2024-2025

PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.3 VRDE, AHMEDNAGAR

COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICAL RECORD

CLASS: XII
 Acknowledgement:
I, …………………………….of class XII –
Section ….. would like to express our sincere
gratitude to our
computer science teacher
Ms.APARNA DHIRDE,
PGT (COMPUTER SCIENCE), for her vital
support, guidance and encouragement –
without which
this project would not have come forth.

We would also like to express our gratitude to

our school PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.3
VRDE, AHMEDNAGAR .

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, Practical on Computer Science
 is successfully completed by
….……………………… of
Class: XII, Division: …….
Roll no. :………………..
for the academic year
2024-2025.
Signature:
Examiner (Subject Teacher)

Internal Examiner External

Examiner

Principal

Date: / / 202

INDEX
XII CS – Practical Assignments for TERM 1

S.No Description of Assignment Sign

1 Write a python program to search first occurrence of an element in a
list by using Linear search and display frequency of each element
present in list [List and search element should be entered by user]
2 Write a python program to find minimum and maximum number from
a list . Write user defined function.
3 Write a python program using function to pass list to a function and
double the odd values and half even values of a list and display list
element after changing.
4 Write a Python program input n numbers in tuple and count how
many even and odd numbers are entered.
5 Write a menu driven program in python to delete name of a student
from dictionary and to search phone no of a student by student
name. Create menu as below:
******MENU*******
1. Delete from Dictionary
2. Search Phone number using name from Dictionary
3. Exit
6 Write a menu driven program in python to do following
MENU
1. Reverse String
2. Check Whether string is Palindrome
3. Make half string in Uppercase
4. Exit
7 Write a program to read a list of n integers (positive as well as
negative). Create two new lists, one having all positive numbers with
sum and the other having all negative numbers with sum from the
given list.
8 Write a Python program to remove duplicates from a list.
9 Write a python code using function to find average of elements from
a list.
10 Write a menu driven program to generate random numbers given in
specific range and to display calendar after giving month and year.
MENU
1. Generate Random numbers
2. Calender of a month
3.Exit
11 Write a python program to read and display file content line by line
with each word separated by #.
12 Write a python program Read a text file and display the number of
vowels/consonants/uppercase/lowercase alphabets in the file.
13 Write a python code that accepts a filename, and copies all lines that
do not start with a lowercase letter from the first file into the second.
14 Write a python program to remove all the lines that contain the
character ‘a’ in a file and write it to another file.
15 Write a python program to create a binary file with name and roll
number. Search for a given roll number and display name, if not
found display appropriate message.
16 Write a python program to create a binary file with roll number,
name and marks. Input a roll number and update name and marks
17 Write a menu driven python program to create a CSV file by entering
dept-id, name and city, read and search the record for given dept-id.
MENU
1. Create csv
2. Search
3.Exit
18 Write a Menu driven program in python to count spaces, digits, words
and lines from text file try.txt
19 Write a Python program to implement a stack using list (PUSH & POP
 Operation on Stack).
20 Write a python program using function PUSH(Arr), where Arr is a list
of numbers. From this list push all numbers divisible by 5 into a stack
implemented by using a list. Display the stack if it has at least one
element, otherwise display appropriate error message.
21 Write a python program using function POP(Arr), where Arr is a stack
implemented by a list of numbers. The function returns the value
deleted from the stack.
22 Write a python program to push 5 strings which do not include vowel
and pop the stack
23 Create a table and insert data. Implement all SQL commands and
functions on the table
24 Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module and
add records of student and display all the record.
25 Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to
search student using rollno, name, age, class and if present in table
display the record, if not display appropriate method.
26 Integrate SQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to search
a student using rollno, delete the record.
27 Integrate SQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to search
a student using rollno, update the record.
28 Joins

Assignment 1:

Write a python program to search first occurrence of an element in a list by using

Linear search and display frequency of each element present in list [List and search
element should be entered by user]

Ans:
L=[]
c=0
n=int(input('how many items you want to enter in list:'))
for i in range(0,n):
 a=int(input('enter item:'))
L.append(a)
print(L)
S=set(L)
S=list(S)
D={}
for i in S:

c=0
for j in L:
if i==j:
c+=1
D[i]=c
for k in D:
print("The frequency of ",k," is ", D[k])

ele=int(input("Enter item to be search:"))

flag=0
for i in range(0, n):
if (ele==L[i]):
flag=1
break
if (flag==1):
print("Element found at index",i,"and position",i+1)
else:
print("Element not found")

Output is:
how many items you want to enter in list:5
enter item:4
enter item:3
enter item:4
enter item:4
enter item:7
[4, 3, 4, 4, 7]
The frequency of 3 is 1
The frequency of 4 is 3
The frequency of 7 is 1
Enter item to be search:4
Element found at index 0 and position 1

Assignment 2: Write a python program to find minimum and maximum number from
a list . Write user defined function.

def Range(list1):
largest = list1[0]
lowest = list1[0]

for item in list1[1:]:

if item > largest:
largest = item
 if item < lowest:
lowest = item
print("Largest element is:", largest)
print("Smallest element is:", lowest)

li=[]
n=int(input('Enter size of elements to be enter in list:'))
for i in range(n):
a=int(input('Enter numbers in list:'))
li.append(a)
Range(li)

Output is
Enter size of elements to be enter in list:3
Enter numbers in list:6
Enter numbers in list:8
Largest element is: 8
Smallest element is: 6
Enter numbers in list:67
Largest element is: 8
Smallest element is: 6
Largest element is: 67
Smallest element is: 6

Assignment 3:
Write a python program using function to pass list to a function and double
the odd values and half even values of a list and display list element after
changing.

Ans:
def splitevenodd(A):
evenlist = []
oddlist = []
for i in A:
if (i % 2 == 0):
evenlist.append(i//2)
else:
oddlist.append(i*i)
print("Even lists:", evenlist)
print("Odd lists:", oddlist)
A=list()
n=int(input("Enter the size of the List ::"))
print("Enter the Elements of List ::")
for i in range(int(n)):
k=int(input(""))
A.append(k)
splitevenodd(A)

Output is:
Enter the size of List: 5
Enter the Elements of List:
12
3
14
5
1
Even lists: [6, 7]
Odd lists: [9, 25, 1]

Assignment 4:
Write a Python program input n numbers in tuple and count how many
even and odd numbers are entered.
Ans:

l=[]

S = int(input("Please Enter the Total Number of Elements : "))

for i in range(S):
value = int(input("Please enter the %d Element of List1 : " %i))
l.append(value)
numbers=tuple(l)
count_odd = 0
count_even = 0
for x in number:

if not x % 2:
count_even+=1
 else:
count_odd+=1
print("Number of even numbers :",count_even)
print("Number of odd numbers :",count_odd)

Output is:
Please Enter the Total Number of Elements : 5
Please enter the 0 Element of List1 : 34
Please enter the 1 Element of List1 : 3
Please enter the 2 Element of List1 : 2
Please enter the 3 Element of List1 : 56
Please enter the 4 Element of List1 : 3
Number of even numbers : 3
Number of odd numbers : 2

Assignment 5:
Write a menu driven program in python to delete name of a student from dictionary and
to search phone no of a student by student name. Create menu as below:
MENU
1. Delete from Dictionary
2. Search Phone number using name from Dictionary
3. Exit
Ans:

phonebook=dict()
while True:
print("******MENU\*******n")
print('1:Delete from Dictionary')
print('2:Search Phone number using name from Dictionary')
print('3:Exit\n')
ch=int(input('Enter your choice:'))
if ch==1:
n=int(input("Enter total number of friends:"))
i=1
while(i<=n):
a=input("enter name :")
b=int(input("enter phone number:"))
 phonebook[a]=b
i=i+1
print(phonebook)
print('---------------------------------')
name=input("Enter name to delete:")
del phonebook[name]
k=phonebook.keys()
print("Phonebook Information")
print('---------------------')
print("Name",'\t',"Phone number")
for i in k:
print(i,'\t',phonebook[i])
if ch==2:
name=input("Enter name to search:")
f=0
k=phonebook.keys()
for i in k:
if(i==name):
print("Phone number= ",phonebook[i])
f=1
if (f==0):
print("Given name not exist")
if ch==3:
break

Output is:
******MENU\*******n
1:Delete from Dictionary
2:Search Phone number using name from Dictionary
3:Exit

