202 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

1. Which cells of ‘Crypts of Lieberkuhn’ secrete (a) nucleosidase (b) lipase

antibacterial lysozyme? (c) maltase (d) nuclease. (2015)
(a) Paneth cells (b) Zymogen cells
8. The primary dentition in human differs from
(c) Kupffer cells (d) Argentaffin cells permanent dentition in not having one of the
(NEET 2017) following type of teeth.
2. Which of the following options best represents (a) Molars (b) Incisors
the enzyme composition of pancreatic juice? (c) Canines (d) Premolars
(a) Amylase, Pepsin, Trypsinogen, Maltase (2015)
(b) Peptidase, Amylase, Pepsin, Rennin
9. Gastric juice of infants contains
(c) Lipase, Amylase, Trypsinogen, Procarbo­
(a) pepsinogen, lipase, rennin
xypeptidase
(b) amylase, rennin, pepsinogen
(d) Amylase, Peptidase, Trypsinogen, Rennin
(c) maltase, pepsinogen, rennin
(NEET 2017)
(d) nuclease, pepsinogen, lipase.
3. A baby boy aged two years is admitted to play (2015 Cancelled)
school and passes through a dental check­up.
10. Which of the following statements is not correct?
The dentist observed that the boy had twenty
(a) Oxyntic cells are present in the mucosa of
teeth. Which teeth were absent?
stomach and secrete HCl.
(a) Canines (b) Pre­molars
(b) Acini are present in the pancreas and secrete
(c) Molars (d) Incisors
carboxypeptidase.
(NEET 2017)
(c) Brunner’s glands are present in the
4. Which hormones do stimulate the production of submucosa of stomach and secrete
pancreatic juice and bicarbonate? pepsinogen.
(a) Angiotensin and epinephrine (d) Goblet cells are present in the mucosa of
(b) Gastrin and insulin intestine and secrete mucus.
(c) Cholecystokinin and secretin (2015 Cancelled)
(d) Insulin and glucagon 11. The initial step in the digestion of milk in hu­
(NEET­II 2016) mans is carried out by
5. Which of the following guards the opening of (a) lipase (b) trypsin
hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum? (c) rennin (d) pepsin.
(a) Pyloric sphincter (b) Sphincter of Oddi (2014)
(c) Semilunar valve (d) Ileocaecal valve 12. Fructose is absorbed into the blood through
(NEET­I 2016) mucosa cells of intestine by the process called
6. In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted by the (a) active transport
(a) peptic cells (b) facilitated transport
(b) acidic cells (c) simple diffusion
(c) gastrin secreting cells (d) co­transport mechanism. (2014)
(d) parietal cells. (NEET­I 2016) 13. Select the correct match of the digested products
7. The enzyme that is not present in succus in humans given in column I with their
entericus is absorption site and mechanism in column II.
Digestion and Absorption 203

Column I Column II (a) epiglottis (b) diaphragm

(a) Glycerol, fatty acids Duodenum, move (c) neck (d) tongue. (2011)
as chylomicrons 20. The purplish red pigment rhodopsin contained
(b) Cholesterol, maltose Large intestine, in the rods type of photoreceptor cells of the
active absorption human eye, is a derivative of
(c) Glycine, glucose Small intestine, (a) vitamin B1 (b) vitamin C
active absorption (c) vitamin D (d) vitamin A. (2011)
(d) Fructose, Na+ Small intestine,
passive absorption 21. One of the constituents of the pancreatic juice
(NEET 2013) which is poured into the duodenum in humans
is
14. A healthy person eats the following diet­ (a) trypsinogen (b) chymotrypsin
5 gm raw sugar, 4 gm albumin, 10 gm pure (c) trypsin (d) enterokinase.
buffalo ghee adultrated with 2 gm vegetable (Mains 2011)
ghee (hydrogenated vegetable oil) and 5 gm
lignin. How many calories he is likely to get? 22. Which one of the following correctly represents
(a) 126 (b) 164 the normal adult human dental formula?
(c) 112 (d) 144 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 3
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
(Karnataka NEET 2013) 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3
15. Which enzymes are likely to act on the baked 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3
(c) , , , (d) , , ,
potatoes eaten by a man, starting from the mouth 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3
and as it moves down the alimentary canal? (Mains 2011)
(a) Pancreatic amylase ® Salivary amylase ®
23. Carrier ions like Na + facilitate the absorption
Lipases
of substances like
(b) Disaccharidase like maltase ® Lipases ®
(a) amino acids and glucose
Nucleases
(b) glucose and fatty acids
(c) Salivary amylase ® Pancreatic amylase ®
(c) fatty acids and glycerol
Disaccharidases
(d) fructose and some amino acids. (2010)
(d) Salivary maltase ® Carboxy peptidase ®
Trypsinogen 24. If for some reason our goblet cells are non­
(Karnataka NEET 2013) functional, this will adversely affect
(a) production of somatostatin
16. Anxiety and eating spicy food together in an (b) secretion of sebum from the sebaceous
otherwise normal human, may lead to glands
(a) indigestion (b) jaundice (c) maturation of sperms
(c) diarrhoea (d) vomiting. (d) smooth movement of food down the
(2012)
intestine. (2010)
17. For its activity, carboxypeptidase requires
(a) zinc (b) iron 25. If for some reason the parietal cells of the gut
(c) niacin (d) copper. epithelium become partially non­functional,
(Mains 2012) what is likely to happen?
(a) The pancreatic enzymes and specially the
18. Where do certain symbiotic microorganisms
trypsin and lipase will not work efficiently.
normally occur in human body?
(b) The pH of stomach will fall abruptly.
(a) Caecum
(c) Steapsin will be more effective.
(b) Oral lining and tongue surface
(d) Proteins will not be adequately hydrolysed
(c) Vermiform appendix and rectum
by pepsin into proteoses and peptones.
(d) Duodenum (Mains 2012)
(Mains 2010)
19. Two friends are eating together on a dining 26. Jaundice is a disorder of
table. One of them suddenly starts coughing (a) excretory system (b) skin and eyes
while swallowing some food. This coughing (c) digestive system (d) circulatoy system.
would have been due to improper movement (Mains 2010)
of
204 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

