Learning Objectives O To gain a comprehensive understanding of bridge loading OTo develop a critical appreciation and comprehensive understanding of methods of structural Idealisation and analysis of bridge structures. O To develop a critical awareness of bridge inspection and assessment.Lecture-1 Q) Bridge Definition QO) Types of Bridges QO) Bridge Components QO Aesthetic in Bridge Design O) Selection criterion of a Bridge Type Q QuizWhat is a Bridge? OBridge is a structure which covers a gap OGenerally bridges carry a road or railway across a natural or artificial obstacle such as, a river, canal or another railway or another road CiBridge is a structure corresponding to the heaviest responsibility in carrying a free flow of transport and is the most significant component of a transportation system in case of communication over gaps for whatever reason such as aquatic obstacles, valleys and gorges etc.Bridge is the KEY ELEMENT ina Transportation SystemStructures for Transportation Beauty can be expressed in the structural efficiency, simplicity, and repetition of a bridge.OSubstructure OiSuperstructure OF oundation (Pile/Spread footing) QAny structure above bearing OPier (Column) QWearing surface OAbutment GHEY, AMS Cae foundation @Bridge Planning OTraffic Stu OHydro tec OGeotechn QEnvironmi OAlternativ O Economic OBridge SelQOShort span: 6-30m QOMedium span: 30-100m=~ QLong span: >100m Span>6m —+ Bridge Span<6m —-> CulvertMaterial Usage ae a Perini. Structural form me HyEtg! CMe AR OERS Pedestrian Highway Railroad Short Medium Long Girder Arch Sib senann caMESstalyMaterial and Fabrication OMaterials OMasonry (brick, rock) OTimber OReinforced Concrete OPrestressed Concrete Olron OsSteel OComposites OFabrication UPrecast (RC, PC) OCast in place (RC, PC) OPre tensioned (PC) OPost tensioned (PC) OPrefabricated (Steel) ORivet (steel) OBolted (steel, timber)Bristal Bridge, Bristol, UK Golden Gate Bridge California, USA.Londan Millennium Footbridge, UK Electric Wharf Footbridge, UK‘Thames Ditton Railway bridges The Forth Railway Bridge, ScotlandBasic types based on structural form: Q Arch OBeam OCantilever OTruss OCable Stayed OsuspensionTypes of Bridges Arch Bridge QiArch bridges are one of the old bridges and have great natural Olnstead of pushing straight dow of an arch bridge is carried outv curve of the arch to the support OThese supports, called the abut the load and keep the ends of t! spreading out.Beam/Girder Bridge OThe most basic type of bridge OTypically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a support and can be made continuous later OTypically inexpensive to build seen natn Forces When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart.Beam/Girder Bridge QOCurrently, most of the beam bridges are precast (in case of RC and PC) or prefabricated Oost are simply-supported Osome are made continuous on site = “mae mcm hart th ep verte Simply supported ~~ == eo. Cantilever Continuous @Cantilever Bridge Qin a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two directions at the same time so that the | s # weight on both sides counterbalance eachother pocnets QNotice the larger section at the Ms sup oreTruss Bridge QAll beams in a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances. OTypical Span lengths: 40m-500mSuspension Bridges OSuspension bridge needs to have very strong main cablesTypes of Bridges Cable-stayed Bridge Q All ee forces are transferred fFOM cone:rco thane t f eck through the cables to the pylon QO) Roadway deck can be : 4 i Ss7f) ; 4 (prestressed) Concrete Box Deck 1 Stee! Box Deck a Steel Truss Deck Fen AAs | | « Geassiaisan: > ..Consider the following: Span length OBridge length OBeam spacing QMaterial available OSite conditions (foundation, height, apace constraints) OSpeed of construction Osesthetics Cost OiAccess for maintenance @steel suspension steel nb arch steel truss arch concrete arch steel truss Types cable-stayed steel cable-stayed concrete steel girder concrete girder slab © 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Span Length (m) 4QAn ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable and inexpensive, is nota good bridge QLong span bridge over a river can be a land mark: thus aesthetics should be an important facto OBridge should blend with| OSmooth transition betweer ODeterminant of bridge's a ape ‘Vertical and Horizontal geor other structures *Superstructure type and shai *Pier/abutment placement an ‘Color, surface texture, Signing, | ‘QOiContext OiComprehensive Oost OiConstructability OAdapted fram “Restore Aesthetics as Design Priority” by Jeffery GrobOContext All projects from a simple creek bridge to the longest multi span water crossin must first be considered with the context in which it is locate OComprehensive The designs that work best a that take aesthetics in to account right from start.OCost No discussion of design considerations can be conducted realistically without asking “How much is it going to cost?”