CELL 3 Main Divisions
- A membrane enclosed-structure capable • Cell Membrane
of performing all of the basic functions of life • Nucleus
independently. • Cytoplasm
- the fundamental unit of structure and CELL MEMBRANE
function of all organisms.
• A Semi-Permeable Membrane
separating cells from it's external
environment.
Cell Theory
• Entrance and Exit of Materials
- All living organisms composed of cells.
NUCLEUS
- Cell is the basic unit of life.
• Control center of the cell
- An adult human body composed of about • Contains genetic information for
100,000,000,000,000 cells. reproduction, development, and
behavior
• Controls the cell; houses the genetic
Discovery of the cell. material (DNA).
• The nucleus is the largest of the cells
ROBERT HOOKE (1665) organelles.
• The nucleus is bounded by the nuclear
• He observed that the cork resembled the
envelope, a phospholipid bilayer similar
structure of a honeycomb consisting of
to the plasma membrane. The space
many empty box-like cavities - Cells.
between these two layers is the
• He thought that cells only existed in
nucleolemma Cisterna.
plants and fungi.
• The nucleus contains the DNA, as
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1674) mentioned above, the hereditary
information in the cell. The nucleus also
• Used a handmade microscope to serves as the site for the separation of
observe pond scum & discovered single- the chromosomes during cell division.
celled organisms
• He called them "animalcules" CYTOPLASM
• Finally, it was understood that both plants
• Region found outside the Nucleus
and animals have cells.
• Living substance of the cell
THEODOR SCHWANN (1839) • Three major elements
- Cytosol
• A German zoologist who concluded that - Organelles
all animals are made of cells. - Inclusions
Membrane structure and functions:
Cell DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Theory • Genetic blueprint of the cell containing
Virchow hereditary traits.
• Contains code dictating structure of
cellular proteins.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1858)
• Stabilized by histones and nonhistone
• A German Pathologist who declared that proteins in eukaryotic cells.
cells come from other cells and not
through spontaneous generation
POLYSOMES • Gives rise to spindle fibers in animal
cells as well as to the cilia and fiagella
• Aggregates of free ribosomes in the
(called basal bodies).
cytoplasm.
• Centrioles are rod like structures
Ribosomes composed of 9 bundles which contain
three microtubules each.
• Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and • Centrioles are very important in cellular
proteins. division, where they arrange the mitotic
• Synthesize proteins as directed in the spindles that pull the chromosome
messenger apart.
• RNA (mRNA).
INCLUSION BODIES (VACUOLES)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Storage for various substances such as
• Involved in intracellular transport of a glycogen and fat within a single
substances. membrane.
1. Rough ER (RER) - with ribosomes CYTOSKELETON
attached to its membrane for protein
synthesis. • Maintains the cell shape, allows
intracellular movement, transport and
2. Smooth ER (SER) - no ribosomes and anchors various organelles.
synthesizes lipids. • Composed of microtubules.
MITOCHONDRIA intermediate filaments and
microfilaments.
• Site of energy production (ATP) or the
powerhouse. Two Types of Cells:
• Inner membrane with folds (cristae) where - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Electron Transport Chain is found.
• Outer membrane separated by PROKARYOTIC CELL
intermembrane space, encloses matrix
• Prokaryotic cells are cells without a
containing DNA allowing it to replicate.
nucleus. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is
LYSOSOME in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed
within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic
• Contains various digestive enzymes cells are found in single-celled
enclosed by a single membrane. organisms, such as bacteria. Organisms
• Degrades foreign material and cellular with prokaryotic cells are called
waste. prokaryotes.
• Capable of degrading the entire cell if • The Cytoplasm only contains
contents are spilled. ribosomes, thylakoid and enzymes.
GOLGI BODY • May have external hair-like appendages
called pili and fimbriae
• Stack of membranes called cisternae. • Have their nuclear materials (nucleoid)
• Chemically Modifies and packages the mixed with the protoplasm
products of the cell for transport. • Reproduce by Binary Fission
• Involved in lysosome formation. (Duplication/Splitting)
CENTRIOLES
• Made of hollow protein (tubulin)
• cylinders called microtubules arranged in
circle of nine pairs with a triplet at its center.
• Occurs in pairs at right angles to each
other.
• Usually has one or two vacuoles that
maintains cells rigidity
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Its cytoplasm contains various other
• Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than organelles also seen in animal cells
prokaryotic cells, and they are found such as mitochondria, lysosome, ER,
mainly in multicellular organisms. golgi body and others
Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called ANIMAL CELL
eukaryotes, and they range from fungi to
people • Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic
• Cells that contain a nucleus. cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane
• Has a variety of structure and parts. and containing a membrane-bound
• Can be either plant cells or animals cells nucleus and organelles. Unlike the
• More complex internal structure than eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi,
prokaryotes with several membrane animal cells do not have a cell wall
bound organelles within its cytoplasm • Has the basic structures seen in plants
• Generally replicates via mitosis and form cells except for the cell wall and plastids
sex cells (gametes) via meiosis • Contains other structures not found in
plants such as centriole
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANT CELL
Passive Transport:
• Plant cells are eukaryotic cells with a true
Simple Diffusion
nucleus along with specialized structures
called organelles that carry out certain - Simple diffusion is defined as the process
specific functions in which a substance moves through the
• Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, cell membrane without any help from
organisms whose cells have membrane- transport protein.
enclosed nuclei and organelles, because
they can manufacture their own food. Facilitated Diffusion
Chlorophyll which gives plants their - Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion of
green color, enables them to use sunlight solutes through transport proteins in the
to convert water and carbon dioxide into plasma membrane.
sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the
cell uses for fuel. OSMOSIS
• Has a thick outer cell wall made of
• Osmosis is a process by which the
cellulose
molecules of a solvent pass from a
• Capable of synthesizing its own food
solution of low concentration to a solution
(carbohydrates) in chloroplasts via
of high concentration through a semi-
photosynthesis, by using sunlight, CO2
permeable membrane.
and water
Bulk transport metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and
cytokinesis—to successfully make the
• is a mode of transport of large quantities new diploid cells.
of materials and food particles across the
membrane. It occurs both inward and
outward.
2 Types of Bulk transport
Endocytosis – IN
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
Exocytosis – OUT
- Exocytosis is a process that occurs when
a cell moves large materials from inside
the cell to the outside of the cell.
Cell Cycle
• In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is divided Meiosis Cell Division
into two major phases: interphase and • Meiosis is the other main way cells
mitosis (or the mitotic (M) phase). divide. Meiosis is cell division that
• Interphase is the longest part of the cell creates sex cells, like female egg
cycle. This is when the cell grows and cells or male sperm cells. It ensures
copies its DNA before moving into mitosis. that humans have the same number
During mitosis, chromosomes will align, of chromosomes in each generation.
separate, and move into new daughter cells.
• The prefix inter- means between, so
interphase takes place between one mitotic
(M) phase and the next.
Cell Division
• A single cell divides to make two cells and
these two cells then divide to make four
cells, and so on.
• In cell division, the cell that is dividing is
called the "parent" cell. The parent cell
divides into two "daughter" cells. The
process then repeats in what is called the
cell cycle.
Mitosis Cell Division
• Mitosis is a fundamental process for life.
Mitosis is how somatic—or non-
reproductive cells—divide. A cell
duplicates all of its contents, including its
chromosomes, and splits to form two
identical daughter cells.
• The mitosis division process has several
steps or phases of the cell cycle—
interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