Enter your choice:1

Enter total number of friends:2
enter name :APARNA
enter phone number:7083190774
{'APARNA': 7083190774}
---------------------------------
enter name :ARCHANA
enter phone number:9878390928
{'APARNA': 7083190774, 'ARCHANA': 9878390928}
---------------------------------
Enter name to delete:ARCHANA
Phonebook Information
---------------------
Name Phone number
APARNA 7083190774
******MENU\*******n
1:Delete from Dictionary
2:Search Phone number using name from Dictionary
3:Exit
Enter your choice:2
Enter name to search:APARNA
Phone number= 7083190774
******MENU\*******n
1:Delete from Dictionary
2:Search Phone number using name from Dictionary
3:Exit

Enter your choice:3

Assignment 6:
Write a menu driven program in python to do following
MENU
4. Reverse String
5. Check Whether string is Palindrome
6. Make half string in Uppercase
7. Exit
Ans:

while True:
print("******MENU*******\n")
print('1:Reverse String')
print('2:Check whether string is palindrome')
print('3:Make half string in Uppercase')
print('4:Exit\n')
ch=int(input('Enter your choice:'))
if ch==1:
st = input('Enter String:')
print(st[::-1])
if ch==2:
st = input('Enter String:')
if st==st[::-1]:
print('This string is palindrome')
else:
print('String is not palindrome')
if ch==3:
st = input('Enter String:')
print("The original string is : " + str(st))
 # computing half index
hlf_idx = len(st) // 2
res = ''
for idx in range(len(st)):
# uppercasing later half
if idx >= hlf_idx:
res += st[idx].upper()
else :
res += st[idx]
# printing result
print("The resultant string : " + str(res))
if ch==4:
break

Output is:
******MENU*******
1:Reverse String
2:Check whether string is palindrome
3:Make half string in Uppercase
4:Exit

Enter your choice:1

Enter String:abc
cba
******MENU\*******n
1:Reverse String
2:Check whether string is palindrome
3:Make half string in Uppercase
4:Exit

Enter your choice:2

Enter String:madam
This string is palindrome
******MENU\*******n
1:Reverse String
2:Check whether string is palindrome
3:Make half string in Uppercase
4:Exit

Enter your choice:3

Enter String:aparna
The original string is : aparna
The resultant string : apaRNA
******MENU\*******n
1:Reverse String
2:Check whether string is palindrome
3:Make half string in Uppercase
4:Exit

Enter your choice:4

>>>

Assignment 7:
Write a program to read a list of n integers (positive as well as negative).
Create two new lists, one having all positive numbers with sum and the
other having all negative numbers with sum from the given list.
Ans:

list1=[]
plist1=[]
nlist1=[]
sum=0
sum1=0
n=int(input('how many elements u want in list:'))
for i in range(0,n):
a=int(input('enter item in list:'))
list1.append(a)
print('Original list is:',list1)
for i in range(0,n):
if list1[i]<0:
nlist1.append(list1[i])
sum=sum+list1[i]
else:
plist1.append(list1[i])
sum1=sum1+list1[i]
print('positive list is;',plist1)
print('sum of +ve numbers:',sum1)
print('Negative list is;',nlist1)
print('sum of -ve numbers:',sum)

Output is:
how many elements u want in list:4
enter item in list:3
enter item in list:2
enter item in list:-1
enter item in list:-1
Original list is: [3, 2, -1, -1]
positive list is; [3, 2]
sum of +ve numbers: 5
Negative list is; [-1, -1]
sum of -ve numbers: -2

Assignment 8:

Write a Python program to remove duplicates from a list.

Ans:
a=[]
n=int(input('how many elements u want in list:'))
for i in range(0,n):
n1=int(input('enter item in list:'))
a.append(n1)
print('Original list is:',a)
print('List after removing duplicate elements:')
dup_items = set()
uniq_items = []
for x in a:
if x not in dup_items:
uniq_items.append(x)
dup_items.add(x)
print(dup_items)

Output is:
how many elements u want in list:5
enter item in list:34
enter item in list:2
enter item in list:34
enter item in list:2
enter item in list:1
Original list is: [34, 2, 34, 2, 1]
List after removing duplicate elements:
{1, 34, 2}
Assignment 9:
Write a python code using function to search an element in a list using Binary search
method.

Ans:
def binary_search(list1, n):
low = 0
high = len(list1) - 1
mid = 0

while low <= high:

# for get integer result
mid = (high + low) // 2

# Check if n is present at mid

if list1[mid] < n:
low = mid + 1
# If n is greater, compare to the right of mid
elif list1[mid] > n:
high = mid - 1

# If n is smaller, compared to the left of mid

else:
return mid

# element was not present in the list, return -1

return -1

# Initial list1
list1=[]
y=int(input('how many elements u want in list:'))
for i in range(0,y):
n1=int(input('enter item in ascending/descending order in list:'))
list1.append(n1)
x=(int(input('Enter item to search:')))
# Function call
result = binary_search(list1, x)

if result != -1:
print("Element is present at index", str(result),'and at position:',str(result+1))
else:
 print("Element is not present in list1")

Output is:
how many elements u want in list:5
enter item in ascending/descending order in list:20
enter item in ascending/descending order in list:15
enter item in ascending/descending order in list:14
enter item in ascending/descending order in list:13
enter item in ascending/descending order in list:12
Enter item to search:14
Element is present at index 2 and at position: 3

Assignment 10:
Write a menu driven program to generate random numbers given in
specific range and to display calendar after giving month and year.

MENU
1. Generate Random numbers
2. Calender of a month
3.Exit
Ans:
# Program to display calendar of the given month and year

import random
import calendar
while True:
print("******MENU*******\n")
print('1:Random Number generators')
print('2:Calender of a month')
print('3:Exit\n')
ch=int(input('Enter your choice:'))
if ch==1:
num = 10
start = 20
end = 40
res = []
for j in range(num):
res.append(random.randint(start, end))
print(res)
if ch==2:
yy = int(input("Enter year: "))
mm = int(input("Enter month: "))
print(calendar.month(yy, mm))
if ch==3:
break
Output is:
******MENU*******

1:Random Number generators

2:Calender of a month
3:Exit

Enter your choice:1

[39, 21, 21, 29, 22, 36, 33, 32, 20, 31]
******MENU*******

1:Random Number generators

2:Calender of a month
3:Exit

Enter your choice:2

Enter year: 2021
Enter month: 7
July 2021
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31

******MENU*******

1:Random Number generators

2:Calender of a month
3:Exit

Enter your choice:3

>>>
Assignment 11:
Write a python program to read and display file content line by line with
each word separated by #.

Ans:
file=input('Enter the file: ')
f =open( file,'r')
item=[]
for line in f:
words=line.split()
for i in words:
item.append(i)
print('#'.join(item))

Output is:
Enter the file: i.txt
i#like#india
Assignment 12:
Write a python program Read a text file and display the number of
vowels/consonants/uppercase/lowercase characters in the file.
Ans:
def cnt():
f=open('i.txt','r')
cont=f.read()

v=0
c=0
lcl=0
ucl=0
for ch in cont:
if(ch.islower()):
lcl=lcl+1
elif (ch.isupper()):
ucl=ucl+1
if (ch in['a','e','i','o','u'] or ch in['A','E','I','O','U']):
v=v+1
elif (ch in ['b', 'c', 'd', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z']
or ch in['B', 'C', 'D', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'V', 'W','X', 'Y','Z']):
c=c+1
f.close()
print('Vowels are:',v)
print('Consonents are:',c)
print('Lowercase letters are:',lcl)
print('Uppercase letters are:',ucl)

cnt()

Output is:
Vowels are: 6
Consonents are: 4
Lowercase letters are: 10
Uppercase letters are: 0

Assignment 13:
Write a python code that accepts a filename, and copies all lines that do
not start with a lowercase letter from the first file into the second.