27. When breast feeding is replaced by less nutritive 32. What will happen if the secretion of parietal
food low in proteins and calories; the infants cells of gastric glands is blocked with an
below the age of one year are likely to suffer inhibitor?
from (a) In the absence of HCl secretion, inactive
(a) rickets (b) kwashiorkor pepsinogen is not converted into the active
(c) pellagra (d) marasmus. enzyme pepsin.
(2009) (b) Enterokinase will not be released from the
duodenal mucosa and so trypsinogen is not
28. A young infant may be feeding entirely on converted to trypsin.
mother’s milk which is white in colour but the (c) Gastric juice will be deficient in chymosin.
stools which the infant passes out is quite (d) Gastric juice will be deficient in
yellowish. What is this yellow colour due to? pepsinogen. (2008)
(a) Bile pigments passed through bile juice
(b) Undigested milk protein casein 33. Which one of the following is a fat­soluble
(c) Pancreatic juice poured into duodenum vitamin and its related deficiency disease?
(d) Intestinal juice (2009) (a) Retinol ­ Xerophthalmia
(b) Cobalamine ­ Beri­beri
29. Which one of the following statements is true (c) Calciferol ­ Pellagra
regarding digestion and absorption of food in (d) Ascorbic acid ­ Scurvy (2007)
humans?
34. Examination of blood of a person suspected of
(a) Fructose and amino acids are absorbed
having anaemia shows large, immature,
through intestinal mucosa with the help of
nucleated erythrocytes without haemoglobin.
carrier ions like Na+.
Supplementing his diet with which of the
(b) Chylomicrons are small lipoprotein particles following is likely to alleviate his symptoms?
that are transported from intestine into blood (a) Iron compounds
capillaries. (b) Thiamine
(c) About 60% of starch is hydrolysed by (c) Folic acid and cobalamine
salivary amylase in our mouth. (d) Riboflavin (2006)
(d) Oxyntic cells in our stomach secrete the
proenzyme pepsinogen. (2009) 35. Secretin and cholecystokinin are digestive
hormones. They are secreted in
30. Which one of the following pairs of food (a) pyloric stomach (b) duodenum
components in humans reaches the stomach (c) ileum (d) oesophagus.
totally undigested ? (2005)
(a) Starch and fat
(b) Fat and cellulose 36. Epithelial cells of the intestine involved in food
(c) Starch and cellulose absorption have on their surface
(a) pinocytic vesicles
(d) Protein and starch (2009)
(b) microvilli
31. Which one of the following is the correct (c) zymogen granules
matching of the site of action on the given (d) phagocytic vesicles. (2005)
substrate, the enzyme acting upon it and the
37. A patient is generally advised to specially
end product?
consume more meat, lentils, milk and eggs in
Pepsin
(a) Small intestine : Proteins ¾¾¾® amino diet only when he suffers from
acids (a) scurvy (b) kwashiorkar
(c) rickets (d) anaemia. (2005)
Lipase
(b) Stomach : Fats ¾¾¾® micelles
38. Which group of three of the following five
Trypsin
(c) Duodenum : Triglycerides ¾¾¾¾ ® statements (1­5) contain all three correct
monoglycerides statements regarding beri­beri?
a ­Amylase
1. A crippling disease prevalent among the
(d) Small intestine : Starch ¾¾¾¾¾ ® native population of sub­Saharan Africa
disaccharide (maltose) 2. A deficiency disease caused by lack of
(2008) thiamine (vitamin B1)
Digestion and Absorption 205

3. A nutritional disorder in infants and young 45. Hydrolytic enzymes which act on low pH are
children when the diet is persistently called as
deficient in essential protein (a) proteases (b) a­amylases
4. Occurs in those countries where the staple (c) hydrolases (d) peroxidases.
diet is polished rice (2002)
5. The symptoms are pain from neuritis, 46. Continuous bleeding from an injured part of
paralysis, muscle wasting, progressive body is due to deficiency of
oedema, mental deterioration and finally (a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B
heart failure. (c) vitamin K (d) vitamin E. (2002)
(a) 2, 4 and 5 (b) 1, 2 and 4 47. Which one of the following is correctly
(c) 1, 3 and 5 (d) 2, 3 and 5 (2005) matched?
39. The richest sources of vitamin B12 are (a) Vitamin E ­ Tocopherol
(a) goat’s liver and Spirulina (b) Vitamin D ­ Riboflavin
(b) chocolate and green gram (c) Vitamin B ­ Calciferol
(c) rice and hen’s egg (d) Vitamin A ­ Thiamine (2001)
(d) carrot and chicken’s breast. (2004) 48. Essential amino acid is
40. Duodenum has characteristic Brunner’s gland (a) phenylalanine (b) glycine
which secrete two hormones called (c) aspartic acid (d) serine. (2000)
(a) kinase, estrogen
49. Which food should be eaten during deficiency
(b) secretin, cholecystokinin of rhodopsin in eyes?
(c) prolactin, parathormone (a) Carrot and ripe papayas
(d) estradiol, progesterone. (2004) (b) Guava, banana
41. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly (c) Mango and potato
matched? (d) None of the above (2000)
(a) Vitamin B12 ­ Pernicious anaemia 50. In mammals milk is digested by the action of
(b) Vitamin B6 ­ Convulsions (a) rennin (b) amylase
(c) Vitamin B1 ­ Beri­beri (c) intestinal bacteria (d) invertase. (2000)
(d) Vitamin B2 ­ Pellagra (2004)
51. A person who is eating boiled potato, his food
42. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly contains the component
matched ? (a) cellulose which is digested by cellulase
(a) Vitamin C ­ Scurvy (b) starch which is not digested
(b) Vitamin B2 ­ Pellagra (c) lactose which is not digested
(c) Vitamin B12 ­ Pernicious anaemia (d) DNA which can be digested by pancreatic
(d) Vitamin B6 ­ Beri­beri (2003) DNase. (2000)
43. During prolonged fastings, in what sequence are 52. Which part of body secretes the hormone
the following organic compounds used up by secretin?
the body ? (a) Stomach (b) Oesophagus
(a) First carbohydrates, next fats and lastly (c) Ileum (d) Duodenum
proteins (1999)
(b) First fats, next carbohydrates and lastly
53. To which of the following families do folic acid
proteins
and pantothenic acid belong?
(c) First carbohydrates, next proteins and lastly
(a) Vitamin C (b) Vitamin B complex
lipids
(c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin A
(d) First proteins, next lipids and lastly
(1999)
carbohydrates (2003)
54. Which of the following is mismatched?
44. Stool of a person is whitish grey coloured due (a) Vitamin A ­ Xerophthalmia
to malfunction of which of the following organ? (b) Vitamin D ­ Rickets
(a) Pancreas (b) Spleen (c) Vitamin K ­ Beri­beri
(c) Kidney (d) Liver (2002) (d) Vitamin C ­ Scurvy (1999)
206 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

