Class 9" Science Notes Topic - Work and Energy © Work :- Work is said to be done, when a force applied on an object caused displacement of the object. * Expression for work done :- Let F be the applied force and F; be the component of force in the direction of displacement (s) Work done is given by w=Fixs » Let F be the force applied in the direction of string at an angle (@) with the horizontal Base cos 8 = Trypotenuse al <0, EES ey Substituting the value of F, from equation (2) in equation (1), we get* Three Conditions :- Three Conditions | | | | g=0° @=90° 6 = 180° Cos (0°) =1 ; S ") = Cos (180°) = w= Fs cos 0 Gos:(90") = 1 . ] w = Fs cos @ w= Fs cos @ = Fs cos 0 =Fsc a = Fs cos (180° = Fs (1) Fs cos (90°) ( J = =Fs (-1 sii ts Fs (0) ~) w=0 W =-Fs 1. Displacement 1 Displacement Displacement Tt Force (W--vg W= +0e Force Here the direction of | 1. Here no force acts force is along the 2. In these case, the Force 1. Here the direction direction of workdone by the of force is displacement. force is zero (zero P 5 7 2 opposite direction 2. In this case, the work) ¥ of displacement. workdone by the 2. In these case, the force is positive oo workdone by the (positive work) force is negative (negative work)Work = force x displacement In S.I. unit 1jJ=i1Nxim In C.G.S. unit 1 erg = 1dynex1cm Also, 1 Newton = 10° dyne 1 Joule = 10’ erge Energy :- The capacity of a body to perform work is called as Energy S.I. unit of energy Joule C.G.S. unit of energy is erg « Kinetic Energy:- The energy which an object has because of its motion, is called as kinetic energy e Expression for kinetic energy :- Suppose a stationary object of mass m moves because of an applied force. Let n be its initial velocity. Let F be the applied force, these generates an acceleration a in the object and after time t, the velocity of the object becomes equal to v. The displacement during these time is‘s’ W=Fxs Acc to Newton’s 2" law of motion, F=>ma 0 nea (2) Initially, u = 0 So,s =ut+ wae 2 at? wien (8) Substituting the value of F from equation (3) in equation (1) WeFx! 2 Substituting the value of F from equation (2) in equation (4)Ww = mat (5) Using Newton’s first equation of motion v=u+tat v=O+at v=at So, v=at? asi) Substituting the value of a’t’ from equation (6) in equation (5) We get, Wei 2mv* cunt(Z) also K.E. = Wso, K.E. = 3 mv? « Potential Energy :- The energy stored in an object because of its specific state or position is called its potential energy e Expression for potential energy:- To carry an object of mass ‘m’ to a height ‘h’ above the earth surface, The amount of work done against the direction of gravitational force. Wefxd P.E.= W=mgh W=mgx hWhere, f = force d= displacement = height above earth's surface g =acceleration due to gravity P.E. = potential energye Transformation of energy « Law of conservation of energy:- “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be converted from one from into another” OR “The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant”Consider on object, falling freely from height ‘h’ Position ‘A’ Position ‘B’ Position ‘C’ K.E = e Power :- “The rate at which, the work is done, is called as Power” time Unit (1) (RS ' mass xvelocity} ve =u’ + 2as = mgx + mg(h - x) = me + mgh ~ mex Power = “°"* “ c lsec vr =w + 2as v?=0 + 2as vp = 2as P.E. = mg x ht P.E.= mg x0 T.E. = K.E. + P.E = na +0(2) 1 horse power = 748 watt (3) 1 kwhr = 3.6 x 10°J = 1 unit THE END1.0 Concept of Work * Work is done on an object when a force causes a displacement of the object. Conditions that must satisfied for work to be done: 1.A force should act onan object. 2. The object must be displaced. 3. The direction of Force must not be perpendicular to the displacement Mathematical Definition of Work 1.A constant force is applied in the direction of the displacement of an object. Work = Force X displacement W=FXs ALLEN 2. A Constant force is applied at a certain angle with the direction of the displacement of an object.W=FXs 2. A Constant force is applied at a certain angle with the direction of the displacement of an object. W=FsCos@ © Workis a scalar quantity. ¢ S| Unit of workis Joule. * CGS Unitis Erg Some important Points related to work 1. If @=0° thenCos 0° =landW=FXs 2.1f@=90° thenW=0 3. If @ = 180° then Cos 180° =-IthenW=-F ~~ CONTENTSConcepts of Positive and Negative Work « When angle between the force and displacementis acute i.e.0°< 0 <90° The work done is positive « When angle between the force and displacementis obtuse i.e. 90°< 6 < 180° The work done is negative. « Whenever force is in the direction of motion, velocity of the object increases and work doneis positive. « Whenever force opposes motion, velocity of object decreases and the work done is negative. * Work is positive when force and displacement are parallel to each other and that are in the same direction and work is negative when force and displacement are antiparallel to each other. Condition for Zero Work Condition for Zero work The net force should be equal to zero The net displacement should be equal to zero The force and displacement should be perpendicular to each other Calculation of Work Done W-=FsCos0=OXsX Cos =0 W=FsCos# =F XOX Cos =0 W=FsCos0=FXsX Cos 90°=0