Multiplexing- Space Division Multiplexing-Frequency Division Multiplexing: Wave length Division

Multiplexing - Time Division multiplexing: Characteristics, Digital Carrier system, SONET/SDH-

Statistical time division multiplexing: Cable Modem - Code Division Multiplexing. Multiple Access–
CDMA.

1. Multiplexing
− Multiplexing to refer to the combination of information streams from multiple sources for
transmission over a shared medium.
− The aim is to share a scarce resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone
calls may be carried using one wire.

− each sender communicates with a single receiver

− all pairs share a single transmission medium
− multiplexor combines information from the senders for transmission in such a
way that the demultiplexer can separate the information for receivers

− There are four basic approaches to multiplexing that each have a set of variations and
implementations
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
4. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

− TDM and FDM are widely used

− WDM is a form of FDM used for optical fiber
− CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell phone mechanisms

Frequency Division Multiplexing

− Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Frequency-division multiplexing is a form of signal

multiplexing which involves assigning non-overlapping frequency ranges to different signals
or to each "user of a medium.
− FDM achieves the combining of several signals into one medium by sending signals in several
distinct frequency ranges over a single medium.
− Frequency division multiplexing involves translation of the speech signal from the frequency
band 300-3400 Hz to a higher frequency band. Each channel is translated to a different hand
and then all the channels are combined to form a frequency division multiplexed signal.
 − In FDM, the speech channels are stacked at intervals of 4 kHz to provide a guard band
between adjacent channels.

− FDM can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

− A demultiplexer applies a set of filters that each extract a small range of frequencies near one
of the carrier frequencies

Advantage of FDM:

1. The senders can send signals continuously.

2. FDM support full duplex information flow
3. Works for analog signals too
4. Noise problem for analog communication has lesser effect
5. AM and FM radio broadcasting and Television broadcasting

Disadvantage of FDM:
1. Separate frequency for each possible communication
2. Inflexible, one channel idle and other one busy
3. The initial cost is high
4. A problem for one user can sometimes affect others
5. Each user requires a precise carrier frequency.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

− WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.

− Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is designed to use the high-data-rate capability of
fiber-optic cable.
− Also called Dense WDM (DWDM) to emphasize that many wavelengths of light can be
employed.
− The inputs and outputs of such multiplexing are wavelengths of light denoted by the Greek
letter λ, and informally called colors.
 − Prisms form the basis of optical multiplexing and demultiplexing
o A multiplexer accepts beams of light of various wavelengths and uses a prism to
combine them into a single beam
o A demultiplexer uses a prism to separate the wavelengths.

Advantages of WDM

1) Speed: Works with low speed equipment

2) Transparency: WDM is transparent_ It does not depend on the protocol that has to be
transmitted.
3) Scalable: It is scalable. Instead of switching to a new technology, a new channel can easily be
added to existing channels.
4) Capacity Increment: It is easy for network providers to add additional capacity in a few days if
customers need it.

Disadvantages of WDM

1) Complexity: Complex transmitters and receivers.

2) Reliability and Cost: They must be wide-band, which means they are more expensive and possibly
less reliable.

Time Division Multiplexing

− Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process that allows several connections to

share the high bandwidth of a line. Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM,
time is shared.
− Time Division Multiplexing is the process of dividing up one communication time slot into
smaller time slots.
 − Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) system, a single path and carrier frequency is used.
− TDM is a digital technology.
− Each user is assigned a unique time slot for their operation.
− A central switch or multiplexer goes from one user to the next in a specific predictable
sequence and time.
− TDM system can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is
greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices.
− TDM is more efficient than FDM, in that it does not require guard bands and it operates
directly in digital form.
− In TDM, the transmission between the multiplexers is provided by a single high speed digital
transmission line.

Types of Time Division Multiplexing It can be categories into two types:

1) Synchronous TDM
2) Asynchronous TDM

Synchronous TDM

− Accepts input in a round-robin fashion

− Synchronous TDM works by the multiplexer giving exactly the-same amount of time to each
device connected to it.

− This time slice is allocated even if a device has nothing to transmit.

− The use of Synchronous TDM does not guarantee maximum line usage and efficiency.
− T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common examples of synchronous time division
multiplexing.
− It is used for multiplexing digitized voice stream.

