Matrices - Practical File
Name:
Class: 12
Roll Number:
Subject Teacher's Name:
Session:
Index
1. Introduction to Matrices - Page 3
2. Types of Matrices - Page 4
3. Matrix Operations - Page 5
4. Transpose and Inverse - Page 6
5. Applications of Matrices - Page 7
6. Determinants - Page 8
7. Solving Systems of Equations - Page 9
8. Conclusion - Page 10
Introduction to Matrices
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
Notation: A matrix is usually denoted by capital letters, e.g., A, B, C, etc.
Example:
[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]
Order of a Matrix: m x n (rows × columns)
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix: [1 2 3]
2. Column Matrix:
[1]
[2]
[3]
3. Square Matrix: [1 2]
[3 4]
4. Diagonal Matrix: Non-zero only on main diagonal.
5. Identity Matrix: Diagonal elements = 1.
Matrix Operations
1. Addition: A + B = [6 8]
[10 12]
2. Scalar Multiplication: Multiply each element by scalar.
3. Matrix Multiplication: Defined only if cols(A) = rows(B).
Transpose and Inverse
Transpose: Interchange rows and
columns. If A = [1 2]
[3 4], then A^T = [1 3]
[2 4]
Inverse: For 2x2 matrix A = [a b]
[c d], A^-1 = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b]
[-c a].
Applications of Matrices
1. Representing systems of linear equations.
2. Computer graphics and image transformations.
3. Cryptography and encoding information.
4. Economics and solving linear programming problems.
Determinants
Definition: A scalar value associated with square matrices.
Example: For A = [a b]
[c d], det(A) = ad - bc.
Properties: Switching rows changes determinant sign. If all elements in a row/column
are zero, determinant = 0.
Solving Systems of Equations
Cramer's Rule: Solve systems of equations using
determinants. Example: Solve 2x + 3y = 5, 4x + 6y = 10
using matrices.
Matrix form: AX = B, where A is coefficient matrix, X is variable matrix, and B
is constant matrix.
Conclusion
Matrices play a crucial role in solving mathematical problems. They have
applications in fields like physics, engineering, and economics. Mastering matrix
operations is key to understanding advanced mathematical concepts.