55. Which of the following carries glucose from 66. High cholesterol patients are advised to use
digestive tract to liver? (a) ghee, butter and oils
(a) Pulmonary vein (b) Hepatic artery (b) groundnut oil, margarine and vegetable oils
(c) Hepatic portal vein (d) None of these (c) fatty oil and butter
(1999) (d) cheese, dalda and ghee. (1996)

56. Brunner’s glands are present in 67. The haemorrhagic disease of new born is caused
(a) stomach (b) oesophagus due to the deficiency of
(c) ileum (d) duodenum. (1999) (a) vitamin K (b) vitamin B12
(c) vitamin A (d) vitamin B1.
57. Which one of the following is a protein (1995)
deficiency disease?
(a) Kwashiorkar (b) Night blindness 68. A polysaccharide which is synthesized and
(c) Eczema (d) Cirrhosis (1998) stored in liver cells is
(a) arabinose (b) glycogen
58. The layer of cells that secrete enamel of tooth is (c) lactose (d) galactose. (1995)
(a) osteoblast (b) odontoblast
(c) dentoblast (d) ameloblast. 69. The vitamin C or ascorbic acid prevents
(1998) (a) scurvy (b) antibody synthesis
(c) rickets (d) pellagra. (1995)
59. Which one of the factors are required for the
maturation of erythrocytes ? 70. Calcium deficiency in the body occurs in the
(a) Vitamin B12 (b) Vitamin C absence of
(c) Vitamin D (d) Vitamin A (a) vitamin C (b) vitamin D
(1998) (c) vitamin B (d) vitamin E. (1994)

60. In vertebrates, lacteals are found in 71. Which of the following is the function of
(a) oesophagous (b) ear enterogastrone?
(a) It inhibits the secretion of gastric juice.
(c) ileum (d) ischium. (1998)
(b) It stimulates the secretion of digestive juices
61. Which one of the following vitamins can be in the stomach.
synthesized by bacteria inside the gut? (c) It stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice.
(a) D (b) K (d) It regulates the flow of bile. (1994)
(c) B1 (d) C (1997) 72. Prolonged deficiency of nicotinic acid causes
62. If pancreas is removed, the compound which (a) pellagra (b) xerophthalmia
remain undigested is (c) osteomalacia (d) anaemia.
(a) proteins (b) carbohydrates (1994)
(c) fats (d) all of these. 73. Which of the following is correct pairing of site
(1997) of action and substrate of rennin?
63. What is common among amylase, rennin and (a) Mouth ­ Starch
trypsin? (b) Small intestine ­ Protein
(a) These are produced in stomach. (c) Stomach ­ Casein
(b) These act at a pH lower than 7. (d) Stomach ­ Fat (1994)
(c) These all are proteins. 74. Which of the following pair is characterised by
(d) These all are proteolytic enzymes. (1997) swollen lips, thick pigmented skin of hands and
legs and irritability?
64. Choose the correct enzyme ­ substrate pair.
(a) Thiamine – Beri­beri
(a) Carbohydrate ­ Lipase
(b) Protein – Kwashiorkor
(b) Maltase ­ Lactose
(c) Nicotinamide – Pellagra
(c) Rennin ­ Caesin (d) Iodine – Goitre (1993)
(d) Protein ­ Amylase (1996)
75. Most of the fat digestion occurs in
65. Pellagra disease is caused by the deficiency of (a) rectum (b) stomach
(a) niacin (b) tocopherol (c) duodenum (d) small intestine.
(c) riboflavin (d) folic acid. (1996) (1993)
Digestion and Absorption 207

76. Vitamin K is required for (c) statment is wrong

(a) change of prothrombin into thrombin (d) different cells. (1990)
(b) synthesis of prothrombin
83. In man the zymogen or chief cells are mainly
(c) change of fibrinogen to fibrin
found in
(d) formation of thromboplastin. (1993)
(a) cardiac part of stomach
77. Secretion of gastric juice is stopped by (b) pyloric part of stomach
(a) gastrin (c) duodenum
(b) pancreozymin (d) fundic part of stomach. (1990)
(c) cholecystokinin
(d) enterogastrone. (1993) 84. Emulsification of fat is carried out by
78. Kupffer’s cells occur in (a) bile pigments (b) bile salts
(a) spleen (b) kidney (c) HCl (d) pancreatic juice.
(c) brain (d) liver. (1993) (1990)
85. Secretin stimulates production of
79. Brunner’s glands occur in
(a) submucosa of duodenum (a) saliva (b) gastric juice
(b) submucosa of stomach (c) bile (d) pancreatic juice.
(c) mucosa of oesophagus (1990)
(d) mucosa of ileum. (1992) 86. Release of pancreatic juice is stimulated by
(a) enterokinase (b) cholecystokinin
80. Pancreas produces
(c) trypsinogen (d) secretin. (1989)
(a) three digestive enzymes and one hormone
(b) three types of digestive enzymes and two 87. Wharton’s duct is associated with
hormones (a) sublingual salivary gland
(c) two digestive enzymes and one hormone (b) parotid salivary gland
(d) three digestive enzymes and no hormone. (c) submaxillary salivary gland
(1991) (d) Brunner’s glands. (1988)
81. Where is protein digestion accomplished? 88. Duct leading from parotid gland and opening
(a) stomach (b) ileum into vestibule is
(c) rectum (d) duodenum. (a) Haversian duct (b) Stenson’s duct
(1991) (c) Wolffian duct (d) infra­orbital duct.
82. Pancreatic juice and hormones of pancreas are (1988)
produced by 89. Lamina propria is connected with
(a) same cells (a) acini (b) liver
(b) same cells at different times (c) Graafian follicle (d) intestine. (1988)

