- Protect the victim from the cold;
- Monitor and evacuate.

c) In case of sprain or dislocation

- Reassure the victim;
- Immobilize with a tight bandage;
- Evacuate while monitoring

6- The principles of good stretching

1) The stretcher bearers should be approximately of the same size as the leader.
2) The leader should give simple, precise and audible orders.
3) The leader should always stand back.
4) The victim must be strapped in.
5) The head orientes the direction of movement.
6) We must advance with synchronized steps.
7) Do not run with the stretcher.
8) Do not move backwards.

20
 A stretcher

Handles

Pin
Headrest

Canvas

Straps

Compass

Shaft
Support
brackets

PRACTICE

Immobilizations; Waiting positions; Lifting methods; Improvised transport, Stretchering; Summary

examination of a casualty

21
 MODULE III:

COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION

CHAPTER I: GENERAL
1- Definition
Health: state of physical, moral and social well-being of an individual.

Community health education(ESC): process by which information and knowledge are imparted to one or
more individuals in order to improve and maintain their health.
2- Goals
- Improve the living conditions of our community;
- Provide information on diseases (causes, signs, consequences, modes of transmission, prevention methods,
etc.).

3- Stages of a Community Health Education session

a) Preparation
- Study the community;
- Investigate priority health issues;

22
- Set goals;
- Plan the session (place, date, time, speakers, theme, information from the authorities, etc.);

b) The process

- The duration (30 to 45 min);

- The course itself: nature of the session (talks, theatre, debate, presentation, conference, etc.);
- Draw out resolutions.

c) Monitoring and evaluation

- Verification of the effective and real application of the resolutions;

- Ensure the permanent follow-up of the resolutions;
- Do an assessment.

CHAPTER II:HYGIENE AND SANITATION

I- HYGIENE
1- Definition

Hygiene :it is cleanliness; it is the set of rules and gestures that allow us to stay healthy.
Food hygiene: it is the set of principles to be respected before the consumption of food.

Personal hygiene: this is all the care given to the body to keep it clean.

2- Some hygiene rules

- Wash hands with soap and water before and after each meal;
- Wash your hands after visiting toilets;
- Wash at least once a day;
- Brush your teeth at least twice a day;
- Iron your clothes;
- Wash food before eating;
- Do not keep fingernails long …etc.

II- SANITATION
1- Definition
Sanitation is the set of techniques that make it possible to keep healthy, to evacuate water and sludge.

2- How to make a healthy environment?

- Stagnant water must be drained;
- Do weeding;
- Unclog and clean gutters.
III- WATER
1- Definition
Water is an essential liquid for life. It is a natural drink.

2- How to improve the quality of water?

23
- Boil ;
- Decant;
- Filter;
- Bleach.

IV- HABITAT
1- Definition

A habitat is an environment in which a person, family or population lives.

2- The qualities of a good home

- Airy;
- Clean ;
- Healthy ;
- Spacious;
- Built on stable ground and with good materials.
3- How to make a healthy habitat?
Keep the surroundings and the interior of the house clean;
- Ventilate the house;
- Defecate in appropriate toilets;
- Clean the toilets after each need;
- Unclog and clean the gutters;
- Empty trash cans into garbage bins and not into rivers;
- Build toilets away from wells.

4- Some diseases related to unsanitary housing

- Cholera ;
- Dysentery;
- Yellow fever;
- Typhoid fever ;
- Malaria;
5- Role of FAW
- Show the importance of observing the rules of hygiene;
- Promote sanitation campaigns in their community;
- Sensitize populations on the consequences of building in marshy areas and lowlands.

CHAPTER III: FEVER AND MALARIA

I- FEVER
1- Definition

Fever is a rise in body temperature, usually accompanied by illness.

2- Causes
- Infections ;
- Climate change, temperature;

24
 - Physical effort

3 - Signs
- Temperature rise;
- The patient is cold;
- Rapid pulse.

II- MALARIA
1- Definition
Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan called plasmodium, which is spread by a mosquito called the
female Anopheles mosquito.
2- Signs:
Fever, headache, body aches, vomiting; convulsion in children, miscarriage in pregnant women, premature
and sometimes stunted babies.
3- Role of FAW
- Make the patient drink by varying the taste of the drink;
- Give children small tubs of drinkable ice cream;
- Wash the child and allow the skin to air dry;
- Advise prevention in pregnant women;
- Advise the use of insecticidal mosquito nets;
- Sensitize the community on hygiene and sanitation.

