Unit 6 – Introduction to Trigonometry

Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

(Unit 6.4)

William (Bill) Finch

Mathematics Department
Denton High School

Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Lesson Goals
When you have completed this lesson you will:

I Graph the parent sine and cosine functions.

I Graph transformations of sine and cosine functions.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Mapping the Unit Circle to the Sine Function

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Mapping the Unit Circle to the Cosine Function

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Periodic Function
A periodic function repeats its output values at regular
intervals. These intervals are called the period of the function.

y = sin x Period = 2π y = cos x Period = 2π

sin(x + n · 2π) = sin x cos(x + n · 2π) = cos x

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

The Sine Function

Domain: (−∞, ∞) Max: 1 at x = π2 + n · 2π
Range: [−1, 1] Min: −1 at x = 3π2
+ n · 2π
y-intercept: 0

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

The Sine Function

Continuous: (−∞, ∞) End Behavior: limx→−∞ sin x
Symmetry: origin (odd and limx→∞ sin x do not
function) exist
Oscillation: −1 to 1

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

The Cosine Function

Domain: (−∞, ∞) Max: 1 at x = n · 2π
Range: [−1, 1] Min: −1 at x = π + n · 2π
y-intercept: 1

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

The Cosine Function

Continuous: (−∞, ∞) End Behavior: limx→−∞ sin x
Symmetry: y -axis (even and limx→∞ sin x do not
function) exist
Oscillation: −1 to 1

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

General Sinusoidal Model

y = a sin(bx + c) + d y = a cos(bx + c) + d

where a, b, c, and d are constants (a 6= 0, and b 6= 0)

Do you recall the roles of constants in the transformation of

functions?

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

“Key Points” for y = sin x

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“Key Points” for y = cos x

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Vertical Dilations
Recall the constant a in y = af (x) produces a
vertical stretch when |a| > 1
vertical shrink when |a| < 1

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Amplitude of Sine and Cosine Functions

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 1
On the same axes, sketch two full periods of the graphs of
f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 3 sin x. Then identify the amplitude
of g .

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 2
On the same axes, sketch two full periods of the graphs of
1
f (x) = cos x and g (x) = cos x. Then identify the amplitude
4
of g .

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Reflections wrt x-axis

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 3
On the same axes, sketch two full periods of f (x) = cos x and
g (x) = −2.5 cos x. Then identify the amplitude of g .

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Horizontal Dilations
Recall the constant b in y = f (bx) produces a
horizontal shrink when |b| > 1
horizontal stretch when |b| < 1

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Period of the Sine and Cosine Functions

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 4
Sketch at least one full period of f (x) = sin x and
π
g (x) = sin x. Identify the period of g .
3

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 5
Sketch at least one full period of f (x) = cos x and
g (x) = cos 2x. Identify the period of g .

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Frequency
Horizontal dilations affect the frequency of sinusoidal
functions.

Frequency is the
number of cycles
completed in one
horizontal unit and is the
reciprocal of period.

1 |b|
freq = =
period 2π

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 6
Musical notes are classified by frequency. Modern orchestras
tune to the frequency A 440 hertz (cycles per second). Write
an equation for a sine function that can be used to model the
initial behavior of the sound wave if the amplitude is 0.2.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Horizontal Translations
Recall the constant c in y = f (x + c) produces a
horizontal shift left |c| units when c > 0
horizontal shift right |c| units when c < 0

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Phase Shift of Sine and Cosine Functions

A phase shift of a sinusoidal function is a horizontal
translation of a sine or cosine function.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 7
State the amplitude, period, frequency, and phase shift of
π
y = 2 cos 5x + . Then graph two periods of the function.
4

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Vertical Translations
Recall the constant c in y = f (x) + c produces a
vertical shift up |c| units when c > 0
vertical shift down |c| units when c < 0

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Midline
The midline of a sinusoidal function is the horizontal line
around which the graph oscillates and is given by y = d where
d is the vertical translation.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 8
State the amplitude, period, frequency, phase shift, and
vertical shift of y = sin(x + π) − 2. Then graph two periods of
the function.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 9
Write a sinusoidal function.

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

Example 10
Use the data below to create a sinusoidal model for the
average monthly temperature (◦ F ) at DFW.

Month (x) Temp (y )

Jan 1 57
Mar 3 69
May 5 84
Jul 7 96
Sep 9 89
Nov 11 67

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Introduction Periodic Parent Functions Amp Reflect Period Phase Shift Midline Applications Summary

What You Learned

You can now:
I Find values of trigonometric functions for any angle.
I Find the values of trigonometric functions using the unit
circle.
I Do problems Chap 4.4 #1-11 odd, 15-19 odd, 21, 30,
31-34

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