Ans:

fin =open ('oldfile.txt','r')

fout= open ('newfile.txt', 'w')
text =fin.readlines()
for line in text:
if line[0].isalpha():
if not line[0] in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
fout.write(line)
fin.close()
fout.close()

Output is:

Assignment 14:
Write a python program to remove all the lines that contain the character
‘a’ in a file and write it to another file.
Ans:

fo=open("hp.txt","w")
fo.write("Harry Potter")
fo.write("There is a difference in all harry potter books\nWe can see it as
harry grows\nthe books were written by J.K rowling ")
fo.close()

fo=open('hp.txt','r')
fi=open('writehp.txt','w')
l=fo.readlines()
for i in l:
if 'a' in i:
i=i.replace('a','')
fi.write(i)
fi.close()
fo.close()

Output is:

Assignment 15:
Write a python program to create a binary file with name and roll number.
Search for a given roll number and display name, if not found display
appropriate message.
Ans:
import pickle
while True:
rollno = int(input('Enter roll number:'))
name = input('Enter Name:')

#Creating the dictionary

rec = {'Rollno':rollno,'Name':name}
#Writing the Dictionary
f = open('student.dat','ab')
pickle.dump(rec,f)
ch=input('Wish to enter more record (Y/N):')
if ch=='N' or ch=='n':
break
f.close()
f = open('student.dat','rb')
flag = False
r=int(input('Enter rollno to be searched='))
while True:
try:
rec = pickle.load(f)
if rec['Rollno'] == r:
print('Roll Num:',rec['Rollno'])
print('Name:',rec['Name'])

flag = True
except EOFError:
break
if flag == False:
print('No Records found')
f.close()

Output is:
Enter roll number:1
Enter Name:APARNA DHIRDE
Wish to enter more record (Y/N):Y
Enter roll number:2
Enter Name:MANGESH
Wish to enter more record (Y/N):Y
Enter roll number:3
Enter Name:VEERA
Wish to enter more record (Y/N):N
Enter rollno to be searched=2
Roll Num: 2
Name: MANGESH
Assignment 16:
Write a python program to create a binary file with roll number, name and
marks. Input a roll number and update name and marks
Ans:
import pickle
while True:
rollno = int(input('Enter roll number:'))
name = input('Enter Name:')
 marks = int(input('Enter Marks:'))
#Creating the dictionary
rec = {'Rollno':rollno,'Name':name,'Marks':marks}
#Writing the Dictionary
f = open('student1.dat','ab')
pickle.dump(rec,f)
ch=input('Wish to enter more record (Y/N):')
if ch=='N' or ch=='n':
break
f.close()
f=open('student1.dat','rb+')
found=0

r=int(input('Enter roll no to search :'))

while True:
rec=pickle.load(f)
if rec['Rollno']==r:
print('Current name is:',rec['Name'])
print('Current Marks are:',rec['Marks'])
rec['Name']=input('Enter new name:')
rec['Marks']=int(input('Enter new marks:'))
found=1
break
if found==1:
f.seek(0)
pickle.dump(rec,f)
print('Record updated')

f.close()

Output is:
Enter roll number:1
Enter Name:ASHWINI UPARE
Enter Marks:456
Wish to enter more record (Y/N):Y
Enter roll number:2
Enter Name:MANOJ PATIL
Enter Marks:400
Wish to enter more record (Y/N):N
Enter roll no to search :2
Current name is: MANOJ PATIL
Current Marks are: 400
Enter new name:MANOJ ASHOK PATIL
Enter new marks:500
Record updated

Assignment 17:
Write a menu driven python program to create a CSV file by entering dept-
id, name and city, read and search the record for given dept-id.
MENU
1. Create csv
2. Search record as per dept no
3.Exit
Ans:
import csv
while True:
print('*** MENU ***\n')
print('1: create csv file')
print('2: Search as per id')
print('3: Exit')
ch=int(input('Enter choice:'))
 if ch==1:
f=open('dept.csv','a')
mywriter=csv.writer(f,delimiter=',')
ans='y'
while ans.lower()=='y':
rno=int(input('Enter dept no:'))
name=input('Enter dept name:')
clas=input('Enter city:')
mywriter.writerow([rno,name,clas])
print('## Data Saved ##')
ans=input('Add More?:')
f.close()
if ch==2:
print("Search a Record")
print("===================")
f=open('dept.csv','r',newline='\r\n') #Remove new line character
from output
r=input('Enter DEPT no you want to search:')
s=csv.reader(f)
for rec in s:
if rec[0]==r:
print("Rollno=",rec[0])
print("Name=",rec[1])
print("Marks=",rec[2])
f.close()
if ch==3:
break

Output is:
*** MENU ***

1: create csv file

2: Search as per id
3: Exit
Enter choice:1
Enter dept no:10
Enter dept name:MATH
Enter city:PUNE
## Data Saved ##
Add More?:y
Enter dept no:20
Enter dept name:HINDI
Enter city:PUNE
## Data Saved ##
Add More?:n
*** MENU ***

1: create csv file

2: Search as per id
3: Exit
Enter choice:2
Search a Record
===================
Enter DEPT no you want to search: 20
Rollno= 20
Name= HINDI
Marks= PUNE
*** MENU ***

1: create csv file

2: Search as per id
3: Exit
Enter choice:3
>>>

Assignment 18:
Write a Menu driven program in python to count spaces, digits, words and
lines from text file try.txt

Ans:

while True:
print('*** MENU ***\n')
print('1: count spaces')
print('2: count digits')
print('3: count words')
print('4: count lines')
print('5: exit')
ch=int(input('enter your choice:'))
if ch==1:
F1=open('abc.txt', 'r')
c=0
F=F1.read()
for letter in F:
if( letter.isspace( )):
 c=c+1
print('No. of spaces are:',c)
F1.close()
if ch==2:
c=0
F1=open('abc.txt', 'r')

F=F1.read()
for letter in F:
if( letter.isdigit( )):
c=c+1

print('No. of digits are:',c)

F1.close()
if ch==3:
f=open("abc.txt","r")
linesList=f.readlines()
count=0
for line in linesList:
wordsList=line.split()
print(wordsList)
count = count+ len(wordsList)
print("The number of words in this file are : ",count)
f.close()
if ch==4:
count =0
f=open("abc.txt","r")
data=f.readlines()
print(data)
for line in data:
count=count+1
print("Number of lines : " ,count)
f.close()
if ch==5:
break

Output is:
*** MENU ***

1: count spaces
2: count digits
3: count words
4: count lines
5: exit
enter your choice:1
No. of spaces are: 8
*** MENU ***
1: count spaces
2: count digits
3: count words
4: count lines
5: exit
enter your choice:2
No. of digits are: 4
*** MENU ***

1: count spaces
2: count digits
3: count words
4: count lines
5: exit
enter your choice:3
['Sky', 'is', 'blue', '2021.']
['i', 'like', 'rainy', 'season.']
The number of words in this file are : 8

*** MENU ***

1: count spaces
2: count digits
3: count words
4: count lines
5: exit
enter your choice:4
['Sky is blue 2021.\n', 'i like rainy season.\n']
Number of lines : 2
*** MENU ***

1: count spaces
2: count digits
3: count words
4: count lines
5: exit
enter your choice:5
>>>
Assignment 19: Write a Python program to implement a stack using list (PUSH & POP
Operation on Stack).

SQL QUERIES

Queries Set 1 (Database Fetching records)

[1] Consider the following MOVIE table and write the SQL queries based on it.
 1. Display all information from the movie.
2. Display the type of movies.
3. Display movieid, movie name, total_eraning by showing the business
done by the movies. Calculate the business done by movie using the
sum of production cost and business cost.
4. Display movie id, movie name and production cost for all movies with
production cost greater than 150000 and less than 1000000.
5. Display the movie of type action and romance.
6. Display the list of movies which are going to release in February, 2022.

Answers:

[1] select * from movie ;

Output:
2. select distinct from a movie ;

3. select movieid, movie name, production cost + business cost “total

earning” from movie ;

4. select movie_id, movie name, production cost from movie where product is
>150000 and <1000000 ;
5. select movie name from movie where type =’action’ or type=’romance’ ;

6. select movie name from movie where month(release date)=2 ;

Queries Set 2 (Based on Functions)

1. Write a query to display a cube of 5.

2. Write a query to display the number 563.854741 rounding off to the
next hundred.
3. Write a query to display “put” from the word “Computer”.
4. Write a query to display today’s date into DD.MM.YYYY format.
5. Write a query to display ‘DIA’ from the word “MEDIA”.
6. Write a query to display movie name – type from the table movie.
7. Write a query to display the first four digits of production cost.
8. Write a query to display the last four digits of business cost.
9. Write a query to display weekdays of release dates.
10. Write a query to display the dayname on which movies are going to
be released.