CHAPTER IV: DIARRHEA AND DEHYDRATION

I- DIARRHEA
1- Definition
Diarrhea is the loose of at least 3 liquid, sometimes bloody stools per day.
2- Causes
- Food poisoning;
- Consumption of dirty water;
- Lack of food hygiene.

3- Signs
- Fever ;
- Intense thirst;
- Fatigue ;
- Vomiting;
- Colic (stomach pain);
- Dehydration and weight loss.

II- DEHYDRATION
1- Definition
Dehydration is an abundant loss of water from the body.
2- Causes

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- Diarrhea ;
- Physical effort;
- Vomiting;
- Diseases.

3- Signs
- Fever ;
- Weight loss;
- The victim urinates little;
- Dry skin ;
- Fatigue ;
- Hollow and sunken eyes;
- Intense and persistent thirst;
- Rapid breathing.

4- Role of FAW

 Give the patient simething to drink; apply Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) with Oral Rehydration
Solution (ORS); or by a Salty Sugar Solution (SSS = 1L of water + a pinch of salt + 05 squares of sugar
+ juice of half a lemon);
 Educate people to prevent diarrhea;
 Sensitize the community on hygiene and sanitation;
 Advise breastfeeding women to use the breast.

CHAPTER V: THE EXPANDED PROGRAM OF IMMUNIZATION (EPI)

1- Definition
Vaccine: it is a substance of attenuated or killed microbial origin, which is inoculated into an individual and
which confers immunity against a disease.
EPI: it is a program that involves administering a vaccine to a large part of the population.
2- Importance of vaccination

Vaccination can fight, prevent and even eradicate certain diseases. The EPI and vaccination are much more
aimed at vulnerable populations (children, pregnant women). This operation takes place according to a well-
developed and monitored schedule.

3- Role of FAW
 Find out about the EPI (place, date, calendar, illnesses, etc.);
 Sensitize the community;
 Make yourself available to the vaccination teams;
 Help with the organization (registration, orientation etc.);
 Ensure that appointment dates are respected.

CHAPTER VI: DIET, MALNUTRITION AND BREASTFEEDING

1- Definition
Diet : it is the consumption of nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the body;
Malnutrition: it is the lack of a balanced diet;

26
 Breastfeeding: it is the feeding of the baby at the breast.

2- Types of food
We can quote here:
 Growth foods (animal and vegetable proteins);
 Energy foods (lipids and carbohydrates);
 Protective foods (vitamins, mineral salts, dietary fibers).

3- Causes of malnutrition
Poverty – starvation – eating habits – lack of a balanced diet – ignorance – the situation of conflicts and
disasters.
4- Consequences of malnutrition
These are diseases such as beriberi, vitamin deficiency, kwashiorkor etc… in the extreme case, death can
occur if nothing is done.

5- Benefits of Breastfeeding
It is a complete food. It is free, available, and protective.
6- Role of FAW
- Raise public awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding;
- Raise awareness of the benefits of a balanced diet;
- Show the consequences of malnutrition.

CHAPTER VII: EPIDEMICS

The main purpose of this chapter is to provide simple notions to Volunteers on what they should know, what
they should do and what not to do in the event of epidemics, so that the movement in general and the CRC
in particular will no longer record deaths of Volunteers.

1- Definition
Epidemic: it is a disease that affects a very large number of people in a given region and over a period of
time. (Cholera, meningitis…etc.);
Endemic: it is a disease which prevails permanently in a given region.

Pandemic: it is the spread of a disease across a continent.

2- Role of VS in the event of a general epidemic

 Encourage vaccination, breastfeeding, food hygiene and the use of well-maintained latrines;
 Inform those around you of the presence of an epidemic and of the respect of food hygiene rules;
 Keep healthy people, especially children away from disease;
 Provide first aid, localize places at risk in the locality in order to break the chains of transmission.

a- Cholera

Cholera is a deadly diarrhoeal disease due to loss of water. Cholera is caused by poor environmental hygiene,
water and food.

