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HISTORY OF NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING

PROGRAM (NSTP) In the year 1991, the Basic ROTC Course was
modified to Expanded ROTC Program
Service is rendered in many ways. It is the through the Implementing Rules and
act of doing something with someone or for Regulation of Republic Act No 7077. They
any cause without expecting anything in modified it so college students will take
return. In the National Service Training military subjects in the first curriculum year
Program (NSTP), service is done either and choose among the following
through military ways or non-military ways. components (Military Training Service, Civic
Service by applying military science is done Welfare Service, and Law Enforcement
through Reserve Officer Training Corps Service) in the second-year curriculum.
(ROTC) while non –military service is done
through the Civic Welfare Training Service On March 18, 2001, a floating corpse
(CWTS) and Literacy Training Service (LTS). wrapped in a carpet was found on the Pasig
River. Their hands were bound and the face
The National Service Training Program was wrapped with packing tape. That body
(NSTP) started when Commonwealth Act was identified as Mark Welson Chua. He was
No. 1, otherwise known as the “National 19-year-old engineering student of
Defense Act”, was passed into a law. It is an University of Santo Tomas (UST). The death
act to provide for the national defense of of this cadet, who was reported to be a
the Philippines penalizing certain violations victim of illegal ROTC practices, led to an
thereof, appropriating funds therefore, and unexpected massive protest among college
for other purposes under the government of students together with their concerned
President Manuel L. Quezon (1935). parents who are against the ROTC Program.
Commonwealth Act No. 1 required the male The scandals and controversies led them to
college students, to render 2 years (4 a proposal to change the Expanded ROTC
semesters) of Military Training to be Program into “National Service Program”.
reserved cadets for the national defense of However, another proposal was created
the Philippines. before the National Service Program was
able to prosper. The proposal is what we
On August 8, 1980, the amendment of know now as the National Service Training
Commonwealth Act No. 1 gave existence to Program (NSTP).
Presidential Decree No. 1706, also known as
the “National Service Law”. It mandates A new and latest amendment was brought
compulsory national service from all the for creating the Republic Act9163,which is
citizens of the Philippines. It is divided into also known as the “National Service Training
three main component programs namely: Program” -(NSTP) ; it is signed into law on
Civic Welfare Service (CWTS), Law January 23, 2002, and the implementation of
Enforcement Service (LES) and Military this Act commenced in the school year of
Service (MS). Since it was a requirement in 2002-2003. NSTP comprises three program
tertiary education, male college students components namely: Civic Welfare Training
were given the option to choose from the Service (CWTS), Literacy Training Service
components mentioned. (LTS), and Reserve Officer Training Corps
(ROTC).
The implementation of the National Service
law was suspended by the Presidential REPUBLIC ACT NO.9163 (January 23, 2002)
Memorandum Order No. 1 of Late President
Corazon C. Aquino briefly after the ouster of ● This Act shall be known as the
Marcos. They changed it to Basic Reserve "National Service Training
Officer Training Corps (ROTC), effective Program (NSTP) Act of 2001"
school year 1986-1987.
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● an act establishing the NATIONAL those devoted to improving health,

SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM quality of education, environment
(NSTP) for tertiary level students, protection, entrepreneurship, safety,
amending for the purpose republic recreation, and the morals of the
act no. 7077 and presidential decree citizenry.
no. 1706, and for other purposes.
Constitutional Basis of NSTP:
The National Service Training Program is
a program designed to develop and Art 2, 1987 Philippine Constitution
enhance civic consciousness and defense
preparedness among the Filipino youth by
developing ethics of service, nationalism, Section 4. The prime duty of the
and patriotism while undergoing training in government is to serve and protect the
any of its three program components. people. The Government may call upon the
people to defend the state and, in the
fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be
COMPONENTS OF NSTP required, under conditions provided by law,
For those courses involving military services to render personal, military or civil service.
though optional, it is highly recommended
to take the Reserve Officer Training Corps Section 5. The maintenance of peace and
(ROTC). All incoming freshmen students in order, the protection of life, liberty, and
the Tertiary Level are required and may property, and promotion of the general
choose from the three components to wit: welfare are essential for the enjoyment by
all the people of the blessings of democracy.
1. Reserve Officer Training Corps
(ROTC). A program tailored to Section 13. The State recognizes the vital
provide military training for tertiary role of the youth in nation-building and
level students to motivate, train, shall promote and protect their physical,
organize, and mobilize them for moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social
national preparedness. The year well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth
2019 is significant in Reserve Officer patriotism and nationalism, and
Training Corps (ROTC) as President encourage their involvement in public and
Rodrigo Duterte announced his civic affairs.
desire to make the Reserve Officer
Training Corps mandatory in senior GUIDELINES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
high school. THE NATIONAL SERVICE PROGRAM (NSP)
AT THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
2. Literacy Training Service (LTS). A
program tailored to develop
1. All entering tertiary level of students,
students to become educators of
male and female starting AY
literacy and numeracy skills to the
2002-2003, undertake training in any
school children, less privileged out
of the three (3) components (MS,
of school youth, and other segments
CWS, ES) of the National Service
of our society in need of their
Program (NSP) of their choice as a
service.
requirement for graduation in any
3. Civic Welfare Training Service
baccalaureate degree.
(CWTS). Program activity is
2. For the second semester foray
contributory to the general welfare
2001-2002 students who passed MS
and the betterment of life of the
11 under the Expanded Reserve
members of the community, the
Officers Training Corps (E-ROTC),
upgrading of its facilities, especially
may either continue or opt to enroll
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in any of the two (2) components. have the approval of the DND,
through the AFP Chief of Staff
3. All male non-freshmen tertiary level
students who have not taken the 11. The current DMST Facilities of HEIs,
E-ROTC Program shall be covered by which shall henceforth be called the
Guideline Number 1. National Service Program Office
(NSPO), shall be made available for
4. Students shall follow the policies use in the implementation of the
and guidelines governing the NSP Program.
program they opt to undergo, as 12. Trainors, Coordinators, and
may be required by the lead implementors of the NSP, MS, CWS,
agencies DND, CHED, and DILG. and LES shall undergo training for
the uniform interpretation and
5. All Freshmen student trainees shall implementation of the programs to
initially undertake 5 common Basic be conducted by DND, CHED, and
Training Module (CBTM), to a DILG in collaboration with other
semester for a total of 51 hours. concerned agencies.
Those who have taken MS 1 in AY 13. Orientation and Information
2001-2002 or earlier shall be campaign shall be conducted by the
considered to have complied with CHEDROs and HEIs for the school
the CBTM requirements. administration and other concerned
6. A preference Survey shall be program stakeholders, in
administered to student trainees coordination with OSS-CHED.
towards the end of CBTM.
7. The office of student services (OSS) 14. Coordination with the Philippine
of CHED shall serve as the National Nation a Police (PNP) and the Armed
Secretariat for the NSP in higher Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on
education. the matter concerning Les and MS
8. CHED Regional Offices (CHEDRos) implementation respectively shall be
shall designate a Regional done by HEIs whenever necessary.
Coordinator who will monitor the
implementation in Higher 15. All schools may charge and collect
Educational Institution (HEIs) under an NSP from each student trainee
the jurisdiction, in coordination with equivalent to 1.5 units/semester.
the Regional DND and DILG offices.
He/she shall render periodic 16. Fees collected shall form part of the
progress reports as may be required Trust Fund, which shall be managed
and necessary to the CHEDRO in the by the school, exclusively for the
area. operation of the NSP and as per its
9. Each HEI shall similarly designate a accredited curriculum/POI.
Program Coordinator who will
monitor the implementation of the 17. Seventy percent (70%) of the NSP
NSP in their prospective fee collected shall be proportionally
colleges/universities and shall allocated to the three (3) programs
render periodic reports as may be according to its number of enrollees;
required and necessary to the the remaining thirty percent (30%)
CHEDRO in their area. shall be used to cover
10. Establishment of National Service unprogrammed expenses related to
Program Office (NSPO) in HEIs and NSP implementation.
designation of its Over-all 18. Each coordinator shall prepare a
Coordinator Commandant shall Program of Expenses (POE) of their
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respective NSP component, to be To meet the increasing demand for

