Question E Answers Marks Additional Guidance
1 (a) self-pollination, occurs within same flower / between
flowers of same plant ;
cross-pollination, occurs between flowers on different
plants ; 2
(b) wastage of pollen ; A idea of pollen does not reach a stigma
wastage of energy ;
explanation ;
depends on presence of pollinator ;
need a pollinating / other, plant (nearby) ;
long time for next generation to develop ;
seeds scattered to places where they cannot grow ;
variation leads to plants that are not adapted to place
where parents grow / seeds end up ; max 4
(c) round RR
wrinkled rr ; 1
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d)
1
cross phenotype of seeds in the seed pods ratio of round to
round seeds wrinkled seeds wrinkled seeds
1 pure bred for round seeds x 1:0
pure bred for wrinkled seeds
2 offspring of cross 1 self 3:1 ;
pollinated
3 offspring of cross 1 x pure 1:0 ;
bred for round seeds
4 offspring of cross 1 x pure 1:1 ;
bred for wrinkled seeds
3
(e) controlled by (a) gene alone ;
limited number / two, (pheno)types ; A (just) two types / round & wrinkled
no intermediates ; max 1
(f) 1 colonisation / spread to new areas ;
2 where might be able to grow better ;
3 better (named) condition(s) ; light / water / minerals / CO2 / space
4 less competition ;
5 less (chance of) disease ;
6 idea that allows breeding with wider variety of e.g. bigger gene pool / more alleles /
e.
plants;
7 AVP ; max 3 e.g. Some survive a localized disaster /
e.
[Total: 14]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Question E Answers Marks Additional Guidance
2 (a) loss of water vapour ; accept evaporation
from, leaves / stems / aerial parts / through stomata ; accept diffusion through stomata
[2]
(b) water moves from high(er) water potential to low(er)
water potential ;
by osmosis ;
through partially permeable membrane ;
ref to protein pores ; [max 3]
(c) feature plus explanation a mark can be awarded if the feature is not linked to an
explanation or the explanation is incomplete or incorrect
no leaves ;
less surface for / reduce, transpiration / loss of water ; each explanation must be linked to a feature, no mark for an
explanation alone
swollen / AW, stem ;
stores water ;
spines ;
protect against, herbivores / being eaten ;
ridged stem ;
allows stem to swell when water available ;
upright shape ;
reduce surface area for absorption of heat (at mid day) [2 + 2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 (d) allowing to survive
no / less, water (vapour) lost ;
by transpiration / diffusion ;
can survive, in dry areas / with shortage of water from
the soil / with little rainfall ;
open at night when cool without much loss of water ;
limits growth
cannot absorb carbon dioxide during the day ;
carbon dioxide diffuses through stomata ;
needed / raw material, for photosynthesis ;
only happens when light available ;
therefore little food (for growth) ;
transpiration cools plants ;
may overheat (during the day) ;
ref to denaturation of, proteins / enzymes ;
slower, reactions / metabolism / AW ;
AVP ; [max 4]
[Total: 13]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Question E Answers Marks Additional Guidance
3 (a) (gives) variation / diversity ; R ‘varied species’ (plural)
ref to, alleles / genes / DNA, from different, plants /
idea that increased chance for mutations to be expressed ;
allows adaptation to, new conditions / changed
environment / AW ;
allows evolution to occur ;
prevents inbreeding ;
ref to disease resistance ; [max 3]
(b) (i) A – ovary / ovary wall ; R pod
B – pollen tube ;
C – zygote ;
D – radicle / embryonic root ; accept embryo once only for D or E
E – cotyledon / seed leaf ; [5]
(ii) mitosis ; [1]
(c) (male / female) gametes are not all identical ;
female gametes are not fertilised by identical male nuclei ;
gametes are produced by meiosis ;
meiosis gives rise to variation ;
pollen grains come from different plants ; [max 2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 (d) some seeds not, viable / AW ;
some remain dormant ;
no water available ;
no soil ;
no minerals / no nutrients ;
too cold / too hot ; A extremes of temperature
not enough light ;
ref to competition with other plants ;
eaten by animals ; [max 3]
[Total: 14]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (a) (i) transport of oxygen [1]
(ii) amino acids [1] A polypeptides, haem
(iii) iron / Fe / Fe2+ [1]
(b)
(b) fewer red blood cells Ig ref to malaria
2 less elastic / less flexible / sickle-shaped, red blood cells
3 haemoglobin is abnormal shape
4 haemoglobin / blood, less efficient at transporting oxygen
5 less respiration
6 less energy / fatigues / exhaustion / less active /
feeling faint / breathlessness
7 death of tissues linked to oxygen supply
8 capillaries are blocked
9 pain
10 ‘sickle cell crisis’
11 slow / poor, growth
12 susceptible to infections
13 reduced life span
14 AVP e.g. problems in pregnancy, kidney disease [max 3]
(c) 1 malaria is common in Africa
2 people who are, heterozygous / HbAHbS
3 have, sickle cell trait / mild sickle cell Mpt 4 R immune
4 protected / AW, against malaria
5 description of sickle cells are less prone to infection
6 HbS continues to appear due to selective advantage / AW [max 3] A description of selection
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 (d) HbA is dominant / HbS is recessive / (both) parents are, carriers / Note:
heterozygous Ig incorrect text if genetic diagram is correct
HbAHbS x HbAHbS ECF for Mpt 2 and 3 in diagram key.
HbA, HbS + HbA , HbS Mpt 3 linked to correct derivation in Mpt 2
(HbAHbA , HbAHbS, HbAHbS) HbSHbS
do not allow genotypes for parents or children that
[max 3] are single alleles
(e) 1 ref to (ionising) radiation A e.g. of radiation e.g. gamma rays
2 causes / increased risk, mutation
3 change to DNA / genes
[max 2]
[Total: 14]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