Answers:

[1] select pow(5,3) ;

[2] select round(563.854741,-2) ;

[3] select mid(“Computer”,4,3) ;

[4] select concat(day(now()),concat(‘.’,month(now()),concat(‘.’,year(now()))))
“Date” ;

[5] select right(“Media”,3) ;

[6] select concat(movie name,concat(‘ – ‘,type)) from movie ;

 [

[7] select left (production cost,4) from movie ;

[8] select right (business cost,4) from movie ;

[9] select weekday (release date) from movie ;

[10] select dayname (release date) from movie ;

Queries Set 3 (DDL Commands)

Suppose your school management has decided to conduct cricket matches

between students of Class XI and Class XII. Students of each class are asked
to join any one of the four teams – Team Titan, Team Rockers, Team Magnet
and Team Hurricane. During summer vacations, various matches will be
conducted between these teams. Help your sports teacher to do the following:

1. Create a database “Sports”.

2. Create a table “TEAM” with following considerations:
○ It should have a column TeamID for storing an integer value
between 1 to 9, which refers to unique identification of a
team.
○ Each TeamID should have its associated name (TeamName),
which should be a string of length not less than 10 characters.
○ Using table level constraint, make TeamID as the primary key.
○ Show the structure of the table TEAM using a SQL statement.
○ As per the preferences of the students four teams were
formed as given below. Insert these four rows in TEAM table:
■ Row 1: (1, Tehlka)
■ Row 2: (2, Toofan)
■ Row 3: (3, Aandhi)
■ Row 3: (4, Shailab)
○ Show the contents of the table TEAM using a DML statement.
3. Now create another table MATCH_DETAILS and insert data as shown
below. Choose appropriate data types and constraints for each
attribute.

MatchI MatchDat FirstTeam SecondTea FirstTeamSc SecondTeamSc

D e ID mID ore ore

M1 2021/12/ 1 2 107 93
20

M2 2021/12/ 3 4 156 158

21

M3 2021/12/ 1 3 86 81
22

M4 2021/12/ 2 4 65 67
23

M5 2021/12/ 1 4 52 88
 24

M6 2021/12/ 2 3 97 68
25

Answers:

[1] create database sports

[2] Creating table with the given specification

create table team
-> (teamid int(1),
-> teamname varchar(10), primary key(teamid));
Showing the structure of table using SQL statement:

desc team;

Inserting data:

mqsql> insert into team

 -> values(1,'Tehlka');

Show the content of table – team:

select * from team;

Creating another table:

create table match_details

-> (matchid varchar(2) primary key,
-> matchdate date,
-> firstteamid int(1) references team(teamid),
-> secondteamid int(1) references team(teamid),
-> firstteamscore int(3),
-> secondteamscore int(3));
Queries set 4 (Based on Two Tables)

1. Display the matchid, teamid, team score who scored more than 70 in
first inning along with team name.
2. Display matchid, team name and second team score between 100 to
160.
3. Display matchid, team names along with matchdates.
4. Display unique team names
5. Display matchid and match date played by Anadhi and Shailab.

Answers:

[1] select match_details.matchid, match_details.firstteamid, team.team

name,match_details.firstteamscore from match_details, team where
match_details.firstteamid=team.teamid and match_details.firstteamscore>70;

[2] select matchid, team name, second team score from match_details, team
were match_details.secondteamid=team.teamid and
match_details.secondteamscore between 100 and 160;

[3] select matchid,team name,first teamid,secondteamid,match date from

match_details, team were match_details.firstteamid=team.team id;
[4] select distinct(team name) from match_details, team were
match_details.firstteamid=team.team id;

[5] select matchid,matchdate from match_details, team were

match_details.firstteamid=team.teamid and team.team name in
(‘Aandhi’,’Shailab’);

Queries Set 5 (Group by , Order By)

Consider the following table stock table to answer the queries:

item no item dcode qty unit price stockdate

S005 Ballpen 102 100 10 2018/04/22

S003 Gel Pen 101 150 15 2018/03/18

S002 Pencil 102 125 5 2018/02/25

S006 Eraser 101 200 3 2018/01/12

S001 Sharpner 103 210 5 2018/06/11

S004 Compass 102 60 35 2018/05/10

S009 A4 Papers 102 160 5 2018/07/17

1. Display all the items in the ascending order of stockdate.

2. Display maximum price of items for each dealer individually as per
dcode from stock.
3. Display all the items in descending orders of item names.
4. Display average price of items for each dealer individually as per doce
from stock which average price is more than 5.
5. Display the sum of quantity for each dcode.

[1] select * from stock order by stockdale;

[2] select dcode,max(unit price) from stock group by code;

[3] select * from stock order by item desc;

[4] select dcode,avg(unit price) from stock group by dcode having avg(unit
price)>5;

[5] select dcode,sum(qty) from stock group by dcode;

Output is:

************************************************************
Enter string to check : nitin
Yes, the string is a palindrome

************************************************************

Enter string to check : palindrome

No, the string is not a palindrome

***********************************************************

Enter string to check : nursesrun

Yes, the string is a palindrome
Assignment 20:

Write a python program using function PUSH(Arr), where Arr is a list of numbers. From
this list push all numbers divisible by 5 into a stack implemented by using a list. Display
the stack if it has at least one element, otherwise display appropriate error message.

Ans:

def isEmpty(Arr):
if len(Arr)==0:
return True
else:
return False

def push(Arr,item):
if item%5==0:
Arr.append(item)
top=len(Arr)-1

def show(Arr):
if isEmpty(Arr):
print('No item found')
else:
t=len(Arr)-1
print('(TOP)',end='')
while(t>=0):
print(Arr[t],'<==',end='')
t=t-1
print()

Arr=[]
top=None
while True:
print('****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******')
print('1: PUSH')
print('2: Show')
print('0: Exit')
ch=int(input('Enter choice:'))
if ch==1:
val=int(input('Enter no to push:'))
push(Arr,val)
elif ch==2:
show(Arr)
elif ch==0:
print('Bye')
break

Output is:

****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******

1: PUSH
2: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:1
Enter no to push:23
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:1
Enter no to push:20
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:2
(TOP)20 <==
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:0
Bye
>>>

Assignment 21:

Write a python program using function POP(Arr), where Arr is a stack implemented by a
list of numbers. The function returns the value deleted from the stack.

Ans:
def isEmpty(Arr):
if len(Arr)==0:
return True
else:
return False

def push(Arr,item):
Arr.append(item)
top=len(Arr)-1

def pop(Arr):
if isEmpty(Arr):
return 'Underflow occurs'
else:
val=Arr.pop()
if len(Arr)==0:
top=None
else:
top=len(Arr)-1
return val

def show(Arr):
if isEmpty(Arr):
print('no item found')
else:
t=len(Arr)-1
print('(TOP)',end='')
while(t>=0):
print(Arr[t],'<==',end='')
t=t-1
print()

Arr=[]
top=None
while True:
print('****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******')
print('1: PUSH')
print('2: POP')
print('3: Show')
print('0: Exit')
ch=int(input('Enter choice:'))
if ch==1:
val=int(input('Enter no to push:'))
push(Arr,val)
elif ch==2:

val=pop(Arr)
if val=='Underflow':
print('Stack is empty')
else:
print('\nDeleted item is:',val)

elif ch==3:
show(Arr)
elif ch==0:
print('Bye')
 break

Output is:
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:1
Enter no to push:34
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:1
Enter no to push:3
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:3
(TOP)3 <==34 <==
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:2

Deleted item is: 3

****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:3
(TOP)34 <==
****** STACK IMPLEMENTATION USING LIST ******
1: PUSH
2: POP
3: Show
0: Exit
Enter choice:0
Bye
>>>

Assignment 22:
Write a python program to push 5 strings which do not include vowel and pop the stack

def push (a,word):

a.append(word)
def pushnv(n):
for word in n:
flag=True
for ch in word:
if ch in 'aeiouAEIOU':
flag=False
break
if flag:
novowel.append(word)
def pop(nov):
if nov!=[]:
return nov.pop()
else :
return None

novowel=[]
All=[]
for count in range (5):
word=input("\nenter a word")
push(All,word)
pushnv(All)
while True:
if novowel!=[]:
print (pop(novowel),end="")
else:
break

Output is:-

enter a word :tanuja

enter a word :lynx

lynx
enter a word :pranjal
lynx
enter a word :prachi
lynx
enter a word :bryn
brynlynx

>>>

Assignment 23:
Create a table and insert data. Implement all SQL commands on the table
SQL Commands on EMPLOYEE table

MySQL Practical
1. CREATING TABLES IN MYSQL
E.g. in order to create table EMPLOYEE given below :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
We write the following command :
CREATE TABLE employee ( ECODE integer ,
ENAME varchar(20) , GENDER char(1) ,
GRADE char(2) , GROSS integer ) ;
2. INSERTING DATA INTO TABLE
- e.g. to enter a row into EMPLOYEE table (created above), we write command as :
 INSERT INTO employee VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);