Answer Key
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (b,d)43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (a) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (b)
81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (d) 86. (b,d)87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (d)
208 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

1. (a) : Paneth cells, present in the bottom of crypts premolars of permanent teeth take their place. The
of Lieberkuhn, are rich in zinc and contain acidophilic permanent teeth are 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars
granules. There is evidence that these cells secrete and 12 molars. Thus 12 teeth (8 premolars and 4
antibacterial lysozyme. Zymogen cells or peptic cells molars) are monophyodont (teeth which grow only
are present in stomach and secrete pepsinogen. once in life). Dental formulae of milk teeth and
Kupffer cells are present in liver. They are phagocytic permanent teeth of human are given below.
in nature and engulf disease causing microorganisms, 2120 2123
dead cells, etc. Argentaffin cells, found in crypts of ´ 2 = 20 ´ 2 = 32
2120 2123
Lieberkuhn, synthesise hormone secretin and 5­ Milk teeth Permanent teeth
hydroxytryptamine.
9. (a) : The secretion of the cells of the gastric
2. (c) : The pancreatic juice contains sodium glands form gastric juice with pH 2 to 3.7. It contains
bicarbonate, three proenzymes; trypsinogen, two proenzymes, pepsinogen and prorennin and
chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase and some enzyme gastric lipase, mucous and hydrochloric acid.
enzymes such as elastase, pancreatic a­amylase, Rennin (chymosin) is responsible for clotting milk
DNase, RNase and pancreatic lipase. It helps in the by acting on soluble milk protein caseinogen, and
digestion of starch, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. converting it into insoluble casein. This ensures that
3. (b) : Boy aged two years will have milk teeth. milk remains in stomach long enough to be acted on
Milk teeth of man include 8 incisors, 4 canines, by protein digesting enzymes. Rennin’s concentration
8 molar. Premolars are absent. is highest in young mammals (as their primary diet is
4. (c) : Cholecystokinin pancreozymin (CCK­PZ) milk) which reduces gradually with age.
is a hormone secreted from small intestine. It 10. (c) : The Brunner’s glands are branched tubular
stimulates the gall bladder to release bile and pancreas glands which occur only in the duodenum. They
to secrete and release digestive enzymes in the secrete alkaline watery fluid, a little enzyme and
pancreatic juice. Hormone secretin is secreted from mucus. They open into the crypts of Lieberkuhn.
duodenum and releases bicarbonates in the pancreatic 11. (c) : Rennin is secreted by peptic cells present
juice. It also increases secretion of bile and decreases in epithelium of gastric glands. It is found in the
gastric secretion and motility. gastric juice of human beings during infancy and in
5. (b) : The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve calf. In adults gastric juice is devoid of rennin. It
that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and converts milk protein casein into paracasein, leading
pancreatic juice) through the hepatopancreatic duct to milk coagulation.
into the duodenum. 12. (b) : Fructose and mannose are absorbed through
6. (d) : Parietal cells are large cells present on the facilitated diffusion that is by the help of the carrier
side walls of the gastric glands. They lie against the molecule. It is along the concentration gradient
basement membrane. They secrete hydrochloric acid (higher concentration to low concentration).
and Castle’s intrinsic gastric factor that helps in the 13. (c) : Glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed in
absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum. jejunum by diffusion into intestinal cells where they
7. (d) : Succus entericus or intestinal juice are converted into chylomicrons. Cholesterol is also
(pH = 7.8) refers to the secretion of glands of small absorbed by simple diffusion in small intestine.
intestine. It contains many enzymes viz maltase, Maltose is broken into glucose and galactose which
isomaltase, lipase, lactase, a­dextrinase, enterokinase, are absorbed by active transport into small intestine.
aminopeptidase, nucleotidase, nucleosidase, etc., for Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion. Amino
the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids are also absorbed in small intestine, some by
acids etc. Enzyme nuclease is not a digestive enzyme. active transport and some by facilitated diffusion.
It is not present in any digestive juice. 14. (d) : Physiological value is the energy produced
8. (d) : Milk/primary teeth of man include 8 by 1 gm of food on oxidation in the body. For
incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars (premolars are carbohydrates it is 4.0 Kcal/g, for proteins it is
absent). Molars of milk teeth are shed off and 4.0 Kcal/g and it is 9.0 Kcal/g for fats. Lignin is a
Digestion and Absorption 209