Cholera is manifested by:

• Diarrhea (watery stools like rice, more than 4 times a day);
• Profuse vomiting;

27
• Rapid weakening (extreme fatigue of the patient due to massive water loss: dehydration).
Cholera can be caught by drinking contaminated water, eating contaminated food and if we do not wash our
hands after being in contact with the patient's stools and vomiting.
In case of cholera:
- Keep calm and don't panic;
- Give plenty of water to drink to the patient (water, tea, ORS, SSS);
- Continue to breastfeed the infant;
- Take the patient to the nearest health center or to the cholera antenna.

To prevent cholera, it's necessary to :

- Wash hands with clean water and soap before preparing or eating;
- Boil water before drinking;
- Thoroughly wash and cook food;
- Disinfect and cover latrines;
- Using latrines to defecate;
- Properly store food and drinking water;
- Wash kitchen utensils with hot water and soap and store well;
- Develop and protect water points.

b- Meningitis
It is a seasonal, contagious and fatal disease caused by a bacterium called Meningococcus, contracted due
to poor environmental hygiene in the dry season, indirect contact via soiled objects, and direct contact with
the patient’s secretions.
signs: headaches, stiff neck, convulsions, fever, diarrhea and vomiting etc... The VS must be calm, observe
the rules of hygiene, give first aid in case of fever and protect themselves in order to evacuate the victim
while respecting the head-neck-trunk axis.

c- Typhoid

It is a contagious, serious and fatal disease, caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, contracted due
to the consumption of contaminated water, poor environmental and food hygiene.
signs: headache and stomach ache, vague eyes, dizziness, insomnia, persistent fever, body aches, vomiting…
The volunteer must avoid self-medication, advise compliance with hygiene rules, particularly those
concerning water, give fist aid in the event of fever and evacuate to a health centre.

d- EBOLA hemorrhagic fever

It is a very serious, contagious and fatal disease caused by the EBOLA virus. It has neither vaccine nor
treatment; nevertheless, we can protect ourselves and others. This virus is contracted through the
consumption of dead and soiled animals, direct contact with the patient’s secretions, contact with soiled
objects and linens.
signs: persistent fever which is later complicated by generalized haemorrhage, vomiting and diarrhoea.
The volunteer must protect himself before any exercise, isolate the patient without abandoning him, alert
about the disease, bury at least 8M in the event of death and without washing the remains, disinfect the
environment where the patient was.

CHAPTER VIII: DRUG ADDICTION

1- Definition

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 Addiction : the habit of using one or more substances that may lead to a state of psychological or physical
dependence;
Smoking: chronic tobacco intoxication;
Alcoholism: abuse of alcoholic beverages ;
Blood alcohol content : quantity of alcohol contained in a liter of blood;
Drug: substance that can modify the state of consciousness.

2- Consequences
 Balance disorder;
 High sensitivity to glare;
 Reduced visual field;
 Appears to diminish the faculties of choice and reasoning;
 Increased reaction time;
 Weakening of the organism;
 Factors contributing to a number of diseases (cardiovascular disease).

3- Role of FAW
- Raising awareness on drug use;
- Raising awareness on the harmful effects of tobacco and alcoholism;
- Keep children away from smokers;
- Raising awareness of the need to practice sport regularly.

CHAPTER IX: STIs / HIV-AIDS

A. STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

1. Definition
These are diseases contracted through unprotected sex with an infected person.

2. Some common STDs: Gonococcal disease – Syphilis – Chlamydia – Chancroid – Cockscomb –

Trichomonas – Candidiasis – Hepatitis B – Genital herpes – AIDS.

3. Mode of transmission
In the majority of cases :

- Sexual pathway;
- By blood transfusion;
- From mother to child (during pregnancy or childbirth);
- Contact with soiled objects.
4. Prevention

- Organize IEC/CCC campaigns;

- Avoid sexual vagrancy;
- Abstain;
- Use condoms
B. HIV/AIDS
1. Definitions

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus

29
 AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes. It is characterized by a deficiency/failure of the immune system
which facilitates opportunistic infections.
Seropositivity: it is the state of a person whose blood contains specific anti bodies, which may or may not cause
disease.
Seronegativity: this is the state of a person whose anti bodies are not detected.
Seroconversion or window period: period between contamination and the appearance of antibodies in the blood.