OR
INSERT INTO employee (ECODE , ENAME , GENDER , GRADE , GROSS)VALUES(1001 , ‘Ravi’ , ‘M’ , ‘E4’ , 50000);

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000

In order to insert another row in EMPLOYEE table , we write again INSERT

command :
INSERT INTO employee VALUES(1002 , ‘Akash’ , ‘M’ , ‘A1’ , 35000);

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000

3. INSERTING NULL VALUES

- To insert value NULL in a specific column, we can type NULL without quotes and NULL will be
inserted in that column. E.g. in order to insert NULL value in ENAME column of above table, we
write INSERT command as :

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE

VALUES (1004 , NULL , ‘M’ , ‘B2’ , 38965 ) ;

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965

4. SIMPLE QUERY USING SELECT COMMAND

- The SELECT command is used to pull information from a table.
- In order to retrieve everything (all columns) from a table, SELECT command is used as :
SELECT * FROM <tablename> ;

e.g.In order to retrieve everything from Employee table, we write SELECT command as :
EMPLOYEE
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 NULL M B2 38965

SELECT * FROM Employee ;

5. SELECTING PARTICULAR COLUMNS

EMPLOYEE

ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS

1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
 1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1009 Neema F A2 52000
- A particular column from a table can be selected by specifying column-names with SELECTcommand.
E.g. in above table, if we want to select ECODE and ENAME column, then command is :
SELECT ECODE , ENAME

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

E.g.2 in order to select only ENAME, GRADE and GROSS column, the command is :
SELECT ENAME , GRADE , GROSS

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

6. SELECTING PARTICULAR ROWS

We can select particular rows from a table by specifying a condition through WHERE clause along with
SELECT statement. E.g. In employee table if we want to select rows where Gender is female, then
command is :
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GENDER = ‘F’ ;

E.g.2. in order to select rows where salary is greater than 48000, then
command is : SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS > 48000 ;

7. ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA

The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement. For example ,
SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ;

GENDER
M
M
F
M
F
F

SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE ;

DISTINCT(GENDER)
M
F

8. VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE

- If we want to know the structure of a table, we can use DESCRIBE or DESC command, as per following syntax :
DESCRIBE | DESC <tablename> ;

e.g. to view the structure of table EMPLOYEE, commandis : DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ; OR DESC EMPLOYEE ;

9. USING COLUMN ALIASES

- The columns that we select in a query can be given a different name, i.e. column alias name for output
 purpose.
e.g. In output, suppose we want to display ECODE column as EMPLOYEE_CODE in output , then
command is : SELECT ECODE AS “EMPLOYEE_CODE”

FROM EMPLOYEE ;

10. CONDITION BASED ON A RANGE

- The BETWEEN operator defines a range of values that the column values must fall in to make the condition
true. The range include both lowervalue and uppervalue.

e.g. to display ECODE, ENAME and GRADE of those employees whose salary is between 40000 and 50000,
command is:
SELECT ECODE ,
ENAME ,GRADE FROM
EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ;

Output will be :
ECOD ENAM GRADE
E E
1001 Ravi E4
1006 Ruby A1

11. CONDITION BASED ON A LIST

- To specify a list of values, IN operator is used. The IN operator selects value that match any value in a
given list of values. E.g.

SELECT * FROM
EMPLOYEE WHERE
GRADE IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);
Output will be :
ECOD ENAM GENDE GRADE GROSS
E E R
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1009 Neema F A2 52000

- The NOT IN operatorfinds rows that do not match in the list. E.g.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A1’ , ‘A2’);

Output will be :
ECOD ENAM GENDE GRADE GROSS
E E R
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1004 Neela F B2 38965

12. CONDITION BASED ON PATTERN MATCHES

- LIKE operator is used for pattern matching in SQL. Patterns are described using two special wildcard characters:
 1. percent(%) – The % character matches any substring.
2. underscore(_) – The _ character matches any character.

e.g. to display names of employee whose name starts with R in EMPLOYEE table, the command is :
SELECT ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘R%’ ;

Output will be :
ENAM
E
Ravi
Ruby

e.g. to display details of employee whose second character in

name is ‘e’. SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_e%’ ;

Output will be :
ECOD ENAM GENDE GRADE GROSS
E E R
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000

e.g. to display details of employee whose name ends

with ‘y’. SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%y’ ;

Output will be :
ECOD ENAM GENDE GRADE GROSS
E E R
1005 Sunny M A2 30000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000

13. SEARCHING FOR NULL

- The NULL value in a column can be searched for in a table using IS NULL in the WHERE clause. E.g. to list
employee details whose salary contain NULL, we use the command :
SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE GROSS IS NULL ;

e.g.
 STUDENT
Roll_N Name Mark
o s
1 ARUN NULL
2 RAVI 56
4 SANJAY NULL
to display the names of those students whose marks is NULL, we use the
command : SELECT Name
FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE Marks IS NULL ;

Output will be :
Name
ARUN
SANJAY

14. SORTING RESULTS

Whenever the SELECT query is executed , the resulting rows appear in a predecided order. The ORDER BY
clause allow sorting of query result. The sorting can be done either in ascending or descending order, the
default is ascending.

The ORDER BY clause is used as :

SELECT <column name> , <column
name>…. FROM <tablename>
WHERE <condition>
ORDER BY <column name> ;

e.g. to display the details of employees in EMPLOYEE table in alphabetical order, we use
command : SELECT *
FROM
EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY
ENAME ;
Output will be :
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS
1002 Akash M A1 35000
1004 Neela F B2 38965
1009 Neema F A2 52000
1001 Ravi M E4 50000
1006 Ruby F A1 45000
1005 Sunny M A2 30000

e.g. display list of employee in descending alphabetical order whose salary is greater than 40000.
SELECT ENAME

FROM
EMPLOYEE
WHERE GROSS >
 40000 ORDER BY
ENAME desc ;

Output will be :
ENAME
Ravi
Ruby
Neema

15. MODIFYING DATA IN TABLES

you can modify data in tables using UPDATE command of SQL. The UPDATE command specifies the rows to be
changed using the WHERE clause, and the new data using the SET keyword.

e.g. to change the salary of employee of those in EMPLOYEE table having employee code 1009 to 55000.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET GROSS = 55000 WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;

16. UPDATING MORE THAN ONE COLUMNS

e.g. to update the salary to 58000 and grade to B2 for those employee whose employee code is 1001.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = 58000, GRADE=’B2’

WHERE ECODE = 1009 ;

OTHER EXAMPLES
Increase the salary of each employee by 1000 in the EMPLOYEE table.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = GROSS +100 ;

Double the salary of employees having grade as ‘A1’ or ‘A2’ .
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GROSS = GROSS * 2 ;

WHERE GRADE=’A1’ OR GRADE=’A2’ ;

Change the grade to ‘A2’ for those employees whose employee code is 1004 and name is Neela.
UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET GRADE=’A2’

WHERE ECODE=1004 AND GRADE=’NEELA’ ;

17. DELETING DATA FROM TABLES

To delete some data from tables, DELETE command is used. The DELETE command removes rows from a table.
The syntax of DELETE command is:

DELETE FROM <tablename>

WHERE <condition> ;

For example, to remove the details of those employee from EMPLOYEE table whose grade is A1.
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE
 WHERE GRADE =’A1’ ;

18. TO DELETE ALL THE CONTENTS FROM A TABLE

DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE ;

So if we do not specify any condition with WHERE clause, then all the rows of the table will be deleted.
Thus above line will delete all rows from employee table.

19. DROPPING TABLES

The DROP TABLE command lets you drop a table from the database.

e.g. to drop a table employee, we need to write :

DROP TABLE employee ;

Once this command is given, the table name is no longer recognized and no more commands can be given on
that table. After this command is executed, all the data in the table along with table structure will be deleted.

20. ALTER TABLE COMMAND

The ALTER TABLE command is used to change definitions of existing tables.(adding columns,deleting columns
etc.). The ALTER TABLE command is used for :
1. adding columns to a table
2. Modifying column-definitions of a table.
3. Deleting columns of a table.
4. Adding constraints to table.
5. Enabling/Disabling constraints.

21. ADDING COLUMNS TO TABLE

To add a column to a table this command is used,
e.g. to add a new column ADDRESS to the EMPLOYEE table, we can write command as :

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD ADDRESS VARCHAR(50);

A new column by the name ADDRESS will be added to the table,
where each row will contain NULL value for the new column.
ECODE ENAME GENDER GRADE GROSS ADDRESS
1001 Ravi M E4 50000 NULL
1002 Akash M A1 35000 NULL
1004 Neela F B2 38965 NULL
1005 Sunny M A2 30000 NULL
1006 Ruby F A1 45000 NULL
1009 Neema F A2 52000 NULL
However if you specify NOT NULL constraint while adding a new column, MySQL adds the new column with the
default value of that datatype e.g. for INT type it will add 0 , for CHAR types, it will add a space, and so on.

e.g. Given a table namely Test with the following data in it.