fibre that is present in plant cells but it does not constituent of the visual pigment rhodopsin.
produce energy. Hence, Deficiency affects the eyes, causing night blindness.
5 g raw sugar will yield 5 × 4.0 = 20.0 Kcal 21. (a) : Duodenum follows the stomach. It is
4 g albumin will yield 4 × 4.0 = 16.0 Kcal somewhat C­shaped and about 25 cm. long. It receives
(10 + 2) g of fat will yield 12 × 9.0 = 108.0 Kcal the hepatopancreatic ampulla of the hepatopancreatic
Total yield = 144 Kcal. duct formed by the union of bile duct (from liver)
15. (c) : Baked potatoes consist of starch which is a and pancreatic duct (from pancreas) and whose
polysaccharide. opening is guarded by sphincter of Oddi. Pancreatic
In oral cavity, the food is mixed with saliva. The saliva juice contains proenzymes—trypsinogen,
contains an enzyme called salivary amylase (also chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase. In the
called ptyalin) which converts starch into maltose, presence of enterokinase (a protease of intestinal
isomaltose and small dextrins. Salivary amylase is juice), inactive trypsinogen is converted to active
activated in the saliva by the chloride ions. trypsin. Trypsin then activates chymotrypsinogen and
Salivary procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and
Starch amylase
Maltose + Isomaltose + a­ Dextrins carboxypeptidase respectively. This enables
The pancreatic juice (present in small intestine) simultaneous action of all pancreatic proteases for a
contains starch digesting enzyme, called pancreatic rapid digestion of proteins. The bile provides alkaline
amylase which converts starch into maltose, medium for various reactions.
isomaltose and a­dextrins. 22. (c) : An adult human has 32 permanent teeth
Pancreatic which are of four different types (heterodont
Starch a‑amylase
Maltose + Isomaltose + a­ Dextrins
dentition) namely, incisors (I), canine (C), premolars
Further, disaccharidases such as maltase (present in (PM) and molars (M). Arrangement of teeth in each
intestinal juice in small intestine) breakdown half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I, C, PM,
disaccharides such as maltose into (monosaccharides) M is represented by a dental formula which in human
or simpler sugars.
is 2123 .
16. (a) : Indigestion is the condition in which the 2123
food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of 23. (a) : The absorption of glucose and amino acids
fullness. The causes of indigestion are inadequate is mediated by carrier ions like Na+. The concentration
enzyme secretion, anxiety, food poisoning, over eating of Na+ is higher in the intestinal lumen compared to
and spicy food. mucosal cells. Na +, therefore moves into the cells
17. (a) : Carboxypeptidase is an enzyme synthesized along its concentration gradient and simultaneously
in pancreas and secreted into small intestine. It glucose is transported into the intestinal cells. Thus
contains Zn (II) ions as a metal ion cofactor. This Na+ diffuses into the cell and it drags glucose along
enzyme helps in protein digestion and becomes active with it. The intestinal Na+ gradient is the immediate
in alkaline medium. It is mainly involved in the energy source. The mechanism for transport of amino
conversion of large peptides or polypeptides into acid is same as glucose.
dipeptides and amino acids. Fructose absorption does not require energy and is
18. (a) independent of Na+ transport.
19. (a) : This coughing would have been due to 24. (d) : The intestinal mucosal epithelium has
improper movement of epiglottis. Epiglottis is present goblet cells which secrete mucus. The mucus
in the laryngopharynx, which is the lowest part of lubricates the food for an easy passage. Thus, if for
pharynx. Laryngopharynx possess two apertures ­ some reason goblet cells become non­functional, it
anterior slit­like glottis and posterior gullet. Glottis will adversely affect smooth movement of food down
leads into trachea or wind pipe, which is closed by the intestine. It along with bicarbonates from the
bilobed leaf­like cartilage, the epiglottis, during the pancreas also protects the intestinal mucosa from acid
swallowing of food­bolus. Hence, during eating one as well as provide an alkaline medium for enzymatic
may suddenly coughs due to opening of epiglottis and activities.
movement of some food particles in the trachea. 25. (d) : Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete HCl (due to
20. (d) : Vitamin A (retinol) is a fat­soluble vitamin which pH of stomach is highly acidic) and intrinsic
that cannot be synthesized by mammals and other factor. Parietal glands also secrete pepsinogen to
vertebrates and must be provided in the diet. It is a which hydrochloric acid acts to convert it into pepsin.
210 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

Pepsin in return causes digestion of protein. If parietal pepsin. This pepsin enzyme is the principle protease
cells become non­functional it will directly affect or proteolytic enzyme of the stomach.
protein digestion. Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin
26. (c) : Jaundice is a disorder in which skin and (Inactive form) (Active form)
eyes turn yellow due to the deposition of bile pigment. So, in the absence of HCl secretion, inactive
This happens when bile made in the liver fails to reach pepsinogen is not converted into the active enzyme
the intestine due to obstruction of the bile duct. As a pepsin.
result, the bile is absorbed into the blood instead of 33. (a) : Retinol (vitamin A) and calciferol are fat
going to the duodenum and cause yellowing of eyes soluble vitamins but the pellagra is not the deficient
and skin. disease of calciferol. Vitamin A cannot be synthesized
27. (d) : Marasmus is common in infants under one by mammals and other vertebrates and must be
year of age. It develops due to deficiency of proteins provided in the diet. Green plants contain precursors
and calories. It can be cured by providing adequate of the vitamin, notably carotenes, that are converted
proteins, fats and carbohydrates. to vitamin A in the intestinal wall and liver. The
28. (a) : The yellow colour is due to the presence of aldehyde derivative of vitamin A, retinal, is a
bile pigments (bilirubin­yellow). Bile pigments are constituent of the visual pigment rhodopsin.
excretory products. Bile is a bitter­tasting greenish­ Deficiency affects the eyes, causing night blindness,
yellow alkaline fluid produced by the liver, stored in xerophthalmia (dryness and thickening of the cornea),
the gall bladder, and secreted into the duodenum of and eventually total blindness.
vertebrates. It assists the digestion and absorption of Pellagra is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B3 or
fats by the action of bile salts, which chemically nicotinic acid or niacin.
reduce fatty substances and decrease the surface Cobalamine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are water
tension of fat droplets so that they are broken down soluble vitamins. They are generally found together
and emulsified. in the same foods with the exception of B 12
29. (a) : Glucose and galactose are absorbed by active (cobalamine). The deficient disorders related to
transport. Sodium pump of the cell membrane helps cobalamine, vitamin C and calciferol are –
in it active take up. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated Cobalamine – Pernicious anaemia
diffusion that involves a specific transmembrane Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) – Scurvy
carrier. Amino acids are absorbed by active transport Calciferol (vitamin D) – Rickets (in children) and
coupled with active sodium transport. They also enter osteomalacia in adults.
the blood stream. Beri­beri is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B1
(Thiamine).
30. (b) : Saliva contains no lipase. The stomach also
lacks any fat­emulsifying agents. Fat is largely 34. (c) : Anaemia is not a disease. It is a symptom of
digested in the small intestine. Cellulose is not various diseases which may result from excessive
digested in human beings. blood loss, excessive blood cell destruction, or
decreased blood cell formation. Folic acid is a part of
31. (d) : In small intestine the food meets two juices
coenzymes for protein and nucleic acid metabolism
: pancreatic and intestinal juice. Pancreatic juice
and is essential for growth and formation of RBCs.
contains a carbohydrase, named pancreatic a amylase.
Its deficiency leads to anaemia, failure of RBCs to
This enzyme hydrolyses more starch and glycogen to
mature and sprue. Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin acts
dextrin and the latter to double sugar, maltose and
as a coenzyme for nucleic acid metabolism and is
isomaltose and ‘limit’ dextrins.
essential for formation of RBCs and myelin
Starch and glycogen maltose + formation. Its deficiency leads to Pernicious
(injurious) anaemia and malformation of RBCs.
isomaltose + ‘Limit’ dextrins 35. (b) : Brunner’s glands are present in the
32. (a) : The parietal or acid or oxyntic cells of gastric duodenum region of small intestine. They secretes
glands secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid). In the two hormones secretin and cholecystokinin. Secretin
presence of HCl, pepsinogen (proenzyme) which is is secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are
an inactive precursor of pepsin enzyme, gets exposed to the acidic contents of the emptying
converted to an active form, i.e., pepsin. The activated stomach. It stimulates the exocrine portion of the
pepsin by autocatalysis activates more pepsinogen to pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the pancreatic
Digestion and Absorption 211