2. Mode of transmission
Use of soiled objects by the patient, See STDs

3. Prevention
See STDs

4. Role of the FAW

- IEC
- Psychosocial support to the patient;
- Protect yourself before handling;
- Keep the secret ;
- Encourage screening;
- Solidarity with PLWHA
- Avoid stigma and discrimination

CHAPTER X: ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, PREVENTIVE EDUCATION

AGAINST SEXUAL ABUSE

A. ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH (ARH)

1. Definitions

Adolescence : it is the age range between child and adult characterized by physical, physiological and psychological
changes.
Reproduction: it is the process by which human beings perpetuate themselves. It is procreation in other words.
Health : see Module III Title I
ARH: it is a set of facts that contribute to safeguard the sexual health of adolescents and to ensure that they can
reproduce well.
2. When and how to talk about it?
From the beginning of the manifestation of certain secondary sexual characteristics in the adolescent.

3. Changes that occur during adolescence

a. For girls
- Pubic hair,
- Developed breasts
- Narrow shoulders
- Wide hips and pelvis
- High-pitched voice
- Menstruation or period

30
 b. For boys
- Pubic hair
- Chin beard
- Broad shoulders
- Narrow pelvis
- Change of voice
- Possibility of night ejaculation

4. Contraceptive methods
It is the set of tools and techniques that make it possible to avoid unwanted pregnancies, namely:

- Condoms
- Pills
- Withdrawal method (Coitus interruptus)
- Abstinence
- IUD
- Hormone injections...
5. Forms of sexual expression

- Homosexuality;
- Heterosexuality;
- Bisexuality;
- Zoo sexuality;
- Transvestites…

B. PREGNANCY
1. Definition

It is the development of the ovum fertilized by the sperm over a period of about nine months (270-280 days). This
is the period from fertilization to childbirth.
2. Common signs

- Absence of menses
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headaches
- Drowsiness
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Increase in breast size

3. Calculation of DDR and DPA

DDR = Date of last menstrual period
DPA = Probable date of delivery
DPA = DDR + 9 months +10 days
NB: The average cycle length is 28 days

31
 4. Role of the first aid volunteer
Information, Education, Communication (IEC) / Behavior Change Communication (BCC)
5. Preventive education against Sexual abuse
a. Definition

Sexual abuse is when a young or adult individual subjects another to sexual activity without their consent.

b. Types of Sexual Abuse

 Pedophilia: This is the sexual behavior of an individual who experiences sexual contact with children. →sexual abuse
and disorders.
 Incest: It is the practice of sexual intercourse with 2 people from the same family or involving a responsible adult or
parental figure.
 Kisses and inappropriate gestures: indecent touching and staring.
 Pimping: The unlawful act of exploiting a person to make money
 Sexual harassment : forcing on a person to do an act without their consent.
c. Perpetrators of sexual abuse
- The abusers (rapists)
- A classmate
- A service colleague
- A relative (a family member)
- A person with sexual disorders (mentally ill)
- A person the victim trusts
- A person who does not require any mistrust in the entourage.

d. Predisposing factors (causes)

- Poverty
- alcoholism
- parental resignation
- Magico-religious factors
- Orgies
- The perversity of sexuality
- bad company
- clothing
- Promiscuity
- Loosening of morals
e. The consequences of sexual abuse
- Unwanted pregnancies
- Bodily harm
- Vaginal or anal lesions
- Abdominal pain
- On a psychological level:school failure, breakdown of family solidarity, cases of suicide; shame.
f. Sexual Abuse Prevention

- Develop in the life of the child a climate of security to develop a mental, social, psychological and religious spirit (the
fear of God is the beginning of wisdom)

32
 - Encourage the child to talk to his parents
- Teach the child to be satisfied with what he has
- Monitoring of items offered by parents
- Avoid exposing the child to pornographic literature
- Monitoring the girl's intimate hygiene

g. Management of sexual abuse

- Listening and dialogue
- Keep the victim away from the perpetrator
- Refer the victim to psychological or psychosocial support
- Seek support from the abuser
- Help the victim to forgive
- Reassure of support
• Medical consultation if penetration
• Diagnosis and medical prescription
NB: Denounce all sexual abusers

33
 MODULE IV:

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

34
 CHAPTER I:GENERAL

The term "disaster management" means all the measures taken and activities carried out to prevent the
occurrence of a disaster, minimize the effects caused and restore the way of life of the victims. In other
words, it is the organization that takes place before, during and after a disaster in order to reduce its
impact on the life, health and well-being of those affected or exposed. It is also the set of mechanisms,
programs, projects or operations that contribute to minimizing risks, reducing vulnerabilities,
increasing the capacities of affected people and restoring their way of life.

