By Waqqad
14.3
TRANSMITTING
DATA PACKETS
Circuit Switching
• Dedicated Pathway:
• Establishes a direct path between the sending and
receiving device before data transmission begins.
• Exclusive Use:
• While data is being transmitted between two
devices, the pathway is exclusively used by these
devices.
• Consistent Connection:
• Provides a stable and continuous connection
throughout the duration of the communication
session.
Circuit Switching
• Fixed Bandwidth:
• Ensures a consistent bandwidth for data
transmission as the path remains unchanged until
the communication ends.
• Path Release:
• Once the data transfer is complete, the path is
released for use by other transmissions in the
network.
• Inefficient for Idle Time:
• Can be inefficient if the pathway remains idle
during the session, as no other data can use that
path until it's released.
Packet Switching
• Dynamic Path Selection:
• Data packets can take any available path across the network; no
fixed path is predetermined.
• Flexible Routing:
• Each packet might follow a different route from the sender to the
receiver, depending on the current network availability.
• Reordering at Destination:
• Packets are reordered into the original sequence upon arrival at
the receiving device.
Packet Switching
• Efficient Use of Resources:
• Allows multiple packets from different sources to
share the same network pathways, optimizing
resource use.
• Commonly Used on the Internet:
• Often used in internet transmissions, where
packets are directed through routers to reach
their destination.
• Adaptive to Network Changes:
• Can reroute packets if some network paths
become congested or unavailable, ensuring
continuous transmission.
Packet Switching Methods
• Connection-Oriented (Virtual Circuit Switching):
• A session or fixed channel is established before data is
transmitted, ensuring a consistent path.
• Connectionless (Datagram Switching):
• Data packets are sent without a predetermined path,
allowing each packet to find its way independently.
• Frame Relay and TCP:
• Examples of connection-oriented packet switching that
ensure data follows a specific route after a session is
set up.
Packet Switching Methods
• Ethernet, IP, and UDP:
• Examples of connectionless packet switching that transmit
data without prior arrangement between devices.
• Session-Based for Stability:
• Connection-oriented methods are more stable due to the
established session, making them suitable for reliable data
transfer.
• Scalable and Flexible:
• Connectionless methods are more scalable, as they allow for
quick adaptation to network conditions without needing a
session.
Connection-Oriented Packet Switching
• Dedicated Path Creation:
• Establishes a specific path for data packets between sender and receiver before data
transmission begins.
• Maintained Connection:
• The connection remains active until all data is transmitted, ensuring reliability and order.
• Common Methods:
• Includes protocols like Frame Relay and TCP, each providing stable and efficient data
transfer options
Frame Relay
• Data Separated into Frames:
• Transmits data in units called frames, with error correction
handled by endpoint devices, which improves speed.
• Error Handling:
• If an error is detected, the affected frame is dropped, and
endpoints detect and retransmit missing frames.
• Low Error Environments:
• Designed for efficient data transfer where error rates are low,
making it ideal for specific network types.
• Fast Transmission:
• Lack of mid-transmission error checks enhances speed, making
frame relay a high-performance option.
Frame Relay
• Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC):
• Long-standing connections that remain open even without current data transfer, ideal for
steady data flows.
• Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC):
• Temporary connections set up for single sessions, providing flexibility in data
transmission needs.
• Reduced Overhead:
• Minimal control mechanisms mean lower network resource usage, enhancing network
efficiency.
• Cost-Effective: Suitable for cost-conscious applications, as it reduces expenses associated
with more complex network protocols.
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
• Connection Setup and Maintenance:
• Creates and maintains a connection until data
exchange is complete between applications at
each endpoint.
• Packet Handling:
• Breaks data into packets, which are passed to
and from the network layer in the TCP/IP
model.
• Error-Free Transmission:
• Ensures data accuracy and reliability by
managing error detection and correction.
TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
• Flow Control Management:
• Regulates data flow to prevent congestion and
maintain efficient transmission.
• Ordered Data Delivery:
• Ensures packets are received and reassembled
in the correct sequence.
• Widely Used for Reliable Transfer:
• Commonly used for internet applications
requiring stable and reliable data transmission.
Ethernet
• Wired Network Protocol:
• Ethernet is a traditional protocol that connects
devices using wired connections to form a
network.
• Data Formatting and Transmission:
• Ensures network devices format and transmit
data in a recognizable format for other devices
on the network.
• Popular in Local Networks:
• Often used in homes, schools, and offices for
internal networking due to reliability.
Ethernet
• High Data Transfer Speeds:
• Known for supporting fast data
transfer rates and stability in
network environments.
• Layer 2 Protocol:
• Primarily operates at the Data Link
layer, focusing on local network
(LAN) data transfer.
IP (Internet Protocol)
• Core Internet Protocol:
• IP is the protocol used to send data packets across the internet, essential for
global network connectivity.
• Packet Delivery Management:
• Responsible for ensuring data packets reach the correct receiving device
across various networks.
• Routing Data:
• Guides data packets through multiple networks using IP addresses to reach
the correct destination.
IP (Internet
Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
• Alternative to TCP:
• UDP is a connectionless protocol, faster but
less reliable than TCP due to lack of flow
control and error-checking.
• Data Units Called Datagrams:
• Sends data in self-contained datagrams rather
than segmented packets.
• No Flow Control or Error Checking:
• Unlike TCP, UDP does not check for errors or
control data flow, resulting in faster
transmission.
UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
• Ideal for Time-Sensitive Applications:
• Used for live-streaming, gaming, and VoIP
where speed is prioritized over reliability.
• Operates at Transport Layer:
• Primarily functions at the Transport layer in the
OSI and TCP/IP models for end-to-end
communication.
Message Switching
Message Switching
Example of Message
Switching
Check Your Understanding
• Quiz Title: Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, and Message Switching
• Quiz Link: https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/671fecd8862c5751993d00df