fluid (thus neutralizing the acidity of the intestinal 43. (a) : During prolonged fasting, first carbohydrates
contents). are used up then fats and proteins are used at the last.
Cholecystokinin (CCK), a mixture of peptides, is Carbohydrate and fat metabolism can easily produce
secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are energy than protein and they follow a more or less
exposed to food. It acts– simpler pathway to enter into TCA cycle. When all
– on the gall bladder stimulating it to contract and carbohydrates of the body are used up then fats are
force its contents of bile into the intestine. converted into carbohydrates and when all fats are used
up then ultimately proteins of the body are converted
– on the pancreas stimulating the release of
into carbohydrates to be used up by the body.
pancreatic digestive enzymes into the pancreatic
fluid. 44. (d) : Bilirubin and biliverdin are the pigments
CCK also acts on vagal neurons leading back to the present in the bile juice secreted from liver. They
medulla oblongata which give a satiety signal (i.e., provide yellowish brown colour to the stool. So,
“that’s enough food for now”). malfunction of liver leads to appearance of whitish
grey stool.
36. (b) : Microvilli are countless minute, closely ­
set projections from the free surface of the mucosal 45. (a) : Stomach has low pH due to secretion of
cells of the intestine. There may be about 500 HCl. Protease, an enzyme for digesting protein acts
microvilli on each cell. These are meant to increase in low pH i.e. in stomach. Amylase is a starch
the absorptive surface area of the intestine. Pinocytic (carbohydrate) digesting enzyme and carbohydrate
vesicles are involved in intake of extracellular fluid. digestion does not occur in stomach. All digestive
Phagocytic vesicles are involved in engulfing of large enzymes are hydrolases. Peroxidase is an iron
solid particles. Zymogen granules contain proteolytic containing enzyme, found mainly in plants but also
enzymes in an inactive form. present in leucocytes and milk, that catalyses the
dehydrogenation (oxidation) of various substances in
37. (b) : Kwashiorkar is caused due to the deficiency the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
of protein and meat, lentils, milk and eggs are rich
sources of protein. Scurvy is caused due to deficiency 46. (c) : Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of
of vitamin C whose sources are citrus fruit, tomatoes, prothrombin in the liver. Prothrombin is a factor which
peppers, leafy green vegetables. Deficiency of vitamin is required for blood clotting. Deficiency of vitamin
D (sources ­ milk, egg yolk and liver) leads to rickets. K leads to slow rate of blood clotting. Vitamin A
Anaemia is caused due to deficiency of folic acid deficiency leads to night blindness, xerophthalmia and
(sources ­ yeast, liver, fish, green vegetables) or retarded growth. Vitamin B deficiency causes beri­
vitamin B12 (sources ­ liver, eggs, meat, fish) or iron beri, pellagra, anaemia etc. Deficiency of vitamin E
(egg yolk, spinach). leads to destruction of RBCs.
38. (a) : Beri­beri which is caused due to the 47. (a) : Vitamin E is known as tocopherol. It
deficiency of vitamin B1, is characterized by pain from prevents breakage of red blood cells, may act as an
neuritis, paralysis, muscle wasting, oedema, mental antioxidant, prevents oxidation of certain materials
deterioration and finally heart failure. It occurs in and maintains normal membrane structure. Vitamin
those countries (coastal districts of A.P.) where the D and Vitamin A are known as calciferol and retinol
diet is based on polished rice, which lacks the respectively.
thiamine­rich seed coat. 48. (a) : Essential amino acids are those amino acids
39. (a) : Goat’s liver and Spirulina that must be ingested in food for survival as they are not
(a cyanobacterium) are the richest sources of vitamin synthesized in the body. There are 7 essential amino
B12. Other sources are eggs, meat, fish etc. acids. Glycine, aspartic acid and serine are non­essential
40. (b) : Refer to answer 35. amino acids as they can be synthesized in the body.
41. (d) : Deficiency of vitamin B 2 leads to 49. (a) : Deficiency of rhodopsin in eyes occurs due
inflammation of eyes, sores on the lips and skin to deficiency of vitamin A. Carrot and ripe papayas
diseases. Pellagra is caused due to deficiency of are rich sources of vitamin A so these should be eaten
nicotinic acid or vitamin B3. It is characterised by in deficiency of rhodopsin in eye.
dermatitis (skin inflammation), diarrhoea and dementia
50. (a) : Rennin is the enzyme secreted by stomach.
(nervous disorder).
It hydrolyzes the soluble milk protein casein into
42. (b, d) paracasein and whey protein. Paracasein is
212 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

spontaneously precipitated in the presence of calcium common itchy skin disease characterized by reddening
as insoluble calcium paracaseinate, forming and vesicle formation. Cirrhosis is a condition in
coagulated milk. Amylase degrade starch, glycogen which the liver responds to injury or death of some
and other polysaccharides. Plants contain both a and of its cell by producing interlacing strands of fibrous
b­amylases found in pancreatic juice and also in tissue between which are nodules of regenerating
saliva. Intestinal becteria help by digesting cellulose. cells.
Invertase acts on sucrose. 58. (d) : Tooth is mainly made of ivory like substance
51. (d) : Boiled potatoes do not contain lactose; and called dentine. In crown part of the tooth, dentine is
cellulose which is present is not digested in man as covered by enamel (hardest substance in the body).
he lacks cellulase. Starch is the major food component Enamel is smooth, white being rich in minerals
which is present in boiled potato and is broken down containing calcium, especially apatite and secreted
into maltose and isomaltose due to salivary amylase by cells of ectodermal origin called ameloblasts of
and is hence digested. DNA is broken down into the oral epithelium and protects the underlying dentine
purines, pyrimidines and sugars by pancreatic of the tooth. The pulp cavity of tooth is lined by
nuclease (such as DNase). dentine forming cells called odontoblasts. Osteoblasts
52. (d) : Refer to answer 35. are the bone forming cells.
53. (b) : Vitamin B complex is a group of water 59. (a) : Vitamin B12 (also called cyanocobalamine)
soluble vitamins that characteristically serve as is essential for the formation and maturation of
components of coenzymes. Plant and many micro­ erythrocytes. Vitamin B12 is manufactured only by
organisms can manufacture B­vitamins but dietary microorganisms and natural sources are entirely of
sources are essential for most animals. Heat and light animal origin. One form of vitamin B12 functions as a
tend to destroy B vitamins. The vitamin B complex coenzyme in a number of reactions, including the
consists of 8 different components ­ B1, B 2, B 3, oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of DNA. It
pantothenic acid, B 6, folic acid, biotin and B 12. also works in conjunction with folic acid in the
Pantothenic acid functions as a part of coenzyme A synthesis of the amino acid methionine and it is
in cell respiration while folic acid functions as part
required for normal production of red blood cells.
of coenzymes in protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
Vitamin A is required for maintenance of epithelia,
54. (c) : Deficiency of vitamin K causes growth and is a part of visual pigments. Vitamin C
haemorrhage, which is characterized by profuse play a role in collagen formation. Vitamin D facilitates
bleeding. Beri beri is caused due to deficiency of absorption of calcium and phosphorus by intestine
vitamin B1. and their retention in the body and deposition in
55. (c) : A system of veins leading from the digestive bones.
tract to capillaries in the liver of a vertebrate is known
60. (c) : Ileum is the part of small intestine. Its
as hepatic portal system. Thus, absorbed products of
mucosa is raised into numerous microscopic
digestion (except fat) go straight to the liver and not
projections called the villi. The villi contain a minute
to the heart. Pulmonary vein conveys oxygenated
blind ended lymph vessel lacteals. From the lacteals,
blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
the lipoprotein chylomicrons are carried into the blood
Hepatic artery supply blood to the liver.
stream directly via thoracic lymphatic duct.
56. (d) : Brunner’s glands are branched tubular
glands and are confined to the duodenum. They 61. (c) : Vitamin B1 is synthesized by symbiotic
secrete alkaline watery fluid that neutralizes the acidic bacteria living inside the gut. This is evidenced by
chyme leaving the stomach, a little enzyme and the fact that vitamin B deficiency occurs on taking
mucus. They are named after swiss anatomist J.C. von antibiotics which in addition to killing harmful
Brunner. bacteria also kill useful bacteria forming vitamin B1.
57. (a) : Kwashiorkar is a protein deficiency disease. 62. (d) : Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that acts
Its symptoms are underweight, stunted growth, poor on all type of foods. It contains pancreatic amylase
brain development, loss of appetite, anaemia, for the digestion of carbohydrates; trypsinogen,
protuding belly, slender legs and bulging eyes. Night chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases for the
blindness is the inability to see in dimlight or at night. digestion of proteins, pancreatic lipase for the
It occurs due to deficiency of vitamin A. Eczema is a digestion of fats and nuclease for nucleic acid.
Digestion and Absorption 213

63. (c) : Amylase, rennin and trypsin are enzymes walls. It is essential for the synthesis of collagen.
and as all enzymes are proteins so these three are also Rickets and pellagra are caused due to deficiency of
proteins. vitamin D and vitamin B3 respectively in the body.
64. (c) : Rennin is the enzyme that acts on casein 70. (b) : Calcium is an important constituents of
which is a milk protein. It is secreted by the gastric bones and teeth. It is present in the blood at a
glands in an inactive form prorennin which is concentration of about 10 mg/100 ml, being
activated by HCl. Rennin converts caesinogen into maintained at this level by hormones ­ calcitonin and
calcium paracaesinate in the presence of calcium ions. parathyroid hormone. Ca absorption is enhanced by
This ensures that milk remains in the stomach as long vitamin D. Thus, deficiency of vitamin D hampers
as possible. The largest amount of rennin are present Ca absorption resulting in conditions such as rickets,
in the stomach of young mammals. Carbohydrate, osteoporosis and osteomalacia. A deficiency of
maltose and protein are acted upon by carbohydrase, calcium in the blood may lead to tetany.
maltase and protease respectively. 71. (a) : Enterogastrone hormone is released from
65. (a) : Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a vitamin that acts duodenum and it slows gastric contraction to delay
as a part of coenzymes (NAD, NADP) which serve emptying of stomach and stops secretion of gastric
as hydrogen acceptors and donors for many enzymes. juice. Enterogastrone is released when the stomach
Its deficiency in the body causes pellagra which is contents pass into the small intestine.
characterized by dermatitis (skin inflammation), 72. (a) : Refer to answer 65.
diarrhoea and dementia (nervous disorder).
Deficiency of tocopherol (vitamin E) leads to 73. (c) : Refer to answer 64.
destruction of RBCs. Deficiency of riboflavin 74. (c) : Pellagra is a disease that occurs due to
(vitamin B2) causes inflammation of eyes, sores on deficiency of vitamin nicotinamide. Its symptoms are
the lips and skin diseases. Folic acid deficiency leads swollen lips, diarrohea, thick pigmented skin of hands
to anaemia and failure of RBCs to mature. and legs and nervous disorder (irritability).
66. (b) : Cholesterol is a fat like material (a sterol) 75. (d) : Fat is largely digested in the small intestine.
present in the blood and most tissues especially Bile salts of the bile break down fat droplets into many
nervous tissue. Cholesterol is synthesized in the body small ones by reducing the surface tension of fat
from acetate, mainly in the liver and blood droplets. This process is called emulsification. This
concentration is normally 140­300 mg/100 ml. It can increases lipase action on fat.
exists as a free sterol or esterified with a long chain 76. (b) : Thromboplastin, a lipoprotein, helps in clot
fatty acid. High cholesterol is harmful for the body. formation. Thromboplastin helps in the formation of
So, high cholesterol patients are advised to take an enzyme prothrombinase. This enzyme inactivates
groundnut oil, margarine and vegetable oils, as these heparin and it also converts the inactive plasma
contain polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain less protein prothrombin into its active form, thrombin.
cholesterol in them. Both the changes require calcium ions. Thrombin
67. (a) : Haemorrhagic disease is characterized by converts fibrinogen molecule to insoluble fibrin. The
profuse bleeding in the newborn. Deficiency of fibrin monomers polymerize to form long, sticky
vitamin K, an anti­haemorrhagic factor causes delayed fibres. The fibrin threads form a fine network over
blood clotting in case of injuries. the wound and trap blood corpuscles (RBCs, WBCs,
68. (b) : The polysaccharide which is synthesized and platelets) to form a crust, the clot.
stored in the liver is glycogen. When there is a need 77. (d) : Enterogastrone is secreted by duodenal
of energy in the body, the glycogen is converted into epithelium and it slows gastric contractions to delay
glucose which is released into the blood to be reached its emptying and also stops secretion of gastric juice.
to the target cell. Gastrin stimulates secretion of gastric juice.
69. (a) : Scurvy is characterized by bleeding gums Cholecystokinin stimulates release of enzymes in
and swollen joints as well as decreased resistance to pancreatic juice and release of bile from gall bladder.
common cold. This occurs due to the deficiency of Cholecystokinin is also known as pancreozymin.
vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin with 78. (d) : Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages
antioxidant properties that is essential in maintaining that dispose of old blood cells and particulate matter.
healthy connective tissues and the integrity of cell Kupffer cells, named after Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer
214 Chapterwise NEET­AIPMT SOLUTIONS

(1829­1902), are found in the liver, attached to the namely, sodium glycocholate and sodium
walls of the sinusoids. taurocholate. These salts reduce the surface tension
79. (a) : Refer to answer 56. of large fat droplets and break them into many small
80. (b) : Pancreas secretes three types of digestive ones. This process is called emulsification. They also
enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and form thin coating around tiny fat droplets to keep them
procarboxypeptidase. These enzymes digest proteins. from coalescing. This increases lipase action on fats.
The two hormones secreted are insulin and glucagon 85. (d)
that maintain glucose level in the blood. 86. (b, d) : Cholecystokinin (in fact it is
81. (b) : Protein digestion starts in the stomach with cholecystokinin pancreozymin) is a hormone which
the action of enzyme pepsin. Then in the duodenum is secreted by small intestine and stimulates pancreas
it is carried out by the action of trypsin, chymotrypsin to secrete and release digestive enzymes in pancreatic
and carboxypeptidases. Then it is done by juice. Secretin causes the release of bicarbonates in
aminopeptidases and dipeptidases, enterokinases in the pancreatic juice. Enterokinase is an enzyme that
jejunum and then it ends in the ileum. converts trypsinogen (a proenzyme) into trypsin.
82. (d) : The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive 87. (c) : The Wharton’s ducts are associated with
and endocrine systems of vertebrates. It is both submaxillary glands that lie at the angles of the lower
exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing jaw. These ducts open under the tongue. Ducts of
digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several
Rivinus are associated with sublingual salivary gland.
important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and
Stenson’s duct is associated with parotid gland.
somatostatin). The beta cells produce insulin, alpha
Brunner’s glands are present in the intestine.
cells produce glucagon and delta cells produce
somatostatin. There are two main types of exocrine 88. (b) : Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands.
pancreatic cells, responsible for two main classes of They lie on the sides of the face, just below and in
secretions. The centroacinar cells produce bicarbonate front of the ears. The parotid ducts, also called
ions and basophilic cells secrete digestive enzymes. Stenson’s ducts, open into the vestibule opposite the
upper second molar teeth.
83. (d) : Zymogen or chief cells are present in the
fundic part of stomach. Chief cells are usually basal 89. (d) : It is the middle layer of 3 layered Mucosa
in location and secrete gastric digestive enzymes as (outer muscularis mucosa, middle lamina propria and
proenzymes or zymogens; pepsinogen and prorennin. inner simple colunar epithelium) of intestine. It is
84. (b) : Bile contains no enzyme, and has no made up of a highly vascular connective tissue
chemical action on food. However, it has salts, containing lymphatic nodules.