Thus, disaster management is a system which consistutes a circle of which the main steps are;
Preparedness, Response and Rehabilitation.

1- Definitions of some terms

Risk: qualifies all of the expected or anticipated losses following the impact of a given hazard on an
exposed element over a period of time. Example: human, material and agro-pastoral losses.
Danger: it is the possibility of a natural phenomenon occuring within a defined period of time and in
a given geographical area, and which may adversely affect human existence, property or activities to
the point of causing a disaster.
Example: a dam or a dyke built in a community constitutes a danger to the downstream population if
it breaks.
Vulnerability: degree to which people are exposed to loss, damage, suffering and death in a given
situation.
Example: epidemiological diseases that occur during or after a disaster make this community vulnerable.
Calamity: A great misfortune or event that affects the population with disastrous consequences. On a
large scale, it is considered a disaster.
Scourge: Like calamity, it is a great disaster with harmful consequences.
Example: Smoking, alcoholism, use of drugs and other narcotics, HIV/AIDS, sexual vagrancy,
depravity of morals, ...
Capacities: these are the qualities and resources that an individual or community can use and develop
to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the effects of a hazard.
Disaster: It is an extreme disturbance or disruption of the functioning of a society that results to
significant human, material or environment losses, and which the affected society cannot cope with its
own resources alone. In order words, it is the sum of danger and risk over vulnerability.

2- Classification of disasters
a) Natural disasters
They are caused by the forces of nature.

Example: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, gas emissions, tsunamis, etc.

b) Man-made disasters
They are the result of human action. We can cite:
 Technological origin: factory explosions, plane crashes, fires, derailments, etc.
 Sociological origin: wars, inter-ethnic conflicts, economic blockade etc…

3- Risk areas

35
 These are areas in which disasters can occur; such as near lakes, airports, seas, roads, factories, etc.

CHAPTER II: PREPAREDNESS

1- Definition
Preparedness is the sum of the activities or measures taken to avoid a disaster or reduce its impact on the
community.

2- Activities
• Identification of potential risk areas;
• Assessment of community vulnerabilities and capacities;
• Raising community awareness of the risks and behaviors to adopt;
• Establishment and dissemination of maps of risk areas;
• Establishment of an early warning system (SAP);
• Strengthening of existing capacities (infrastructure, security, training, materials and equipment, etc.);
• Simulation exercise;
• Mobilization of human, material, logistical and financial resources;
• Pre-positioning of material resources;
• Training and retraining in first aid.
• Advocacy with leaders and decision-makers
• Advocacy with donors for the purpose of establishing an Emergency Action Plan (PAU) or contingency
plan (set of measures that can be taken before the onset of a disaster to reduce human suffering and improve
the response. Its objective is to reduce the impact of a disaster on the community, improve the effects of the
intervention, save the greatest number of people. Its organization involves setting up an emergency plan
internally as an implementation of resources.). The emergency plan can be of the type Emergency
Organization (ORSEC) under the direction of the MINADT/DPC and the involvement of other
stakeholders; Particular Intervention Plan (PPI); Red Plan (PR); Specialized Rescue Plan (PSS); Internal
Organization Plan (POI).

NB: emergency plans are adopted according to the control of the type of risk and the location.

CHAPTER III: THE RESPONSE

1- Definition
The term "response" to a disaster refers to all the measures taken to deal with a disaster in order to save the
greatest number of victims.
2- Activities
• Alert,
• Regrouping,
• Assign responsibilities to each stakeholder in the chain;
• Assessment and mobilization of resources;
• The establishment of a rescue chain;
• Monitoring;

36
REMARKS: in the event of a disaster, everyone in the chain is involved and everyone has their representative
on the disaster management committee.

Relative emergency
pickup (UR)
Site of the PMA/ sorting station Evacuation
disaster Absolute emergency
(UA)

deceased

Example of a simple rescue chain

3- Activities
- Intervention plan ;
- Sorting Service;
- First Aid ;
- Evacuation.
CHAPTER IV: REHABILITATION

1- Definition

Rehabilitation is the set of measures taken to remedy the effects of a disaster in order to return to normal.
2- Activities
 Promote coping strategies (promotion of Income Generating Activities
(AGR)…);
 Ensuring socio-economic reintegration (resettlement, restoration of lifestyles, etc.);
 Psychosocial support;
 Ensuring RFL
 Evaluation.

