Iran University of Science and Technology
Automotive Engineering Department
Optimization
Lecture 2:
Graphical
Optimization
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
• A company manufactures two machines, A and B.
• Using available resources, either 28 A or 14 B can be
manufactured daily.
• The sales department can sell up to 14 A machines or 24 B
machines.
• The shipping facility can handle no more than 16 machines
per day.
• The company makes a profit of $400 on each A machine and
$600 on each B machine.
• How many A and B machines should the company
manufacture every day to maximize its profit?
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 2
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES:
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 3
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES:
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• OPTIMIZATION CRITERION: Objective Function
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• OPTIMIZATION CRITERION: Objective Function
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:
Shipping and Handling Constraint
Manufacturing Constraint
limitation on sales department Constraint
The design variables must be non-negative
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 8
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS:
Shipping and Handling Constraint
manufacturing Constraint
limitation on sales department Constraint
the design variables must be non-negative
It is a linear programming problem
Integer Linear Programming Problem
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 1: COORDINATE SYSTEM SET-UP
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 1: COORDINATE SYSTEM SET-UP
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 2: INEQUALITY CONSTRAINT BOUNDARY PLOT
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 2: INEQUALITY CONSTRAINT BOUNDARY PLOT
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 13
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 3: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION FOR AN INEQUALITY
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 3: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION FOR AN INEQUALITY
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 4: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 4: IDENTIFICATION OF THE FEASIBLE REGION
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 5: PLOTTING OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CONTOURS
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 5: PLOTTING OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION CONTOURS
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 19
Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 6: IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION
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Graphical Solution Process
Profit Maximization Problem
• Step-by-Step Graphical Solution Procedure:
STEP 6: IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION
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Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
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Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
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Graphical Solution Process
• DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
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Graphical Solution Process
• PROBLEM WITH UNBOUNDED SOLUTIONS
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Graphical Solution Process
• PROBLEM WITH UNBOUNDED SOLUTIONS
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Graphical Solution Process
• INFEASIBLE PROBLEM
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Graphical Solution Process
• INFEASIBLE PROBLEM
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Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Optimization 29
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
• Design of a hollow square-cross-section cantilever beam to
support a load of 20 kN at its end.
• The beam, made of steel, is 2 m long
The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:
(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:
A minimum-mass beam is desired.
Optimization 30
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Required information:
• Expressions for bending and shear stresses
• the expression for the deflection of the free end
Optimization 31
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Optimization 32
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Optimization 33
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Design Variables:
Optimization 34
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Objective Function:
Optimization 35
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Constraints:
The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:
(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:
Optimization 36
Lecture 1: Introduction
Problem Formulation
Example 1: Cantilever Beam
Constraints:
The failure conditions for the beam are as follows:
(1) the material should not fail under the action of the load,
(2) the deflection of the free end should be no more than 1 cm.
(3) The width-to-thickness ratio for the beam should be no more than 8.
(4) The width and thickness of the beam must be within the following limits:
Optimization 37
Lecture 1: Introduction
Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 1: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
• A beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a bending moment
• and a maximum shear force
• The bending stress in the beam is calculated as
• Average shear stress is calculated as
• where b is the width and d is the depth of the beam.
• The allowable stresses in bending and shear are 10 MPa and 2 Mpa
• The depth of the beam should not exceed twice its width
The cross-sectional area of the beam should be minimized
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 2: DATA AND INFORMATION COLLECTION
• Let:
• bending moment
• shear force
All other data and necessary equations are given in the
Problem description
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 3: DEFINITION OF DESIGN VARIABLES
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 4: OPTIMIZATION CRITERION
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 5: FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS
Bending Stress
Shear Stress
Allowable Bending Stress
Allowable Shear Stress
Bending Stress Constraint
Shear Stress Constraint
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Step 5: FORMULATION OF CONSTRAINTS
the depth be no more than twice the width
both design variables should be non-negative
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Graphical solution to the minimum-area beam design problem
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Graphical Solution Process
A BEAM DESIGN PROBLEM
• Graphical solution to the minimum-area beam design problem
Lecture2: Graphical Optimization Optimization 46
