To what extent does increasing the number of carbon atoms from (1-5 carbon atoms) affect the energy

released measured (degree centigrade) by the change in temperature of the water (25ml)?

Criterion B

Background Information
What are different types of alcohols in the experiment:
Methanol is a colorless, flammable liquid with a smell. A toxic chemical compound that is the most
basic form of alcohol. It completely dissolves in water. Because vapors are slightly heavier than air,
they can travel a considerable distance.
Ethanol, often known as grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless liquid that is used to make alcoholic
beverages such as beer and wine. Ethanol is used in a variety of items, from personal care and
cosmetic products to paints and varnishes to gasoline, because it dissolves easily in water and other
organic molecules.
Propanol is two isometric liquid alcohols used in solvents is propanol. Propanol is used in the
treatment of heart disease, anxiety, and migraine prevention.
Butanol is a solvent made up of two isometric liquid alcohols. It is mostly utilized in paints as its
solvent, and it is also used to utilize fuels. Plant resources are used to make butanol.
Pentanol is a clear liquid with a distinct scent. It's an isomer of amyl alcohol with a straight chain, one
of eight with YUYTJthat formula. Many reactions use the hydroxyl group (OH) as the active site.
Organic Chemistry:
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules' structures.. The most common
elements in organic compounds are carbon and hydrogen, although they can also contain a variety of
other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).
Organic chemistry was once limited to the study of molecules created by living organisms, but it has
since expanded to encompass human-made substances (e.g., plastics, crude oil).

Variables:

Independent variable
The Independent variable for this experiment is going to be the time and duration of how long each
alcohol will be burnt. In the experiment I will change the time from 5 to 10 minutes
 Dependent
The dependent variable will be the change of temperature varying of the different amount of carbon
atoms in each test.

Controlled variables

What will be controlled How will it be controlled? Why will it be controlled?

Start off with the same Using the4 same measurement

instrument by using a balance to
To maintaining a fair test
amount of alcohol for weigh the mass of each alcohol. Also
each trial (the mass of by using the same flask to maintain
each alcohol) the weight.
Amount of distilled water Measuring
cup
the water with a measuring To ensure that the same amount of
water and mass will be changed
(25ml)

Boiling tube size Keeping the same boiling tube size If the size of the boiling tube is
for all trials different results will differ

Hypothesis
I hypothesize that if I were to increase the independent variable for this experiment which is
the number of carbon atoms then the dependent variable for this experiment which is the
change in the temperature of water which might differ from the number of carbon atoms in
each alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and, Pentanol) for each test. Each alcohol
has a particular burning reaction in some alcohol burns faster than others while others require
extremely high temperatures to burn (pentanol) . This happens because certain types of
alcohols have more carbon atoms and others and their number of carbon atoms in alcohols
determines how much energy is released through heat and how much heat is added fro eatc
test.
Equipment list
●​ Distilled water (25ml) (x5)
●​ Clamp
●​ Stand
●​ Surface (to burn alcohol)
●​ Thermometer
●​ Boiling tube (tin can) (x5)
●​ Bunsen burner (burner)
●​ Balance
●​ Lighter
●​ Pipette
●​ Stopwatch

Chemicals:
Per trial and per Alcohol : 25 milliliters
●​ Methanol
●​ Ethanol
●​ Propanol
●​ Butanol
●​ Pentanol

Method:
Step One: Gather all necessary materials.
Step Two: Begin transferring the alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and,
Pentanol)(25 ml) into the bunsen burner.
Step Three: After you fill your burner with the 25 ml of alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol
and, Pentanol) measure the mass using the balance.
Step Four: Then fill the boiling tube with distilled water (25ml).
Step Five: Note down the original temperature of the weather before you begin the experiment.
Step Six: Then beginning using a stopwatch to measure the time accurately from beginning to end
(5-10 minutes).
Step Seven: Once you have completed the overall time needed to the trial, measure the final
temperature and note it down in your raw data table.
Step Eight: Also measure the final mass of the burner.
Step Nine: Now using all the data that you have collected you can now evaluate the amount of energy
released from the alcohol using the formula.

Step Ten: Finally make your graph. And record all data and results
Safety Considerations
●​ Make sure the alcohols are in a controlled environment
●​ Protective clothing, including safety gloves and goggles, should always be used to
avoid any skin contact. A wash station should be nearby and the area should be
accessible.
●​ 1. Always practice in a laboratory or demonstration before using in the classroom.
●​ 2. Wear indirectly vented chemical splash goggles, chemical resistant aprons or lab
coats and chemical resistant gloves. Methanol and other alcohols are toxic-avoid
inhalation and skin absorption. “As stated from (Safe Handling of Alcohol in the
Laboratory)”

Criterion C
Results:
Raw data table(s):

Graph: ​
 Evaluation:
Data analysis
Methanol has the lowest temperature, whereas propanol and pentanol have the highest temperature,
according to the graph. The statement I postulated was correct because the linear had decreased by
roughly 5% of the mass and the increase in temperature to the water was corresponding to the
alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol, and Pentanol). From the graph, I can see that methanol
has the lowest temperature while pentanol has the highest. Methanol has the most mass since it
contains the least amount of carbon atoms while the pentanol carries the most carbon atoms on the
scale. As well as the mass of alcohol burnt was the same for all masses even though they all have
different carbon atoms and shouldnt have the same mass burnt because some many have more
carbons that can be burnt than other for example like methanol and pentanol they have different
carbon atoms but the amount of mass the was released and burnt through the 10 minutes did not differ
meaning that the test was not accurate and the data was incorrect.
Conclusion
In conclusion my hypothesis was correct as I increased the number of carbon atoms (Methanol,
Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and, Pentanol) which then concluded to change the temperature of the
distilled water (25ml) and increased through each trial due to the fact that I changed the carbon atoms
in each test and experiment (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and, Pentanol). The mass of the
alcohols differ from the initial mass at the beginning of the test and at the end by decreasing in value
and emitted heat to decrease the mass of each alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and,
Pentanol) with me still being able to keep the heat temperature of the flame the same.
Weaknesses:

Weaknesses Effect of weakness Suggested improvement

Reaction rate of a human The rate of reaction with humans is Use an automatic on with technology.
 not accurate as we may be a bit
behind on the accurate time when
Or timing the reaction a couple
starting and stopping during the seconds prior before the experiment
experiment. begins.
Mass of alcohol burn was all the This messes with the data and the
graph as well as the results
Make sure that the results are correct
same because the mass burnt does not and the amount of mass burnt is
work. different for each carbon atom.

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Safe Handling of Alcohol in the Laboratory. (PDF)