consolidated by the Over-all Project vocational education in the whole province,
Coordinator (Commandant), and the trade school was transferred on June 7,
submitted to the school head of the 1931, to Cabanatuan City. Enrolment
HEI for the approval. increased; however, the program was
19. Certificate of completion shall be interrupted in December 1941 by the
issued by the Over-all coordinator outbreak of the Second World War in the
(Commandant) to student trainees Pacific
who have successfully complied with
the program requirements upon the Immediately after the war, the trade school
recommendation of the respective was reopened on September 6, 1945,
Program Coordinators. Rehabilitation program took place. The
20. HEIS shall provide group insurance trade school continued with its mission of
coverage chargeable to the NSP meeting the vocational and manpower
trust fund for all student trainees. needs of students coming from both Nueva
Parent’s consent/waivers shall be Ecija and the nearby provinces. On June 8,
required when undertaking 1948, a course in dressmaking was opened
off-campus activities. and female students were admitted to the
School. A few years later, food trades and
cosmetology courses were also offered.
21. Cross enrolment shall be allowed if
the program component chosen by On May 8, 1953, the NETS was converted
the students is not offered in the HEI into the Central Luzon School of Arts and
where he/she is enrolled in. Trades (CLSAT) under Republic Act No. 845.
CLSAT was recognized as a center of
22. DND shall remain the Overall lead manpower/vocational training for both
agency in the implementation of the youths and adults not only in the province
NSP. but also in the whole Region III.

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND Series of developments continued until the
TECHNOLOGY HI S T O R I C A L B A CK G R O CLSAT was converted into the Central Luzon
UND Polytechnic College (CLPC) under Republic
Act No. 3998 which was signed on June 18,
The Nueva Ecija University of Science and 1964, by then- President Diosdado
Technology (NEUST) started in June 1908 as Macapagal.
a vocational course at the Wright Institute in
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija where young Thirty-four years later, the CLPC, under the
Filipinos were trained in woodworking and leadership of President Gemiliano C. Calling,
basic telegraphy. Said vocational course was converted into a specialized university,
lasted until SY 1927-1928 when the general the Nueva Ecija University of Science and
secondary school was transferred to Technology under the Republic Act. No
Cabanatuan City. 8612.

However, on June 9, 1929, the school The Bill converting CLPC into NEUST was
continued its operation in San Isidro, under signed on February 19, 1998, by Speaker
a new name, Nueva Ecija Trade School Jose de Venecia. It was forwarded to
(NETS) with woodworking as the vocational President Fidel V. Ramos on February 24,
course offered in addition to the existing 1998, and lapsed into law on March 27,
secondary curriculum inherited from the 1998.
Wright Institute.
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The University, therefore, ensures that the Excellence

requirements of business, industry, services,
and other sectors as well as the needs of the Unity
local, regional and national development for
high-quality professionals and highly skilled Spiritually
middle-level manpower are addressed.
Transparency
The leadership of Dr. Callingas the first
University President ended up when he died
on July 5, 2006. The baton of leadership was
turned over to Dr. Hilario C. Ortiz as Acting
President and then finally, he was formally
UNIT II. SELF AND FILIPINO SOCIETY
sworn into office on August 5, 2007, as the
Second University President. On August 4, “Madaling maging tao, mahirap
2011, Atty. Hilario C. Ortiz, Ph. D. was again magpakatao”
given another four-year term as University
President. THE HUMAN PERSON

Dr. Feliciana P. Jacoba was appointed as the ´ A human person is a combination of