Co Co
l1 l2
1 A
2 G
 Now following commands are given for the table. Predict the table contents after each of the following statements:
(i) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col3 INT ;
(ii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col4 INT NOT NULL ;
(iii) ALTER TABLE testt ADD col5 CHAR(3) NOT NULL ;
(iv) ALTER TABLE testtADD col6 VARCHAR(3);

22. MODIFYING COLUMNS

In table EMPLOYEE, change the column GROSS to SALARY.

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

CHANGE GROSS SALARY INTEGER;

In table EMPLOYEE , change the column ENAME to EM_NAME and data type from
VARCHAR(20) to VARCHAR(30).

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

CHANGE ENAME EM_NAME VARCHAR(30);

In table EMPLOYEE , change the datatype of GRADE column from CHAR(2) to VARCHAR(2).

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

MODIFY GRADE VARCHAR(2);

23. DELETING COLUMNS

To delete a column from a table, the ALTER TABLE command takes the following form :

ALTER TABLE <table name>

DROP <column name>;

e.g. to delete column GRADE from table EMPLOYEE, we will write :

ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

DROP GRADE ;

24. ADDING/REMOVING CONSTRAINTS TO A TABLE

ALTER TABLE statement can be used to add constraints to your existing table.
e.g. to add PRIMARY KEY constraint on column ECODE of table EMPLOYEE , the command is :
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE

ADD PRIMARY KEY (ECODE) ;

25. REMOVING CONSTRAINTS

- To remove foreign key constraint from atable, we use ALTER TABLE command as :
ALTER TABLE <table name>

DROP FOREIGN KEY ;

AGGREGATE / GROUP FUNCTIONS

 Aggregate / Group functions work upon groups of rows , rather than on single row, and return one single
output. Different aggregate functions are : COUNT( ) , AVG( ) , MIN( ) , MAX( ) , SUM ( )

Table : EMPL
EMP ENA JOB SAL DEPT
NO ME NO
8369 SMIT CLERK 2985 10
H
8499 ANYA SALESM 9870 20
AN
8566 AMIR SALESM 8760 30
AN
8698 BINA MANAGE 5643 20
R
8912 SUR NULL 3000 10

1. AVG( )
This function computes the average of given data.
e.g. SELECT AVG(SAL)
FROM EMPL ;

Output
AVG(SAL)
6051.6

2. COUNT( )
This function counts the number of rows in a given column.
If you specify the COLUMN name in parenthesis of function, then this function returns rows where
COLUMN is not null.
If you specify the asterisk (*), this function returns all rows, including duplicates and nulls.

e.g. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPL ;

Output
COUNT(*)
5

e.g.2 SELECT COUNT(JOB) FROM EMPL ;

Output
COUNT(JOB)
4

3. MAX( )
This function returns the maximum value from a given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
MAX(SAL)
9870
 4. MIN( )
This function returns the minimum value from a given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
MIN(SAL)
2985

5. SUM( )
This function returns the sum of values in given column or expression.

e.g. SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMPL ;

Output
SUM(SAL)
30258

GROUPING RESULT – GROUP BY

The GROUP BY clause combines all those records(row) that have identical values in a particular field(column) or a
group of fields(columns).
GROUPING can be done by a column name, or with aggregate functions in which case the aggregate produces a
value for each group.
Table : EMPL
EMP ENA JOB SAL DEPT
NO ME NO
8369 SMIT CLERK 2985 10
H
8499 ANYA SALESM 9870 20
AN
8566 AMIR SALESM 8760 30
AN
8698 BINA MANAGE 5643 20
R

e.g. Calculate the number of employees in each grade.

SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL

GROUP BY JOB ;
Output
JOB COUNT(*)
CLERK 1
SALESMAN 2
MANAGER 1

e.g.2. Calculate the sum of salary for each department.

SELECT DEPTNO ,
SUM(SAL) FROM
EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;
Output
DEPTNO SUM(SAL)
10 2985
20 15513
30 8760
e.g.3. find the average salary of each department.
Sol: select avg(sal) FROM EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO ;

NESTED GROUP
- To create a group within a group i.e., nested group, you need to specify multiplefields in the GROUP BY
expression.
e.g. To group records job wise within Deptno wise, you need to issue a query statement like :

SELECT DEPTNO , JOB ,

COUNT(EMPNO) FROM EMPL
GROUP BY DEPTNO , JOB ;
Output
DEPTNO JOB COUNT(EMPNO)
10 CLERK 1
20 SALESMAN 1
20 MANAGER 1
30 SALESMAN 1

PLACING CONDITION ON GROUPS – HAVING CLAUSE

- The HAVING clause places conditions on groups in contrast to WHERE clause that places condition on
individual rows. While WHERE conditions cannot include aggregate functions, HAVING conditions can
do so.
- e.g. To display the jobs where the number of employees is less than 2,
- SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL GROUP BY JOB
HAVING COUNT(*) < 2 ;
Output
JOB COUNT(*)
CLERK 1
MANAG 1
ER

MySQL FUNCTIONS
Types of MySQL functions : String Functions , Maths Functions and Date & Time Functions.
Table : EMPL
EMP ENA JOB SAL DEPT
NO ME NO
8369 SMIT CLERK 2985 10
H
8499 ANYA SALESM 9870 20
AN
8566 AMIR SALESM 8760 30
AN
 8698 BINA MANAGE 5643 20
R
8912 SUR NULL 3000 10

STRING FUNCTIONS

1. CONCAT( ) - Returns the Concatenated String.

Syntax : CONCAT(Column1 , Column2 , Column3, …….)
e.g. SELECT CONCAT(EMPNO , ENAME) FROM EMPL WHEREDEPTNO=10;

Output
CONCAT(EMPNO ,
ENAME)
8369SMITH
8912SUR
2. LOWER( ) / LCASE( ) - Returns the argument in
lowercase. Syntax : LOWER(Column
name)
e.g.
SELECT LOWER(ENAME) FROM EMPL ;
Output
LOWER(ENAME)
smith
anya
amir
bina
sur

3. UPPER( ) / UCASE( ) - Returns the argument in

uppercase. Syntax : UPPER(Column
name)

e.g.
SELECT UPPER(ENAME) FROM EMPL ;

Output
UPPER(ENAM
E)
SMITH
ANYA
AMIR
BINA
SUR

4. SUBSTRING( ) / SUBSTR( ) – Returns the substring as specified.

Syntax : SUBSTR(Column name, m , n), where m specifies starting index and n specifies number of
characters from the starting index m.

e.g.
SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,2,2) FROM EMPL WHERE DEPTNO=20;
Output
SUBSTR(ENAME,2,2)
NY
IN

SELECT SUBSTR(JOB,-2,2) FROMEMPL WHERE DEPTNO=20;

Output
SUBSTR(JOB,-4,2)
SM
AG

5. LTRIM( ) – Removes leadingspaces.

e.g. SELECT LTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’) ;
Output
LTRIM(‘ RDBMS
MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL
6. RTRIM( ) – Removes trailing spaces.
e.g. SELECT RTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL ’) ;
Output
RTRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL

7. TRIM( ) – Removes trailing and leading spaces.

e.g. SELECT TRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL ’) ;
Output
TRIM(‘ RDBMS MySQL’)
RDBMS MySQL

8. LENGTH( ) – Returns the length of a string. e.g.

SELECT LENGTH(“CANDID”) ;
Output
LENGTH(“CANDID”)
6

SELECT LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMPL;

LENGTH(ENAME)
5
4
4
4
3
e.g.2. Output
 9. LEFT( ) – Returns the leftmost numberof characters as specified.
e.g. SELECT LEFT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’ , 3) ;
Output
LEFT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’,
3)
COR

10. RIGHT( ) – Returns the rightmost numberof characters as specified.

e.g. SELECT RIGHT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’ , 3) ;
Output
RIGHT(‘CORPORATE FLOOR’,
3)
OOR

11. MID( ) – This function is same as SUBSTRING( ) / SUBSTR( )

function. E.g. SELECT MID(“ABCDEF” , 2 , 4 ) ;
Output
MID(“ABCDEF” , 2 , 4 )
BCDE

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS

These functions accept numeric values and after performing the operation, return numeric value.

