Citation Guide

Citations

Citations are formal statements describing where you

received your information from. Citations do two things:
They give credit to the person, group of people, or
organization who created that information; and
They display your academic and research integrity to
respecting others' work.
Source: https://libguides.lindsey.edu/citations
 Citations
There are four main components to a citation:
WHO created the This is the source's author(s). E.g., Stephen King, James
information? Patterson and Dolly Parton, Smithsonian, US Congress,
etc.
WHEN was the information This can be the publication, revision, or updated date.
created? *Do Not use time, only date.* E.g., 2018; Sept 14, 1998;
Apr 2003
WHAT is the title of the Everything has a title - Book chapters, Articles,
information? Webpages, Social media posts, etc.
WHERE is the information Journal issue number, Book edition, Page numbers,
from? Website name, URL, Retrieval date, etc.
 Citations
Other components citations may include, but are not limited to:

Editor(s)
Journal / Book name
Journal / Book volume number
DOIs - Digital Object Identifiers (it's like a social security number for
certain publications)
Access Date
Citations

Not every citation will include every component.

It depends on the resource you obtained
information from. For example, a physical book
will not have a URL, but an eBook will.
 Citation Styles
APA = American Psychological Association

This citation style is frequently used in many subject disciplines like

nursing, English, social sciences, psychology, and even engineering.
The current edition is the 7th edition, so make sure that
you format your citations in the appropriate edition format that
your instructor or professor requests.

Source: https://libguides.lindsey.edu/citations/apa
MLA = Modern Language Association

This citation style is typically used in the humanities, but can be used in other subject areas.
The current edition is the 9th edition, so make sure you format your citations in the appropriate edition format that your instructor or professor requests.

Citation Styles

What is APA Style?

MLA = Modern Language Association
This citation style is typically used in the humanities, but can be used
in other subject areas.
The current edition is the 9th edition, so make sure you format your
citations in the appropriate edition format reuired of you

Source: https://libguides.lindsey.edu/citations/mla
 Citation Styles
Chicago = Chicago Manual of Style

This citation style is also commonly used around the world.

Disciplines that typically use it are arts, humanities, and history, but
many other disciplines use Chicago. Supposedly, it is the oldest
citation style in use, with a history spanning more than 100 years.
The current edition is the 17th edition, so make sure you format your
citations in the appropriate edition format.

Source: https://libguides.lindsey.edu/citations/chicago
 Reference List: Books

A basic reference list entry for an e-book that you have retrieved from a Library database (with no
DOI)* in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
 Book title (in italics).
 Edition (in round brackets), if other than first.
 Publisher.
 DOI. Include a DOI for all works that have one, regardless of whether you used the online version or
print version.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Books
 Reference List: Books

Example: Fletcher, D. P. (2018). Disrupters: Success strategies for women who break the mold.
Entrepreneur Press.

*IMPORTANT: An e-book retrieved from an academic database that does not have a DOI is
referenced as though it were the print version.
Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Books
 Reference List: Journal Articles

A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
 Article title.
 Journal title (in italics).
 Volume of journal (in italics).

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
 Reference List: Journal Articles

A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:
 Issue number of journal in round brackets (no italics).
 Page range of article.
 DOI or URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
 Reference List: Journal Articles

Example:
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health Care, 26(8), 34-42.
https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7JournalArticles
 Reference List: Reports and Grey Literature

The basics of a reference list entry for a report

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials. The Author may be a government
or corporate entity.
 Year
 Title of report (In italics. Include the report number in brackets where relevant)
 Publisher information (if the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher)
 DOI or URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7ReportsGreyLiterature#s-lg-box-wrapper-24941454
 Reference List: Reports and Grey Literature

Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Childhood education and care (No.
4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4402.0Main+Features1June%202017?Open
Document

https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7ReportsGreyLiterature#s-lg-box-wrapper-24941454
 Reference List: Reports and Grey Literature

 Grey literature is defined by GreyNet International (2019) as "multiple document types

produced on all levels of government, academics, business, and organization in electronic
and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing i.e. where publishing is not the
primary activity of the producing body" ("GreyNet's business report" section, para. 2).
 Grey literature includes a variety of different reports, including government, technical and
research reports, as well as press releases, codes of ethics, grants, and policy and issues
briefs (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 329).

https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7ReportsGreyLiterature#s-lg-box-wrapper-24941454
 Reference List: Newspaper Articles

The basics of a reference list entry for a newspaper article retrieved online
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year and publication date.
 Article title.
 Newspaper title (in italics).
 Page number (if available).
 URL
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Newspapers
 Reference List: Newspaper Articles

Example:
Spring, A., & Earl, C. (2018, May 22). ‘Just not blond’: How the diversity push is failing Australian
fashion. The Guardian: Australia Edition.https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/may/22/just-not-
blonde-how-the-diversity-push-is-failing-australian-fashion

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Newspapers
 Reference List: Social Media

Use your judgment in citing social media sources. Remember that what you cite should have scholarly
relevance.
 The basics of a reference list entry for a Tweet
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Twitter handle (username) in [square brackets].
 Year and date, e.g. (2020, January 21)
 Title (in italics). Use the content of the Tweet up to the first 20 words.
 Description of any attached audiovisuals in [square brackets], where relevant.
 Description of format in [square brackets], for e.g. [Tweet]
 Social media site name, e.g. Twitter
 URL.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7 spaces.

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7SocialMedia
 Reference List: Social Media

Example:
https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7SocialMediaSpeech Pathology Aus
[@SpeechPathAus]. (2017, August 20). Communication is a human right, yet barriers to communication
accessibility still exist. How can you help? #SPweek goo.gl/xmWQNL [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/SpeechPathAus/status/899167896164864001
 Reference List: Webpages

Example:
Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised early
intervention in psychosis services. IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this-
way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-intervention-in-psychosis-services/

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Webpages
 Reference List: Webpages

 Please note:
 Include author(s) name for webpage references where possible. An author may be a
corporate body or organisation responsible for creating, producing or publishing a
webpage.
 Where there is no identifiable author or authoring body, use the title of the webpage.
 Some webpages will have a 'last updated' date, use this only if it is clearly related to
the content you are citing, not if it applies to the whole website. Otherwise use 'n.d.'
for 'no date'.

Source: https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Webpages
 This presentation contains discussion and examples of common materials that should
be cited (both in text and reference) in different written materials.
 If you need to cite other types of materials, visit the link below for more discussions
and examples:
https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7Books
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/resources.html
Thank you for listening! 😉