third University President on February 10, - physical, spiritual, emotional, and
2016, and in 2019 she was re-appointed for intellectual attributes. There are several
her second term as university president. Dr. definitions of a human person based on
Jacoba already made a mark on the history different perspectives:
of NEUST as the First Woman President of
the University. ´ Aristotle and Boethius, philosophers,
described the humans as a rational being.
Mission and Vision As a rational or thinking being, a person can
know, reason out, and apply what he knows.
MISSION On the other hand, Socrates maintains that
man is a being who thinks and wills.
To develop new knowledge and
technologies and transform human ´ A substance of physical and spiritual
resources into productive citizenry to bring is how the theologians describe a human
about development impact to local and person. Spiritual in nature because man has
international communities a soul and is created by a Superior Being
with divine purpose. Physical in nature,
because a person is created with body and
VISION faculty that correspond to his/her
relationship with society.
NEUST is a locally responsive and
internationally relevant and recognized ´ In dictionaries, they define a human
University of Science and Technology person as a living, self-conscious animal, or
a thing.
THE TAGLINE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HUMAN PERSON
Transforming communities through Science
➢ Rational - Ability to think
and Technology
➢ Unique - Have all unique
characteristics and attitude
CORE VALUES
➢ Free - As a human being, we are free
but we have our limitations and
Nationalism
consequences
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➢ Social Being - We need to socialize. “ The word “value” was derived from the Latin
No man is an island” word “valere” which means to be strong
➢ Sexual - biological and vigorous. This proceeds from the
➢ Gender - Preferences premise that a human person must have
strength or valor in every endeavor. It is the
The Essence of a Person basis on which his/her strength in facing the
challenges of life should be directed.

Dr. Tomas Q. D. Andres (1989) would

define values as “things, persons, ideas or
goals which are important to life; anything
which enables life to be understood,
evaluated, and directed.”

On the other hand, Edgar Sheffield

Brightman defines value as “whatever is
liked, prized, esteemed, desired, approved,
or enjoyed by anyone at any time. It is the
experience of enjoying a desired object or
activity. Hence, value is an existing
realization of desire.”

> Following Maslow’s theory, Carl Rogers, EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO VALUES

(1902-1987) person-centered therapy
theory, believed that every person has ● Pagkamaka Diyos
within him an inherent desire towards a ● Pagkamaka Tao
positive transformation and development of ● Pagkamaka Bansa
his/her capacity. Furthermore, he came to ● Pagkamaka Kalikasan
believe that man is good and inherently POSITIVE FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS
possesses a seed of goodness no matter
how imprudent his/her actions are. ● Hospitality
● Respect
> The theory of person-centered therapy ● Strong Family Ties and Religious
of Carl Rogers explained that persons ● Generosity and Helpfulness
themselves are the only ones able to change ● Strong Work Ethic
the direction of their lives and which path to ● Love and caring
take. The therapist’s role is to act as a ● Utang na Loob
“sounding board” while the person himself
explores and analyzes his/her problem NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINO
(Intro to Psych 10th ed. By Atkinson, Smith,
Bem, p. 523) ´Fatalism/ Bahala na

> Person centered theory - ikaw yung ´Crab mentality

magdedecide sa sarili mo.
´Colonial Mentality

´Utang na Loob

OTHER STRENGTH OF FILIPINO VALUES

The Filipino Value System ● Pakikipagkapwa-tao

● Family Oriented
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● Joy and Humor in building social cohesion, economic

● Flexibility and Adaptability prosperity, and political stability in a nation
● Hard work and Industry inclusively and democratically. Going by the
● Faith and religiosity definition, it is seen that all citizens are to be
● Ability to Survive involved in building or developing a nation.
OTHER WEAKNESSES OF FILIPINO VALUES Thus, the involvement of youth in national
development is a must. Youths play one of
● Extreme Personalism the most important roles in nation- building.
● Extreme Family Centeredness
Sec. 13, Art II of the 1987 Philippine
● Lack of Discipline
Constitution declares that “ the State
● Passivity and Lack of Initiative
recognizes the vital role of the youth in
● Colonial Mentality
nation-building and shall promote and
● Kanya-kanya Syndrome
protect their physical, moral, spiritual,
● Lack of Self-Analysis and
intellectual, and social well-being. It shall
Self-Reflection
inculcate in the youth patriotism and
nationalism and encourage their
“Do not try to be perfect; just be an
involvement in public and civic affairs”.
excellent example of being human.”
- Tony Robbins One of the resources of the state is the
youth. As our national hero once declared
UNIT III: CITIZENSHIP TRAINING “ang kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan”, the
vital role of the youth in nation-building is
Citizenship Training is a program wherein
indeed indispensable for they are the
it develops our characters to become more
leaders of tomorrow. Unlike the previous
mindful of our responsibilities, rights, and
generations, today’s younger citizenry is
roles in society.
better educated and far more well-informed
Volunteer Act of 2007 (RA9418) and articulate and politically conscious,
mainly due to easier access to information,
An act institutionalising strategy for rural
particularly through the internet and other
development strengthening volunteerism
forms of technology.
and for other purposes.
As a student, what can you contribute to
the transformation of the Philippines?
Volunteer Act of 2007
1. Study hard and finish your course.
• Legislation that recognizes volunteerism or 2. Attend to your personal and filial
“bayanihan”; responsibilities.
• Let’s the government partnership achieve 3. Respect/obey the laws and rules of the
the desired transformation development land.
through volunteerism; 4. Be an active citizen within the bounds of
the law.
• this Act recognizes different roles in the
different sectors; and 5. Join organizations or associations created
for the betterment of our society.
• encourage academic institutions to 6. Learn more about our historical /cultural
continuously teach and practice heritage.
volunteerism 7. Love your country, your culture,
Nation Building and Community Service: traditions, and your people.
Finding our Role in Nation Building 8. Be a human person that is acting within
the bounds of morality.
The term nation building, or national 9. Follow and respect your parents.
development is usually used to refer to a 10. Take part in any activities or
constructive process of engaging all citizens
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organizations that take part in the Nationalism, etymologically, means love,

nation-building. are for, preservation and patronage of one’s
native land and everything in it – the country
11. Be a good ambassador wherever you go
of birth of a national, whether it be Filipino
because it will reflect your nationality.
or otherwise. To be a Filipino nationalist,
12. Always do what is right in the eyes of therefore, the ethnological ramifications of
man and in God’s eyes nationalism must all be present in one’s
13. Vote wisely during elections. being. This implies a heartfelt dedication for
As a Filipino Citizen, you can help the love, care, and preservation of the
by/through: Philippine territory, the inhabitants,
Philippine sovereignty, its government, all
1. Do not buy smuggled goods. things that represent and symbolize the
2. Follow traffic rules. country; the aspirations, hopes, dreams,
and needs of the Filipino people.
3. Whenever you buy or pay for anything,
always ask for an official receipt. On the other hand, patriotism is taken
from the Latin term pater, which literally
4. When you talk to others, especially to means “father”. Patriotism is the willingness
foreigners, speak positively about our race and determination to lay down one’s life for
and our country. the fatherland –the constant resolve to
5. Do not litter. Dispose of your garbage sacrifice one’s life and limb for the
properly. Segregate, recycle, conserve. 6. preservation of the State. It is the total
Support your church or charitable or civic realization of that love for the country,
organizations. which is nationalism. In other words, to be
7. Adopt a scholar. patriotic is to be nationalistic. Conversely,
8. Be a good parent. Teach your kids to one cannot be patriotic without being
abide by the law and to love our country. nationalistic.
9. Pay your taxes 10. Selected lessons from 1987 Constitution:
Have faith in the Divine Providence. Citizenship, Suffrage, and Accountability
11. Safeguard the purity of suffrage and of Public Officers
abide by the decisions of the majority. 12.
Lead and respect your parents. The Philippines, a democratic and
13. Honor the memory of our heroes. republican state.
14. Lead a clean and frugal life. The above declaration is a re-statement of
Filipino Bayanihan, Nationalism and the democratic character of our
Patriotism government. A republican government is a
democratic government by representatives
BAYANIHAN - Mutual assistance, group chosen by the people at large. The essence-
liability, or social group work are some te therefore, of a republican state is an indirect
used to signify a sense of belongingness, rule. The people have established the
teamwork, social responsibility, and unity of government to govern themselves. Its
purpose among the people in a community. officers from the highest to lowest are
The Filipino word for it is bayanihan, from servants of the people and not their
the root word bayani, which means hero. masters. They can only exercise the powers
Thus, Bayanihan would translate to doing a delegated to them by the people who
selfless heroic act of helping others without remain as the ultimate source of political
expecting something in return. From this power and authority.
heroic concept of support, the idea of Section 1 adds the word “democratic”
communal action and cooperation in pursuit because the government, while essentially a
of a common task sprang up. republican democracy, embodies some
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features of a pure or direct democracy such Citizen is any person having the title of
as initiative, referendum, and recall. citizenship. He is a member of a democratic
community who enjoys full civil and political
CITIZENSHIP
rights and is accorded protection inside and
One of the elements of the state is outside the territory of the state. In a
people/citizenship, along with the territory, monarchial state, he is often called a
government, and sovereignty, they made up subject. An alien/foreigner, on the other
a state. hand, is a citizen of a country who is residing
Citizenship is membership in a political or passing through another country.
community which implies reciprocally, a Dual citizenship is the possession of two
duty of allegiance on the part of the citizens' original citizenship of an individual,
member and duty of protection on the part that of his original citizenship and that of
of the state. the country where he became naturalized
The following are the citizens of the while dual allegiance is the continued
Philippines as provided in the1987 allegiance of naturalized nationals to their
Philippine Constitution: mother country even after they have
acquired Filipino citizenship. It is declared
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines inimical to the national interest.
at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution. SUFFRAGE