Asynchronous TDM

− Asynchronous Time-Division Multiplexing is a method of sending information that resembles

normal TDM, except that time slots are allocated as needed dynamically rather than pre-
assigned to specific transmitters.
− Asynchronous TDM is more intelligent and has better bandwidth efficiency than TDM.
− Good for low bandwidth lines
− Examples: used for LANs
 Parameter Synchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM / Statistical TDM
In Synchronous TDM data flow of In Statistical TDM slots are allotted
each input connection is divided into dynamically. i.e. input line is given slots
Working
units and each input occupies one in output frame if and only if it has data
output time slot. to send.
In Synchronous TDM no. of slots in
In Statistical TDM, No. of slots in each
No. of Slots each frame are equal to no. of input
frame are less than the no. of input lines.
lines.
Buffering is not done, frame is sent
Buffering is done and only those inputs
after a particular interval of time
Buffers are given slots in output frame whose
whether someone has data to send or
buffer contains data to send.
not.
Slots in Synchronous TDM carry data
only and there is no need of
Slots in Statistical TDM contain both
Addressing addressing. Synchronization and pre
data and address of the destination.
assigned relationships between input
and outputs that serve as an address.
Synchronization bits are used at the
Synchronization No synchronization bits are used
beginning of each frame.
The capacity of link is normally is less
Max. Bandwidth utilization if all
Capacity than the sum of the capacity of each
inputs have data to send.
channel.
In Synchronous TDM de-multiplexer
In Statistical TDM de-multiplexer at
at receiving end decomposes each
receiving end decomposes each frame
frame, discards framing bits and
Data Separation by checking local address of each data
extracts data unit in turn. This
unit. This extracted data unit from frame
extracted data unit from frame is
is then passed to destination device.
then passed to destination device.

Advantages of TDM

1) The user gets full bandwidth of the channel in a particular time slot.
2) For bursty signals such as voice or speech TDMA gives maximum utilization of the channel.
3) Most suitable technique for digital transmission.
4) It does not require precise carrier matching at both end of the links.
5) Can expand the number of users on a system at a low cost.
Disadvantages of TDM

1) It is not much suitable for continues signals.

2) Initial cost is high.
3) The noise problem for analog communication has greater effect.
4) Extra guard times are necessary.
5) Synchronization is necessary.

Difference between TDM and FDM

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)

Total available time is divided into several users Total frequency bands are divided into several
users.
Transmission of two or more signals on the same A multiplex system for transmitting two or more
path, but at different times. signals over a common path by using a different
frequency band for each signal.
TDM imply partitioning the bandwidth of the
channel connecting two nodes into finite set of The signals multiplexed come from different
time slots sources/transmitters.
TDM is implemented using digital devices and FDM is implemented using analog devices and
circuits. circuits.
TDM system has relatively small inter-channel In FDM the non-linearites present in transmitter
crosstalk which can be arrived by ensuring and receiver circuits produce intermodulation
completely isolated and non-overlapping pulses and harmonic distortion.
indifferent time slots.

Code Division Multiplexing

− In code division multiplexing, every user can transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the
time.
− CDM used in parts of the cellular telephone system and for some satellite communication
− The specific version of CDM used in cell phones is known as Code Division Multi-Access (CDMA)
− CDM is achieved through application of spread-spectrum techniques.
− Spread spectrum techniques can be classified into two categories:
1) Direct-Sequence
2) Frequency hopping techniques.
− Generally, CDM is a frequency hopping spread spectrum techniques which allows utilization of
full channel bandwidth for each user.
− CDM does not rely on physical properties such as frequency or time
− CDM relies on an interesting mathematical idea - “values from orthogonal vector spaces can be
combined and separated without interference”.

− Each sender is assigned a unique binary code Ci that is known as a chip sequence
− Chip sequences are selected to be orthogonal vectors (i.e., the dot product of any two chip
sequences is zero).
− At any point in time, each sender has a value to transmit, Vi
− The senders each multiply Ci x Vi and transmit the results
− The senders transmit at the same time
− and the values are added together
− To extract value Vi, a receiver multiplies the sum by Ci

Consider an example: Refer the example that practiced in the class room.