Annexure A

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Mrs. Gauri Thor, Aakanksha Vedpathak, Sanchita Bansode,
Mangesh Kathe From Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic college having Enrollment No
2100560108,2100560132, 2100560179, 2100560210 has completed Project Planning Report
having title SmartCane in group consisting of 4 candidate under the guidance of the Faculty
Guide.

Name and Signature of Guide: Name and Signature of HOD:

 CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE INDUSTRY OR USER

BASED PROBLEM

1.1 Motivation

The motivation for developing a smart stick for blind individuals stems from the need
to enhance their mobility, safety, and independence. Traditional canes, while helpful,
provide limited feedback about the surroundings. By integrating sensors and audio
alerts, the smart stick aims to detect obstacles, guide users, and reduce risks in real-
time. This affordable and user-friendly solution is designed to empower visually
impaired individuals, improving their confidence and fostering inclusion in daily life.

1.2 Background
• Global Prevalence of Visual Impairment: According to the WHO, over 2
billion people globally have a vision impairment, with millions relying on
mobility aids for daily navigation.
• Challenges with Traditional Canes: Standard white canes are effective for
detecting obstacles directly in the user’s path but fail to provide information
about elevated or distant hazards.
• Technological Advancements: Innovations in sensors, IoT, and compact
electronics have made it possible to create assistive devices that provide more
comprehensive environmental awareness.
• Existing Assistive Devices: Some advanced solutions exist but are often
expensive, bulky, or lack wide accessibility, limiting their adoption.
• Growing Demand for Inclusion: With an increasing emphasis on inclusive
technology, there is a need for tools that empower visually impaired individuals
to live more independently.
• Potential Impact: A smart stick can bridge the gap between traditional tools
and modern needs by integrating real-time obstacle detection, navigation
assistance, and user-friendly design.

PC Polytechnic, Department of Computer Engineering

1.2 Need

• Blind individuals face significant challenges in navigating safely and

independently.
• Traditional white canes provide limited feedback and require extensive practice.
• Urban spaces are becoming more crowded and complex, increasing navigation
difficulties.
• A smart stick with sensors and audio feedback can enhance safety by detecting
obstacles in real-time.
• It can improve autonomy, confidence, and quality of life for visually impaired
individuals.
• There is a critical need for affordable and user-friendly solutions to address
these challenges.

PC Polytechnic, Department of Computer Engineering

 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY FOR PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
AND SPECIFICATION

We read the following two papers from ResearchGate websites for reference which are
related to Blind Guide Device System. Their abstracts are mentioned below.
Development of an Ultrasonic Cane as a Navigation Aid for the Blind People.
The current study deals with the development of an ultrasonic based cane for the
navigation of the blind persons. The developed cane is able to detect both aerial and
ground obstacle s and pothole s (drop-off). The ultrasonic signals are acquired in the
Arduino microcontroller, classified and control signals are gene rated. The control
signals are transmitted wirelessly to the receiving device, kept in the shoulder pocket.
The receiving device consists of another Arduino microcontroller which triggers 3
speaker panel (worn around the chest) and 3 LED pane l. The device works in the
range of 5-150 cm and may be used as a navigational aid for the blind persons.[2]

Infrasonic Sound-Based Obstacle Detection System for the Visually Impaired.

In this research we will employ infrasonic sound to improve the ability of blind persons
to identify obstacles that comes in its way at the distance ranging from 2 to 3.5 meters.
The infrasonic detection for the visually impaired people is a complicated procedure,
now we will simply discuss the obstacle finding mechanism in this article. The project
uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller, infrasonic sensors, a buzzer powered by 5 volts,
a vibrator, burning Arduino cable and a few connecting wires. On a cap that the blind
people will wear all of this arrangement will be placed. High frequency sound is
emitted by the infrasonic emitter picked up by the infrasonic receiver after reflecting
off of the obstruction and then transmitted to the processor for additional required
activity in the form of sound and vibration.[1]

PC Polytechnic, Department of Computer Engineering

Description
There are below Objective
• This obstacle detector makes impaired people independent of other. Who
depends totally on other for their life activities.
• Due to their complete reliance on other people obstacle identification and
detection is a key goal for electronic mobility aids for the unsighted person.
• This device has been developed in order to enhance the independent mobility of
blind individuals.

Application:
• used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider
robot, path finding robot etc.
• used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm
• can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it
• depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can
penetrate through water

Advantages
• Mobility and Independence
• Affordable and Low Maintenance
• Enhanced Safety
• Versatile Usage
• Legal Recognition

Disadvantages

• Limited Detection
• Physical Strain

PC Polytechnic, Department of Computer Engineering

 CHAPTER 3

DETAILED METHODOLOFY OF SOLVING THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEM

WITH ACTION PLAN

Description of Components:

Major Components used in project –

(a) Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller. The board has sets of digital and analog input/output pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards and other circuits. The Arduino UNO has 14
digital I/O pins, 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. In our project we insert the code in
Arduino using Arduino Programming language.

I.1
Arduino uno
Specifications:

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(b) Piezo Buzzer

A piezo buzzer is a type of electronic device that's used to produce a tone, alarm or sound. A
piezo buzzer differs from a magnetic buzzer in that it is driven by a voltage rather than a
current.
We have used this buzzer in our project as an alarm, till the whole gas has gone. The buzzer
starts ringing as soon as the obstacle is detected.

Buzzer Features and Specifications

Rated Voltage: 6V DC
Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
Rated current: <30mA
Sound Type: Continuous Beep
Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz
Breadboard and Perf board friendly.

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(c) Ultrasonic Sensor
It either produces or detects ultrasound energy. It is capable of measuring distance and
locating objects without physically touching them. Transceivers, receivers, and transmitters are
three subsets that they can be divided into. The range can vary depending on the sensor and
object characteristics.

(d) Arduino To Laptop Connector

Using a USB cable and port, it connects an Arduino board to a laptop or PC ( this is the port
closer to the DC power connector). Choose the serial port of duty from the tool menu (Arduino
due programming port).

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(e) Male/Female Jumper Wires

(f) Breadboard
A breadboard (sometimes called a plugblock) is used for building temporary circuits. It is useful
to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.
Breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable.
The breadboard acts as a junction point in the circuit and makes the connections simple.

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 II. Working Principle:

The infrasonic sensor is made up of two components an infrasonic emitter and a receiver. With
the help a power supply that powers all components, the emitter part will continuously emit
infrasonic sound, which will be reflected from any obstacles it encounters.
It will arrive at the receiver after consideration. If the range is three meters, the receiver will
only pick up the infrasound that has been reflected.
However, if the obstruction is more than three meters away, only receiver will get the signal,
and our suggested device won’t react to it.
When a signal is received, the internal circuit converts it into an electric pulse before sending it
to the Arduino processor. The obstacle’s distance is computed using the Arduino code we
wrote.
If the obstacle is farther away than 3 meters the signals are ignored and no further action is
taken. If the obstacle is closer than 3 meters the signals are processed for further action and a
pulse is generated to disturb the buzzer and cause it to make sound.
The buzzer’s output changes depending on the instructions given by the Arduino processor.

III. Schematics of the Project: