STACK USING ARRAYS
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class stack
{
private:
int stk[10];
int size;
int top;
public:
void initialize()
{
size=5;
top=-1;
}
void push();
void pop();
void display();
};
void stack::push()
{
int value;
cout<<"enter the element to be pushed"<<endl;
cin>>value;
if(top==size)
{
cout<<"stack is full"<<endl;
}
else
{
top=top+1;
stk[top]=value;
cout<<"the element "<<value<<" is inserted at the top of stack"<<endl;
}
}
void stack::pop()
{
if(top==-1)
{
cout<<"stack is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
int value;
value=stk[top];
top=top-1;
cout<<"the value popped is "<<value<<endl;
}
}
void stack::display()
{
if(top==-1)
{
cout<<"stack is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"the present stack elements are "<<endl;
for(int i=top;i>=0;i--)
{
cout<<stk[i]<<endl;
}
}
}
main()
{
stack s;
s.initialize();
int rpt=1,choice;
while(rpt)
{
cout<<"********************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 1 to push()"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 2 to pop()"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 3 to display()"<<endl;
cout<<"********************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter ur choice"<<endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
s.push();
break;
case 2:
s.pop();
break;
case 3:
s.display();
break;
}
cout<<"do u want to repeat? if yes press 1, else press 0"<<endl;
cin>>rpt;
}
}
STACK USING LINKED LIST
// stack implementataion using linked list
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
int info;
node *next;
};
node *head,*tail;
class stack
{
private:
int size;
int counter;
public:
stack()
{
head=NULL;
tail=NULL;
size=5;
counter=0;
}
void push();
void pop();
void display();
};
void stack::push()
{
int value;
cout<<"enter the value to be pushed"<<endl;
cin>>value;
if(size==counter)
{
cout<<"stack is full"<<endl;
}
else
{
if(head==NULL)
{
node *temp=new(node);
temp->info=value;
temp->next=NULL;
head=temp;
tail=temp;
counter=counter+1;
}
else
{
node *temp=new(node);
temp->info=value;
head->next=temp;
temp->next=NULL;
head=temp;
counter=counter+1;
}
}
}
void stack::display()
{
if(tail==NULL)
{
cout<<"stack is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
node *temp;
temp=tail;
cout<<"stack elements are"<<endl;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->info<<"->";
temp=temp->next;
}
cout<<"NULL"<<endl;
}
}
void stack::pop()
{
if(tail==NULL)
{
cout<<"stack is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
node *temp1,*temp2;
temp1=tail;
while(temp1->next!=NULL)
{
temp2=temp1;
temp1=temp1->next;
}
cout<<"the popped element is="<<temp1->info<<endl;
temp2->next=NULL;
}
}
main()
{
stack s1;
int rpt=1,choice;
while(rpt)
{
cout<<"***************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 1 to push()"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 2 to display()"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 3 to pop()"<<endl;
cout<<"***************************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter ur choice"<<endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
s1.push();
break;
case 2:
s1.display();
break;
case 3:
s1.pop();
break;
}
cout<<"do u wan to continue? if yes, press 1, else press 0"<<endl;
cin>>rpt;
}
}
//queue using arrays
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class queue
{
private:
int q[10];
int size;
int front, rear;
public:
queue()
{
size=4;
front=-1;rear=-1;
}
void insert();
void remove();
void display();
};
void queue::insert()
{
if(rear>=size)
{
cout<<"queue overflows"<<endl;
}
else
{ int value;
cout<<"enter the value to be inserted"<<endl;
cin>>value;
rear=rear+1;
q[rear]=value;
cout<<"the value "<<value<<" is inserted in queue from the rear end"<<endl;
}
}
void queue::remove()
{
if(front==rear)
{
cout<<"queue underflows"<<endl;
}
else
{
front=front+1;
cout<<"the removed value from the queue is="<<q[front]<<endl;
}
}
void queue::display()
{
if(front==rear)
{
cout<<"queue underflows"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"the queue elements are "<<endl;
for(int i=front+1;i<=rear;i++)
{
cout<<q[i]<<" ";
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
main()
{
queue q1;
int choice,rpt=1;
while(rpt)
{
cout<<"**********************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 1 to insert"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 2 to delete"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 3 to display"<<endl;
cout<<"**********************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter ur choice"<<endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
q1.insert();
break;
case 2:
q1.remove();
break;
case 3:
q1.display();
break;
}
cout<<"do u want to repeat? if yes press 1, else press 0"<<endl;
cin>>rpt;
}
}
// queue using linked list
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node
{
int info;
node *next;
};
node *front,*rear;
class queue
{
int counter;
int size;
public:
queue()
{
front=NULL;
rear=NULL;
counter=0;
size=5;
}
void insert();
void remove();
void display();
};
void queue::insert()
{
int value;
cout<<"enter the value to be inserted"<<endl;
cin>>value;
if(counter==size)
{
cout<<"queue is full"<<endl;
}
else
{
if(front==NULL)
{
node *temp=new(node);
temp->info=value;
temp->next=NULL;
front=temp;
rear=temp;
counter=counter+1;
}
else
{
node *temp=new(node);
temp->info=value;
temp->next=NULL;
rear->next=temp;
rear=temp;
counter=counter+1;
}
}
}
void queue::remove()
{
if(front==NULL)
{
cout<<"queue is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"removed item from the queue="<<front->info<<endl;
front=front->next;
}
}
void queue::display()
{
if(front==NULL)
{
cout<<"queue is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"queue elements are"<<endl;
node *temp;
temp=front;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->info<<" ";
temp=temp->next;
}
cout<<endl;
}
}
main()
{
queue q1;
int choice, rpt=1;
while(rpt)
{
cout<<"*****************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 1 to insert"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 2 to remove"<<endl;
cout<<"enter 3 to display"<<endl;
cout<<"*****************************"<<endl;
cout<<"enter ur choice"<<endl;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
q1.insert();
break;
case 2:
q1.remove();
break;
case 3:
q1.display();
break;
}
cout<<"do u want to reapeat? if yes, press 1, else press 0"<<endl;
cin>>rpt;
}
}
//implementataion of hash table
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<string>
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
const int T_S = 10;
class HashTableEntry {
public:
int k;
int v;
HashTableEntry(int k, int v) {
this->k= k;
this->v = v;
}
};
class HashMapTable {
private:
HashTableEntry **t;
public:
HashMapTable() {
t = new HashTableEntry*[T_S];
for (int i = 0; i< T_S; i++) {
t[i] = NULL;
}
for (int i = 0; i< T_S; i++) {
cout<<t[i]<<endl;
}
}
int HashFunc(int k) {
return k % T_S;
}
void Insert(int k, int v) {
int h = HashFunc(k);
while (t[h] != NULL && t[h]->k != k) {
h = HashFunc(h + 1);
}
if (t[h] != NULL)
delete t[h];
t[h] = new HashTableEntry(k, v);
}
int SearchKey(int k) {
int h = HashFunc(k);
while (t[h] != NULL && t[h]->k != k) {
h = HashFunc(h + 1);
}
if (t[h] == NULL)
return -1;
else
return t[h]->v;
}
void Remove(int k) {
int h = HashFunc(k);
while (t[h] != NULL) {
if (t[h]->k == k)
break;
h = HashFunc(h + 1);
}
if (t[h] == NULL) {
cout<<"No Element found at key "<<k<<endl;
return;
} else {
delete t[h];
}
cout<<"Element Deleted"<<endl;
}
void display()
{
int i;
cout<<"index "<<"\t"<<"key "<<"\t"<<"value "<<endl;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(t[i]==NULL)
{
cout<<i<<"\t"<<"null"<<"\t"<<"null"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<i<<"\t"<<t[i]->k<<"\t"<<t[i]->v<<endl;
}
}
}
/*~HashMapTable() {
for (int i = 0; i < T_S; i++) {
if (t[i] != NULL)
delete t[i];
delete[] t;
}
}*/
};
int main() {
HashMapTable hash;
int k, v;
int c;
while (1) {
cout<<"1.Insert element into the table"<<endl;
cout<<"2.Search element from the key"<<endl;
cout<<"3.Delete element at a key"<<endl;
cout<<"4.display"<<endl;
cout<<"5.Exit"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter your choice: ";
cin>>c;
switch(c) {
case 1:
cout<<"Enter element to be inserted: ";
cin>>v;
cout<<"Enter key at which element to be inserted: ";
cin>>k;
hash.Insert(k, v);
break;
case 2:
cout<<"Enter key of the element to be searched: ";
cin>>k;
if (hash.SearchKey(k) == -1) {
cout<<"No element found at key "<<k<<endl;
continue;
} else {
cout<<"Element at key "<<k<<" : ";
cout<<hash.SearchKey(k)<<endl;
}
break;
case 3:
cout<<"Enter key of the element to be deleted: ";
cin>>k;
hash.Remove(k);
break;
case 4:
hash.display();
break;
case 5:
exit(1);
default:
cout<<"\nEnter correct option\n";
}
}
return 0;
}
// implementation of binary tree
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node {
int data;
node *left;
node *right;
};
class binary_tree
{
public:
node *createNode(int val)
{
node *temp = new node;
temp->data = val;
temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
node* insertNode(node* node, int val)
{
if (node == NULL)
return createNode(val);
if (val < node->data)
node->left = insertNode(node->left, val);
else if (val > node->data)
node->right = insertNode(node->right, val);
return node;
}
void inorder(node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
inorder(root->left);
cout<<root->data<<" ";
inorder(root->right);
}
}
void preorder(node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
cout<<root->data<<" ";
preorder(root->left);
preorder(root->right);
}
}
void postorder(node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
postorder(root->left);
postorder(root->right);
cout<<root->data<<" ";
}
}
};
int main() {
binary_tree b;
node *root = NULL;
root = b.insertNode(root, 6);
b.insertNode(root, 24);
b.insertNode(root, 8);
b.insertNode(root, 1);
b.insertNode(root, 5);
b.insertNode(root, 10);
cout<<"In-Order traversal of the Binary Search Tree is: "<<endl;
b.inorder(root);
cout<<endl;
cout<<"Pre-Order traversal of the Binary Search Tree is: "<<endl;
b.preorder(root);
cout<<endl;
cout<<"Post-Order traversal of the Binary Search Tree is: "<<endl;
b.postorder(root);
cout<<endl;
}
TOWER OF HANOI
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//tower of HANOI function implementation
void TOH(int n, char Sour, char Aux, char Des)
{
if (n == 1) {
cout << "Move Disk " << n << " from " << Sour << " to " << Des << endl;
return;
}
TOH(n - 1, Sour, Des, Aux);
cout << "Move Disk " << n << " from " << Sour << " to " << Des << endl;
TOH(n - 1, Aux, Sour, Des);
}
//main program
int main()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter no. of disks:";
cin >> n;
//calling the TOH
TOH(n, 'A', 'B', 'C');
return 0;
}
Balanced Brackets
// C++ program to check for balanced brackets.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
// Function to check if brackets are balanced
bool areBracketsBalanced(string expr)
{
// Declare a stack to hold the previous brackets.
stack<char> temp;
for (int i = 0; i < expr.length(); i++) {
if (temp.empty()) {
// If the stack is empty
// just push the current bracket
temp.push(expr[i]);
}
else if ((temp.top() == '(' && expr[i] == ')')
|| (temp.top() == '{' && expr[i] == '}')
|| (temp.top() == '[' && expr[i] == ']')) {
// If we found any complete pair of bracket
// then pop
temp.pop();
}
else {
temp.push(expr[i]);
}
}
if (temp.empty()) {
// If stack is empty return true
return true;
}
return false;
}
// Driver code
int main()
{
string expr = "{()}[]";
// Function call
if (areBracketsBalanced(expr))
cout << "Balanced";
else
cout << "Not Balanced";
return 0;
}
Bucket Sort – Data Structures and Algorithms
Tutorials
// C++ program to sort an
// array using bucket sort
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
// Function to sort arr[] of
// size n using bucket sort
void bucketSort(float arr[], int n)
{
// 1) Create n empty buckets
vector<float> b[n];
// 2) Put array elements
// in different buckets
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
// Index in bucket
int bi = n * arr[i];
b[bi].push_back(arr[i]);
}
// 3) Sort individual buckets
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
sort(b[i].begin(), b[i].end());
// 4) Concatenate all buckets into arr[]
int index = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < b[i].size(); j++)
arr[index++] = b[i][j];
}
// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
float arr[]
= { 0.897, 0.565, 0.656, 0.1234, 0.665, 0.3434 };
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
bucketSort(arr, n);
cout << "Sorted array is \n";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
return 0;
}
C++ Program for Heap Sort
// C++ program for implementation of Heap Sort
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// To heapify a subtree rooted with node i which is
// an index in arr[]. n is size of heap
void heapify(int arr[], int n, int i)
{
int largest = i; // Initialize largest as root Since we are using 0 based indexing
int l = 2 * i + 1; // left = 2*i + 1
int r = 2 * i + 2; // right = 2*i + 2
// If left child is larger than root
if (l < n && arr[l] > arr[largest])
largest = l;
// If right child is larger than largest so far
if (r < n && arr[r] > arr[largest])
largest = r;
// If largest is not root
if (largest != i) {
swap(arr[i], arr[largest]);
// Recursively heapify the affected sub-tree
heapify(arr, n, largest);
}
}
// main function to do heap sort
void heapSort(int arr[], int n)
{
// Build heap (rearrange array)
for (int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
heapify(arr, n, i);
// One by one extract an element from heap
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
// Move current root to end
swap(arr[0], arr[i]);
// call max heapify on the reduced heap
heapify(arr, i, 0);
}
}
/* A utility function to print array of size n */
void printArray(int arr[], int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << "\n";
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 60 ,20 ,40 ,70, 30, 10};
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
//heapify algorithm
// the loop must go reverse you will get after analyzing manually
// (i=n/2 -1) because other nodes/ ele's are leaf nodes
// (i=n/2 -1) for 0 based indexing
// (i=n/2) for 1 based indexing
for(int i=n/2 -1;i>=0;i--){
heapify(arr,n,i);
}
cout << "After heapifying array is \n";
printArray(arr, n);
heapSort(arr, n);
cout << "Sorted array is \n";
printArray(arr, n);
return 0;
}
//code by Prajwal Chougale
