Introduction to Power System
In order to understand
this...
2
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines)
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Outline
E&M Principles
Types of Power Plants
Power System Components
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 3
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Principles
energy = “the ability to do work”
measured in Joules
power = rate of energy
generation or use
measured in Watts = Joules / sec
current = rate of charge flow
measured in Amps
voltage = “pressure” pushing
current
measured in Volts
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 4
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Moving Electrons
Create Magnetic Fields
electromagnets
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 5
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Magnetic Fields Push
on Moving Electrons
or moving magnetic fields push on stationary electrons
generators
speakers
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 6
Dr. Irneza Ismail
The Purpose of a Power Plant is to
Turn a Loop of Wire in
a Magnetic Field
Why do we need
“mechanical
means”?
It takes a force to
push a conductor
through a
magnetic field —
inertia won’t due.
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 7
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Types of Power Plants
Classification by the “mechanical
means” used to turn the generator...
Thermal (water steam by burning Coal, Oil, NG)
Nuclear (water steam by Uranium or Plutonium
fission)
Geothermal
Hydroelectric (falling water)
Wind
Solar...
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 8
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Thermal Power Plant
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 9
Dr. Irneza Ismail
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 10
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Nuclear Power Plant
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 11
Dr. Irneza Ismail
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 12
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Hydroelectric Power
Plant
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 13
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Hoover
Itaipu
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 14
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Power Plant
Components
ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL
Generators & Conveyors
Turbines Silos
Transformers Boilers
Switches Scrubbers &
Busses Stacks
Circuit Breakers Pumps
Capacitor Banks Cooling Towers
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 15
Dr. Irneza Ismail
At the front end
Conveyors
Boilers
Scrubbers and
Stacks
Pumps
Cooling Towers
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 16
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Generators
The whole point
of the power
plant is to turn
the generators to
produce
electrical energy.
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 17
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Turbines
Difficult to
replace
A spare is often
kept
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 18
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Busses
uninsulated electrical
conductors
large cross-section = low
resistance
must be far from ground and
other components to avoid
arcing
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 19
flirthermography.com
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Switches &
Switchyards
KEE4723http://www.learnz.org.nz/trips06/images/big/b-switchyard.jpg
(Electrical Power and Machines) 20
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Transformers
PURPOSE: to
change the voltage
– increase = “step-up”
– decrease = “step-
down”
Often run hot, must
be cooled, prone to
explode.
– oil inside
– cooling fins and fans
– blast wallsKEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines)
Dr. Irneza Ismail
21
Circuit Breakers
PURPOSE: stop
the flow of
current if too
much flows (due
to short circuit or
excess demand)
230 kV breaker
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 22
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Capacitor Banks
Purpose: to
smooth out spikes
or “glitches” in the
line voltage.
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 23
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Transmission Lines
and the “grid”
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 24
Dr. Irneza Ismail
To your house...
smaller transformers
(on power line poles or
green boxes on the
ground) reduce the
voltage further to the
240V delivered to
individual homes
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 25
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Alternate Energy
Sources for the 21 st
Century
Problem & Opportunity
Several Problems
– Air & water pollution
– Health effects of pollution
– Oil depletion/ imports
– Global warming from CO2
One Solution
– Renewable energy
sources cause minimal
pollution, don’t cause
global warming and are
locally available
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 27
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Global Warming
Throughout history, the earth has been
much colder, and at times warmer, than it
is now
– But climate change is occurring 100’s of times
faster than these natural changes
– CO2, CH4, N2O, O3 and soot all cause warming
Global average air temperature has risen
1°F in the past 50 years
But, this has already resulted in melting ice
sheets, migration of animals and more
severe weather
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 28
Dr. Irneza Ismail
There are lots of
Alternatives
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Wave
Tidal
Geothermal
Bio-mass
Helium 3 (from the moon)
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 29
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Wind
Wind turbines – modern windmills
have become quite efficient and cost
effective in windy areas
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 30
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Solar Electric
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
panels generate electricity
directly from sunlight with
special materials
Solar electricity can
also be generated from
the sun’s heat instead
of burning fossil fuels
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 31
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Solar Thermal
Heat from the sun can be
used to heat water, houses,
pools, in industry and to
generate electricity
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 32
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Passive Solar
Uses sun angles,
shading and
thermal storage
Daylighting is using
natural sunlight
instead of electric
lights
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 33
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Solar Cookers
Many different
designs
Can improve health &
reduce deforestation
in developing
countries
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 34
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Solar Cars?
Hybrid and Electric
cars are coming
Why not solar
charge them?
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 35
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Water Energy
Hydro-electric, wave, tide
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 36
Dr. Irneza Ismail
Geothermal & Bio-mass
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 37
Dr. Irneza Ismail
A Future Hydrogen
Economy?
Solar energy can
split water into
hydrogen & oxygen
A fuel cell can make
electricity from
hydrogen and
oxygen, making
water
A completely clean,
KEE4723 (Electrical Powerrenewable
and Machines) cycle 38
Dr. Irneza Ismail
2 Last Thoughts
It has been
estimated that we
can improve the
way we use energy
by a factor of 4!
As an assignment,
In a group of 4, discuss and make a presentation
(power point) and write an essays the alternative
source of energy power systems
KEE4723 (Electrical Power and Machines) 39
Dr. Irneza Ismail