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are Suffrages the right and obligation to vote of
citizens of the Philippines. qualified citizens in the elevation of certain
national and local officers of the
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of government and the decision of public
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine questions submitted to the people.
citizenship. upon reaching the age of
majority. Nature of Suffrage
4. Those who are naturalized under the law. It is a mere privilege and should be granted
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING to individuals only upon the fulfillment of
CITIZENSHIP certain minimum conditions deemed
essential for the welfare of society.
1. Involuntary method – by birth, because
of blood relationship or place of birth; an Scope of Suffrage
2. Voluntary method – by naturalization. 1. Election. It is how the people choose their
Citizens by birth officials for definite and fixed periods.
2. A plebiscite is a name given to a vote of
1. Jus sanguinis. Blood relationship is the the people expressing their choice for or
basis for the acquisition of citizenship under against a proposed law. Likewise, it is used
this rule. The children follow the citizenship to secure the approval of the people directly
of the parents or one of them. This is the affected
principle followed in the Philippines. before certain proposed changes affecting
2. Jus soli. Place of birth serves as the basis local government, units may be
for acquiring citizenship under this rule. A implemented.
person becomes a citizen of the state where 3. Referendum. it is the submission of law
he is born irrespective of the citizenship of or part passed by the national or local
the parents. This principle prevails in the legislative body to the voting citizens of a
United States. country for their ratification or rejection.
4. Initiative. It is the process whereby the
Citizen, Subject, Alien, Dual Citizenship people directly propose and enact laws.
and Dual Allegiance 5. Recall. It is a method by which a public
officer may be removed from office during
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his tenure or before the expiration of his Impeachment is a method of national

term by a vote of the people. inquest into the conduct of public men. It is
essentially like criminal prosecution before a
Qualification of Voters
quasi-political court instituted by a written
1. Citizen of the Philippines. accusation called articles of impeachment
2. Not otherwise disqualified by law. upon a charge of the commission of the
crime or some official misconduct or
3. At least 18 years of age; and neglect.
4. Have resided in the Philippines for at least Impeachable Officials
one (1) year and in the place wherein he
proposes to vote at for at least six (6) 1. The President and Vice President
months preceding the election. 2. Members of the Supreme Court
Persons disqualified to vote 3. Members of the Constitutional
1. Any person sentenced by final judgment Commission
for not less than 1 year, such disability not 4. Ombudsman
having been removed by plenary pardon or
**All other public officers not mentioned
granted amnesty. But such a person shall
may be removed from office as provided by
automatically regain his right to vote upon
law but not by impeachment.
expiration of five (5) years after service of
sentence. Ground for Impeachment
2. Any person sentenced by final judgment 1. Culpable violation of the constitution
for crimes involving disloyalty such as 2. Treason – the act of betraying one’s
rebellion, sedition, violation of the country 3.
anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any Bribery – giving of a bribe
crime against national security. Such a 4. Graft and Corruption
person shall automatically regain his right to 5. Other high crimes
vote upon expiration of five (5) years after
OBLIGATIONS OF A FILIPINO CITIZEN AS
service of sentence.
PROVIDED IN THE 1987 PHILIPPINE
3. An insane or incompetent person as CONSTITUTION
declared by a competent authority.
1. To be loyal to the Republic
ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS 2. To love and defend the country
3. To contribute to the development and
The Constitution states that “Public office is
welfare of the state
a public trust. Public officers and employees
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the
must at all times be accountable to the
laws
people, serve them with utmost
5. To cooperate with duly constituted
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and
authorities
efficiency, act with patriotism and justice,
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with
and lead modest lives.”
due regard for the rights of others 7. To
The constitutional provision sets down in engage in gainful work
unequivocal terms the mandate that all 8. To register and vote
government officials and employees
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
whether they be the highest in the land or
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE
the lowliest public servants shall always be
III
answerable for their misconduct to the
people from whom the government derives Section 1. No person shall be deprived of
its powers. life, liberty, or property without due process
Mechanism of Accountability
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of law, nor shall any person be denied the Section 7. The right of the people to
equal protection of the laws. information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official
Section 2. The right of the people to be
records, and to documents and papers
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or
effects against unreasonable searches and
decisions, as well as to government research
seizures of whatever nature and for any
data used as basis for policy development,
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search
shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
limitations as may be provided by law.
except upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of Section 8. The right of the people, including
the complainant and the witnesses he may those employed in the public and private
produce, and particularly describing the sectors, to form unions, associations, or
place to be searched and the persons or societies for purposes not contrary to law
things to be seized. shall not be abridged.

Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication Section 9. Private property shall not be
and correspondence shall be inviolable taken for public use without just
except upon lawful order of the court, or compensation.
when public safety or order requires
otherwise, as prescribed by law. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this of contracts shall be passed.
or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any Section 11. Free access to the courts and
proceeding. quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person
Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging by reason of poverty.
the freedom of speech, of expression, or of
the press, or the right of the people Section 12. (1) Any person under
peaceably to assemble and petition the investigation for the commission of an
government for redress of grievances. offense shall have the right to be informed
of his right to remain silent and to have
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting competent and independent counsel
an establishment of religion, or prohibiting preferably of his own choice. If the person
the free exercise thereof. The free exercise cannot afford the services of counsel, he
and enjoyment of religious profession and must be provided with one. These rights
worship, without discrimination or cannot be waived except in writing and in
preference, shall forever be allowed. No the presence of counsel. (2) No torture,
religious test shall be required for the force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any
exercise of civil or political rights. other means which vitiate the free will shall
be used against him. Secret detention
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of places, solitary, incommunicado, or other
changing the same within the limits similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3)
prescribed by law shall not be impaired Any confession or admission obtained in
except upon lawful order of the court. violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The
except in the interest of national security, law shall provide for penal and civil
public safety, or public health, as may be sanctions for violations of this section as
provided by law. well as compensation to and rehabilitation
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of victims of torture or similar practices, and (2) No involuntary servitude in any form
their families. shall exist except as a punishment for a
crime whereof the party shall have been
Section 13. All persons, except those duly convicted.
charged with offenses punishable by
reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be
strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
by sufficient sureties, or be released on punishment inflicted. Neither shall the
recognizance as may be provided by law. death penalty be imposed, unless, for
The right to bail shall not be impaired even compelling reasons involving heinous
when the privilege of the writ of habeas crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for
corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not it. Any death penalty already imposed shall
be required. be reduced to reclusion perpetua.

Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to (2) The employment of physical,
answer for a criminal offense without due psychological, or degrading punishment
process of law. (2) In all criminal against any prisoner or detainee or the use
prosecutions, the accused shall be of substandard or inadequate penal
presumed innocent until the contrary is facilities under subhuman conditions shall
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard be dealt with by law.
by himself and counsel, to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned
against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
public trial, to meet the witnesses face to
face, and to have compulsory process to Section 21. No person shall be twice put in
secure the attendance of witnesses and the jeopardy of punishment for the same
production of evidence in his behalf. offense. If an act is punished by a law and
However, after arraignment, trial may an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the either shall constitute a bar to another
accused provided that he has been duly prosecution for the same act.
notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of
attainder shall be enacted.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion
when the public safety requires it.

Section 16. All persons shall have the right

to a speedy disposition of their cases before
all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative
bodies.

Section 17. No person shall be compelled to

be a witness against himself.

Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained

solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
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