. OConstructability No discussion of aesthetics is complete without considering constructability. &There are not HARD & FAST rules or formulas for aesthetics of bridge design. It finally gets down to the responsibility of each designer on each project to make personal choices that will lead to a more beautiful structure OFunction OiProportion QHarmony QOOrder & Rhythm OContrast & TextureOFor a bridge design to be successful, it must always safely perform its function. OFor example, a bridge is designed that fulfills every requirements of aesthetic consideration and other requirements such as economy, constructability etc. but is somehow unable to perform the function for which it was. designed, then however beautiful it is, it won't be appealing. OThe very first notion of beauty in a bridge is that it performs its function efficiently and people using it are satisfied.OGood proportions are fundamental to achieving an aesthetically pleasing bridge structure lt is generally agreed that when a bridge is placed across a relatively shallow valley, the most pleasing appearance occurs when there are an odd number of spans with span lengths that decrease going up to the side of the valley. OThe bridge over a deep valley again should have an odd number of spans, but should be of equal length. Slender girders and the tall, tapered piers can add to the aesthetic pleasure OThe proportions of parapet, spandrel, arch etc. are very important on such bridges. Runnymede Bridge, River Thames (1962)Slender girders can be achieved if the superstructure is made continuous. In fact, the superstructure continuity is the most important aesthetic consideration Athlone Bypass Bridge, Ireland A shallow deck, straight haunches extended into piers and broad ,shallow cutwaters combine to give a strong and distinctive effect. Byker Vii slender di uct, Tall, id piers, ‘straight haunches and a shallow deck,QHarmony between the elements of a bridge: "It depends on the proportions between the span lengths and depth of girders, height and size of piers, and negative spaces and solid masses. QHarmony between the whole structure and its surroundings "The scale and size of a bridge structure should be relative to its environment. Ag —_Dornech Firth Bridge, Scotland. Constant depth box on simple River Camel Viaduct, Wadebridge, Cornwall: Simple constant depth girder crossing. viaduct with clean and neat lines.ODeveloping a rhythm to the bridge is also important, For example, spans should match where possible or at least demonstrate a consistent order. OThe cumulative effect of all bridge elements including lighting columns, barrier support and pier should be considered. For example, outer spans of this bridge are not the same dimension and the symmetry of the bridge is affected.QAI bridges do not have to blend in with their surroundings. “ when a bridge is built in the middle of the country, it should blend in with the country side, but very often, because of its proportions and dynamism, the bridge stands out and dominates the landscape" For Example: When the deck line is not ‘expressed, the scale looks odd due to paucity of detail. Also the coursing of the stone or brick then follow neither the arch, the deck nor the parapet, so invariably it tends to be horizontal. G-Mex bridge, Manchester Metrolink. The steel structure contrasts boldly with its surroundings. Avon Bridge, M40,Warwick A lack of much detailing gives ‘wallpaper’ effectBridge Design Process *Function (To bridge or not? Replace or remove?) *Who is User? *Many decisions. *Where is best spot? es “Project Funding and \, Scope finalized *Plans, Specs, Estimates.Quiz Question 1: What are the oldest type of Bridges? A. Beam B. Arch C. Cable-stayed D. SuspensionQuiz Question 2: Which type of bridge is normally the longest type? A. Beam B. Arch C. Cable-stayed D. SuspensionQuiz Question 3: Which type of bridge is the cheapest? A. Beam B. Arch C. Cable-stayed D. SuspensionQuiz Question 4: Which Quality of Aesthetic Design is the most important? A. Rhythm B. Function C. Proportion D. HarmonyQuiz Question 5: During this step, the designs are studied based on their merit in relationship to strength, cost, market appeal, and manufacturability. A. Identify Problems B. Modify the Implementation C. Determine Constraints D. Analysis of Design