1. MOD( ) – Returns the remainder of given two numbers. e.g. SELECT MOD(11 , 4);

Output
MOD(11, 4 )
3

2. POW( ) / POWER( ) - This function returns mn i.e , a numberm raised to the nth power.
e.g. SELECT POWER(3,2) ;
Output
POWER(3,
2)
9

3. ROUND( ) – This function returns a numberroundedoff as per given specifications.

e.g. ROUND(15.193 , 1) ;
Output
ROUND(15.193 , 1)
15.2

e.g. 2. SELECT ROUND(15.193 , -1); - This will convert the number to nearest ten’s .
Output
ROUND(15.193 , -1)
20

4. SIGN( ) – This function returns sign of a given number.

If number is negative, the function
returns -1. If number is positive, the
function returns 1. If number is zero,
the function returns 0.

e.g. SELECT SIGN(-15) ;

Output
SIGN(-
15)
-1

e.g.2 SELECT SIGN(20) ;

Output
SIGN(20)
1

5. SQRT( ) – This function returns the square root of a given

number. E.g. SELECT SQRT(25) ;
Output
SQRT(25)
5

6. TRUNCATE( ) – This function returns a number with some digits

truncated. E.g. SELECT TRUNCATE(15.79 , 1) ;

Output
TRUNCATE(15.79 , 1)
15.7

E.g. 2. SELECT TRUNCATE(15.79 , -1); - This command truncate value 15.79 to nearest ten’s place.

Output
TRUNCATE(15.79 , -1)
10
 DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
Date functions operate on values of the DATE datatype.

1. CURDATE( ) / CURRENT_DATE( ) – This function returns the current date. E.g.

SELECT CURDATE( ) ;
Output
CURDATE( )
2016-12-13

2. DATE( ) – This function extracts the date part from a date. E.g.
SELECT DATE( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
DATE( ‘2016-02-09’)
09

3. MONTH( ) – This function returns the month from the date

passed. E.g. SELECT MONTH( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
MONTH( ‘2016-02-09’)
0
2

4. YEAR( ) – This function returns the yearpart of a date. E.g.

SELECT YEAR( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
YEAR( ‘2016-02-09’)
20
16

5. DAYNAME( ) – This function returns the name of weekday. E.g.

SELECT DAYNAME( ‘2016-02-09’) ;
Output
DAYNAME( ‘2016-12-
14’)
Wednesday

6. DAYOFMONTH( ) – This function returns the day of month. Returns value in range of 1 to 31.
E.g. SELECT DAYOFMONTH( ‘2016-12-14’) ;
Output
DAYOFMONTH( ‘2016-12-
14’)
14
 7. DAYOFWEEK( ) – This function returns the day of week. Return the weekdayindex for date.
(1=Sunday, 2=Monday,……., 7=Saturday)
SELECT DAYOFWEEK( ‘2016-12-14’) ;

Output
DAYOFWEEK( ‘2016-12-14’)
4

8. DAYOFYEAR( ) – This function returns the day of the year. Returns the value between 1 and
366. E.g. SELECT DAYOFYEAR(‘2016-02-04) ;
Output
DAYOFYEAR( ‘2016-02-04’)
35

9. NOW( ) – This function returns the currentdate and time.

It returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement began to execute.

e.g. SELECT NOW( );

10. SYSDATE( ) – It also returns the current date but it return the time at which SYSDATE( ) executes. It differs
from the behavior for NOW( ), which returns a constant time that indicates the time at which the statement
began to execute.
e.g. SELECT SYSDATE( ) ;
Assignment 24:

Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module and add records of
student and display all the record.

Ans:

import os
import platform
import mysql.connector

mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",user="root",passwd="root",database
="student",charset="utf8")
print(mydb)
mycursor=mydb.cursor()

def stuInsert():
L=[]
roll=int(input("Enter the roll number : "))
L.append(roll)
name=input("Enter the Name: ")
L.append(name)
age=int(input("Enter Age of Student : "))
L.append(age)
clas=input("Enter the Class : ")
L.append(clas)

stud=(L)
sql="insert into stud (roll,name,age,clas) values (%s,%s,%s,%s)"
mycursor.execute(sql,stud)
mydb.commit()
def stuview():
mycursor.execute("select * from stud")
myrus=mycursor.fetchall()
for x in myrus:
print(x)

def MenuSet(): #Function For The Student Management System

print("Enter 1 : To Add Student")
print("Enter 2 : To View Students")
userInput = int(input("Please Select An Above Option: ")) #Will Take Input From User
if(userInput == 1):
stuInsert()
if(userInput == 2):
stuview()
MenuSet()
def runAgain():
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again Y/n: ")
while(runAgn.lower() == 'y'):
if(platform.system() == "Windows"):
print(os.system('cls'))
else:
print(os.system('clear'))
MenuSet()
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again y/n: ")
runAgain()

Output is:
<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x02272110>
Enter 1 : To Add Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 2
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(2, 'YASH', 16, 11)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(6, 'YAMINI', 16, 11)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
(9, 'MANGALA', 16, 11)

want To Run Again Y/n: Y

0
Enter 1 : To Add Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Enter the roll number : 10
Enter the Name: MALINI
Enter Age of Student : 17
Enter the Class : 12

want To Run Again y/n: Y

0
Enter 1 : To Add Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 2
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(2, 'YASH', 16, 11)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(6, 'YAMINI', 16, 11)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
(9, 'MANGALA', 16, 11)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)
want To Run Again y/n:

Assignment 25:

Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to search student using
rollno, name, age, class and if present in table display the record, if not display
appropriate method.

Ans:
import os
import platform
import mysql.connector

mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",\
user="root",\
passwd="root",\
database="student",charset="utf8")
print(mydb)
mycursor=mydb.cursor()

def stuview():
print("Select the search criteria : ")
print("1. Roll")
print("2. Name")
print("3. Age")
print("4. Class")
print("5. All")
ch=int(input("Enter the choice : "))
if ch==1:
s=int(input("Enter roll no : "))
rl=(s,)
sql="select * from stud where roll=%s"
mycursor.execute(sql,rl)
elif ch==2:
s=input("Enter Name : ")
rl=(s,)
sql="select * from stud where name=%s"
mycursor.execute(sql,rl)
elif ch==3:
s=int(input("Enter age : "))
rl=(s,)
sql="select * from stud where age=%s"
mycursor.execute(sql,rl)
elif ch==4:
s=input("Enter Class : ")
rl=(s,)
sql="select * from stud where clas=%s"
mycursor.execute(sql,rl)
elif ch==5:
sql="select * from stud"
mycursor.execute(sql)
res=mycursor.fetchall()
print("The Students details are as follows : ")
print("(ROll, Name, Age, Class)")
for x in res:
print(x)

def MenuSet(): #Function For The Student Management System

print("Enter 1 : To Search Student")
userInput = int(input("Please Select An Above Option: ")) #Will Take Input From User
if(userInput == 1):
stuview()
MenuSet()
def runAgain():
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again Y/n: ")
while(runAgn.lower() == 'y'):
if(platform.system() == "Windows"):
print(os.system('cls'))
else:
print(os.system('clear'))
MenuSet()
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again y/n: ")

runAgain()

Output is:<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x022720F0>

Enter 1 : To Search Student
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Select the search criteria :
1. Roll
2. Name
3. Age
4. Class
5. All
Enter the choice : 1
Enter roll no : 8
The Students details are as follows :
(ROll, Name, Age, Class)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
want To Run Again Y/n: y
0
Enter 1 : To Search Student
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Select the search criteria :
1. Roll
2. Name
3. Age
4. Class
5. All
Enter the choice : 2
Enter Name : MALINI
The Students details are as follows :
(ROll, Name, Age, Class)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)

want To Run Again y/n: Y

0
Enter 1 : To Search Student
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Select the search criteria :
1. Roll
2. Name
3. Age
4. Class
5. All
Enter the choice : 3
Enter age : 15
The Students details are as follows :
(ROll, Name, Age, Class)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)

want To Run Again y/n: Y

0
Enter 1 : To Search Student
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Select the search criteria :
1. Roll
2. Name
3. Age
4. Class
5. All
Enter the choice : 4
Enter Class : 12
The Students details are as follows :
(ROll, Name, Age, Class)
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)
want To Run Again y/n: Y
0
Enter 1 : To Search Student
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Select the search criteria :
1. Roll
2. Name
3. Age
4. Class
5. All
Enter the choice : 5
The Students details are as follows :
(ROll, Name, Age, Class)
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(2, 'YASH', 16, 11)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(6, 'YAMINI', 16, 11)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
(9, 'MANGALA', 16, 11)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)

want To Run Again y/n: N

>>>

Assignment 26:

Integrate MySQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to search a student using
rollno, delete the record.