CHAPTER V: RESTORING FAMILY LINKS (RFL)

1- Definition

RFL is the set of activities that aim to alleviate the pain of separation from loved ones due to a disaster (war,
earthquake, floods...). In other words, it is about re-establishing and maintaining contact between people
who have been separated and, if possible, reuniting them. RFL is also implemented in situations of
migration.
2- Activities
o Organization of exchanges of family news;
o Search for separated and/or missing persons;
o Registration and follow-up of people (children, adults), in order to prevent their disappearance and to be
able to inform their families;
o Family reunification and support for possible repatriation or resettlement;
o Collection, management and transmission of information related to deceased persons;
o Promoting and supporting the establishment of the mechanism to shed light on the fate of missing ones.

37
 3- RFL targets
- ENA (Unaccompanied Child): person under the age of 18 who, due to a disaster, finds himself separated
from his family and is not under the supervision of an adult.
- ES (Separated Child): person under the age of 18 who, due to a disaster, finds himself under the
responsibility of an adult other than the one before the event.
- And any other person who has been separated following a disaster.
4- RFL tools

- Red Cross Messages (MCR);

- Research Requests (DR);
- Good News Cards (CBN);
- Back to Sender (BTS);
- The telephone ;
- The internet network.

5- Role of FAW

• Registration of beneficiaries taking into account the most vulnerable cases;

• Collection and distribution of documents (MCR, DR, BTS, CBN);
• Psychological support ;
• Reunification of separated people.

6- Sensors
It consist of verifying the conformity of the documents.
Documents of RLF should not have the following elements
- Biblical or Coranic textes ;
- Elements of war or politics ;
- Public rely element.
For more information on the RLF, visit the website www.familylinks.icrc.org

38
 LIST OF DIFFERENT PRACTICALS IN THE FIRST AID TRAINING PROGRAM

1. EMERGENCY TURNS
• Head turn 6. BANDAGES
a. Special bandages
• Feet turn
• Simple bandage
2. EMERGENCY PULL • Spiral bandage
• Emergency Ankle pull • Cross bandage
• Emergency Wrists pull b. Specific bandages
• Emergency Armpit pull • Of a finger
• Car Release • Of the hand: palm and backhand
• Release in a gas confined room • Of a limb
• Of a joint
3. BLEEDING CONTROL • Of the head
• Direct manual compression
• Of the ankle
• Compression bandage
• Of the entire hand / foot
• Distance compression:
 Sub-clavian compression point 7. IMMOBILIZATION
 Arm compression point A. NATURAL IMMOBILIZATION
• Jaw bone or Mandible
 Groin fold compression point
• Forearm or simple scarf
4. RESUSCITATION • Arm or triangular scarf
• LVA (airways release) • Shoulder or oblique scarf
• VA Artificial ventilation (mouth to • Ankle
mouth; mouth to nose; mouth to mouth + • Thigh
nose)
• Leg
• MOFERSON's method
• Collarbone or Clavicle
• HEIMLICH method
• CPR Cardo-Pulmonary Resuscitation: B. WITH SPLINTS
one and two rescuers • Forearm
• Leg
5. WRAP UP
• Thigh
• Head (forehead) or front beanie
• Head (nape of the neck) or back beanie C. LAYING AND IMMOBILIZATION ON A
• Hand / Foot HARD PLANE
• Chest
8. RESTING POSITION
• Abdomen
• Lateral Safety Position (PLS)
• Buttock
• Shock Position
• Elbow / Knee (joints)
• Injured abdomen Position
• Shoulder/hip.
• Injured chest Position or half sitting position
• Limb

39
 9. LIFTING METHODS
• Single bridge
• Ameliorated bridge
• Dutch Bridge
• Spoon lifting

10. STRETCHING
• With two rescuers
• With three rescuers
• With four simple rescuers
• With four shouldered
• With obstacle
-Crossable
- Narrow
- Climbing and descending stairs

11. IMPROVISED TRANSPORTS

• Two-three and four handed seat carry,
• Chamois
• Rauteck (Simple and ameliorated)
• Torchette

12. SUMMARY EXAMINATION

• Conscious victim
• Unconscious victim
• Victim with impaired consciousness

40