Ans:

import os
import platform
import mysql.connector

mydb=mysql.connector.connect(host="localhost",\
user="root",\
passwd="root",\
database="student",charset="utf8")
print(mydb)
mycursor=mydb.cursor()

def removeStu():
roll=int(input("Enter the roll number of the student to be deleted : "))
rl=(roll,)
 sql="Delete from stud where roll=%s"
mycursor.execute(sql,rl)
print('Record deleted!!!')
mydb.commit()

def stuview():
mycursor.execute("select * from stud")
myrus=mycursor.fetchall()
for x in myrus:
print(x)

def MenuSet(): #Function For The Student Management System

print("Enter 1 : To Delete Student")
print("Enter 2 : To View Students")
userInput = int(input("Please Select An Above Option: ")) #Will Take Input From User
if(userInput == 1):
removeStu()
if(userInput == 2):
stuview()
MenuSet()
def runAgain():
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again Y/n: ")
while(runAgn.lower() == 'y'):
if(platform.system() == "Windows"):
print(os.system('cls'))
else:
print(os.system('clear'))
MenuSet()
runAgn = input("\nwant To Run Again y/n: ")
runAgain()
Output is:

<mysql.connector.connection.MySQLConnection object at 0x02272050>

Enter 1 : To Delete Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 2
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(2, 'YASH', 16, 11)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(6, 'YAMINI', 16, 11)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)
(8, 'OM', 16, 12)
(9, 'MANGALA', 16, 11)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)

want To Run Again Y/n: y

0
Enter 1 : To Delete Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 1
Enter the roll number of the student to be deleted : 8
Record deleted!!!

want To Run Again y/n: y

0
Enter 1 : To Delete Student
Enter 2 : To View Students
Please Select An Above Option: 2
(1, 'ANJU JHA', 17, 12)
(2, 'YASH', 16, 11)
(3, 'ANIKET JAISWAR', 16, 12)
(4, 'SANGEETA', 15, 10)
(5, 'SANGEETA SETH', 15, 10)
(6, 'YAMINI', 16, 11)
(7, 'ANJU', 15, 10)
(9, 'MANGALA', 16, 11)
(10, 'MALINI', 17, 12)

want To Run Again y/n: n

Assignment 27:
Integrate SQL with Python by importing the MySQL module to search a student using
rollno, update the record.

Ans:
Import mysql.connector as mycon
cn =
mycon.connect(host='localhost',user='root',password="root",database="student",chars
et="utf8")
cur = cn.cursor()
print('Welcome to student Details Updation screen... ')

print("*******************EDIT STUDENT DETAILS **************************")

ro = int(input("Enter Student's roll number to edit :"))
query="select * from stud where roll="+str(ro)
cur.execute(query)
results = cur.fetchall()
if cur.rowcount<=0:
print("\## SORRY! NO MATCHING DETAILS AVAILABLE ##")
else:
print("**************************************************")
print('%5s'%"ROLL NO",'%15s'%'NAME','%12s'%'AGE','%10s'%'CLASS')
print("**************************************************")
for row in results:
print('%5s' % row[0],'%15s'%row[1],'%12s'%row[2],'%10s'%row[3])
print("-"*50)
ans = input("Are you sure to update ? (y/n)")
if ans=="y" or ans=="Y":
d = input("Enter new name to update (enter old value if not to update) :")
 s = int(input("Enter new age to update (enter old value if not to update) :"))

query="update stud set name='"+d+"',age="+str(s) + " where roll="+str(ro)

cur.execute(query)
cn.commit()
print("\n## RECORD UPDATED ##")

Output is:
Welcome to student Details Updation screen...
*******************EDIT STUDENT DETAILS **************************
Enter Student's roll number to edit :1
**************************************************
ROLL NO NAME AGE CLASS
**************************************************
1 ANJU JHA 17 12
--------------------------------------------------
Are you sure to update ? (y/n)y
Enter new name to update (enter old value if not to update) :ANJU
Enter new age to update (enter old value if not to update) :16

## RECORD UPDATED ##

Assignment 28:

JOINS
- A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables. In a join- query,
more than one table are listed in FROM clause.

Table : empl
EMP ENA JOB SAL DEPT
NO ME NO
8369 SMIT CLERK 2985 10
H
8499 ANYA SALESM 9870 20
AN
8566 AMIR SALESM 8760 30
AN
8698 BINA MANAGE 5643 20
R

Table : dept

DEPT DNAME LOC

NO
10 ACCOUNTI NEW
NG DELHI
20 RESEARCH CHENNAI
30 SALES KOLKATA
40 OPERATION MUMBAI
S
CARTESIAN PRODUCT/UNRESTRICTED JOIN/CROSS JOIN
- Consider the following query :
SELECT * FROM EMPL, DEPT ;

This query will give you the Cartesian product i.e. all possible concatenations are formed of
all rows of both the tables EMPL and DEPT. Such an operation is also known as Unrestricted
Join. It returns n1 x n2 rows where n1 is number of rows in first table and n2 is number of
rows in second table.

EQUI-JOIN
- The join in which columns are compared for equality, is called Equi- Join. In equi-
join, all the columns from joining table appear in the output even if they are
identical.
e.g. SELECT * FROM empl, dept
WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno ;
 deptno column is appearing
twice in output.

Q: with reference to empl and dept table, find the location of employee
SMITH.
ename column is present in empl and loc column is present in dept. In order to obtain the result,
we have to join two tables.

SELECT ENAME,
LOC FROM EMPL,
DEPT
WHERE EMPL.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND ENAME=’SMITH’;

Q: Display details like department number, department name,

employee number, employee name, job and salary. And order
the rows by department number.

SELECT EMPL.deptno,
dname,empno,ename,job,sal FROM EMPL,DEPT
WHERE
EMPL.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO ORDER
BY EMPL.DEPTNO;

QUALIFIED NAMES
Did you notice that in all the WHERE conditions of join queries given so far, the field(column) names
are given as: <tablename>.<columnname>
This type of field names are called qualified field names. Qualified field names are very useful in
identifying a field if the two joining tables have fields with same time. For example, if we say deptno
field from joining tables empl and dept, you’ll definitely ask- deptno field of which table ? To avoid
such an ambiguity, the qualified field names are used.
TABLE ALIAS
- A table alias is a temporary label given along with table name in FROM clause.

e.g.

SELECT E.DEPTNO,
DNAME,EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,SAL FROM
EMPL E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO =
D.DEPTNO ORDER BY
E.DEPTNO;
In above command table alias for EMPL table is E and for DEPT table , alias is D.

Q: Display details like department number, department

name, employee number, employee name, job and salary.
And order the rows by employee number with department
number. These details should be only for employees earning
atleast Rs. 6000 and of SALESdepartment.

SELECT E.DEPTNO, DNAME,EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM EMPL E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND DNAME=’SALES’ AND SAL>=6000
ORDER BY E.DEPTNO;

NATURAL JOIN
By default, the results of an equijoin contain two identical columns. One of the two identical
columns can be eliminated by restating the query. This result is called a Natural join.

e.g. SELECT empl.*, dname, loc FROM empl,dept

WHERE empl.deptno = dept.deptno ;

empl.* means select all columns from empl table. This thing can be used with any table.
 LEFT JOIN
- You can use LEFT JOIN clause in SELECT to produce left join i.e.
- When using LEFT JOIN all rows from the first table will be returned whether there are
matches in the second table or not. For unmatched rows of first table, NULL is shown
in columns of second table.

S1 S2
Roll_n Nam Roll_n Class
o e o
1 A 2 III
2 B 4 IX
3 C 1 IV
4 D 3 V
5 E 7 I
6 F 8 II
SELECT S1.ROLL_NO, NAME,CLASS
FROM S1 LEFT JOIN S2 ON S1.ROLL_NO=S2.ROLL_NO;

RIGHT JOIN
- It works just like LEFT JOIN but with table order reversed. All rows from the second
table are going to be returned whether or not there are matches in the first table.
- You can use RIGHT JOIN in SELECT to produce right join i.e.

e.g SELECT S1.ROLL_NO, NAME,CLASS

FROM S1 RIGHT JOIN S2 ON S1.ROLL_NO=S2.ROLL_NO;