Q.

1) ans- the number of electrons in the outer most shell of

chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 7, 6, and 2
respectively.

► Thus, the valency of chlorine = 8 -7 = 1

► The valency of sulphur = 8 - 6 = 2

► The valency of magnesium = 2

Q.2)ans- (i) The atomic number is equal to the number of protons.

Therefore, the atomic number of the atom is 8.

(ii) Since the number of both electrons and protons is equal,

therefore, the charge on the atom is 0.

Q.3)ans- [i] Mass number of oxygen = Number of protons + Number

of neutrons
=8+8
= 16

[ii] Mass number of sulphur = Number of protons + Number of

neutrons
= 16 +16
= 32

_____________________________________________________________________
Q.4) ans-

Symb Proto Neutr Electr

ol n on on

H 1 0 1

D 1 1 1

T 1 2 1

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--------

exercises
1. Compare the properties of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Answer

Partic Nature of
le Charge Mass Location

Electrons are Extra nuclear part

Electro negatively distributed in different
n charged. 9 x 10–31 kg shell or orbits.
 1.672 x 10–27 kg (1
µ)
Protons are (approx. 2000
positively times that of the
Proton charged. electron) Nucleus

Neutro Neutrons are Equal to mass of

n neutral. proton Nucleus

2. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom?

Answer

The limitations of J.J. Thomson's model of the atom are:

→ It could not explain the result of scattering experiment performed
by rutherford.
→ It did not have any experiment support.

3. What are the limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom?

Answer

The limitations of Rutherford's model of the atom are

→ It failed to explain the stability of an atom.
→ It doesn't explain the spectrum of hydrogen and other atoms.

4. Describe Bohr's model of the atom.

Answer

→ The atom consists of a small positively charged nucleus at its

center.
→ The whole mass of the atom is concentrated at the nucleus and
the volume of the nucleus is much smaller than the volume of the
atom.
 → All the protons and neutrons of the atom are contained in the
nucleus.
→ Only certain orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are
allowed inside the atom.
→ While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate
energy. These orbits or cells are represented by the letters K, L, M,
N etc. or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . as shown in below figure.

5. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this

chapter.

Answer

Thomson’s Rutherford’s
model model Bohr’s model

→ An atom → An atom consists → Bohr agreed with

consists of a of a positively almost all points as said
positively charged center in by Rutherford except
charged sphere the atom called the regarding the revolution
and the nucleus. The mass of of electrons for which he
electrons are the atom is added that there are only
embedded in it. contributed mainly certain orbits known as
by the nucleus. discrete orbits inside the
→ The negative atom in which electrons
 → The size of the
nucleus is very small
and positive as compared to the revolve around the
charges are size of the atom. nucleus.
equal in
magnitude. As a → The electrons → While revolving in its
result the atom revolve around the discrete orbits the
is electrically nucleus in well- electrons do not radiate
neutral. defined orbits. energy.

6. Summarize the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various

shells for the first eighteen elements.

Answer

The rules for writing of the distribution of electrons in various shells for the
first eighteen elements are given below.
→ If n gives the number of orbit or energy level, then 2n2 gives the maximum
number of electrons possible in a given orbit or energy level. Thus,
First orbit or K-shell will have 2 electrons,
Second orbit or L-shell will have 8 electrons,
Third orbit or M-shell will have 18 electrons.
→ If it is the outermost orbit, then it should have not more than 8 electrons.

→ There should be step-wise filling of electrons in different orbits,

i.e., electrons are not accompanied in a given orbit if the earlier
orbits or shells are incompletely filled.

7. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Answer

The valency of an element is the combining capacity of that

element. The valency of an element is determined by the number of
valence electrons present in the atom of that element.
→ Valency of Silicon: It has electronic configuration: 2,8,4
Thus, the valency of silicon is 4 as these electrons can be shared
with others to complete octet.
→ Valency of Oxygen: It has electronic configuration: 2,6
Thus, the valency of oxygen is 2 as it will gain 2 electrons to
complete its octet.

8. Explain with examples (i) Atomic number, (ii) Mass number, (iii)
Isotopes and (iv) Isobars. Give any two uses of isotopes.

Answer

(i) Atomic number: The atomic number of an element is the total

number of protons present in the atom of that element. For
example, nitrogen has 7 protons in its atom. Thus, the atomic
number of nitrogen is 7.

(ii) Mass number: The mass number of an element is the sum of the
number of protons and neutrons present in the atom of that
element. For example, the atom of boron has 5 protons and 6
neutrons. So, the mass number of boron is 5 + 6 = 11.
(iii) Isotopes: These are atoms of the same element having the same
atomic number, but different mass numbers. For example, chlorine
has two isotopes with atomic number 17 but mass numbers 35 and
37 represented by

(iv) Isobars: These are atoms having the same mass number, but
different atomic numbers i.e., isobars are atoms of different
elements having the same mass number. For example, Ne has
atomic number 10 and sodium has atomic number 11 but both of
them have mass numbers as 22 represented by -
Two uses of isotopes:
→ One isotope of uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
→ One isotope of cobalt is used in the treatment of cancer.

9. Na+ has completely filled K and L shells. Explain.

Answer

The atomic number of sodium is 11. So, neutral sodium atom has 11
electrons and its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1. But Na+ has 10
electrons. Out of 10, K-shell contains 2 and L-shell 8
electrons respectively. Thus, Na+ has completely filled K and L
shells.

10. If bromine atom is available in the form of, say, two isotopes 79 /
35Br (49.7%) and 81 / 35Br (50.3%), calculate the average atomic
mass of bromine atom.
Answer

It is given that two isotopes of bromine are 79 / 35Br (49.7%) and 81

/ 35Br (50.3%). Then, the average atomic mass of bromine atom is
given by:

11. The average atomic mass of a sample of an element X is 16.2 u.

What are the percentages of isotopes 16 / 8 X and 18 / 8 X in the
sample?
Answer

It is given that the average atomic mass of the sample of element X

is 16.2 u.
Let the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X be y%. Thus, the percentage
of isotope 16 / 8 X will be (100 - y) %.
Therefore,

18y + 1600 - 16y = 1620

2y + 1600 = 1620
2y = 1620 - 1600
y= 10
Therefore, the percentage of isotope 18 / 8 X is 10%.
And, the percentage of isotope 16 / 8 X is (100 - 10) % = 90%.

12. If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name

the element.

Answer

By Z = 3, we mean that the atomic number of the element is 3. Its

electronic configuration is 2, 1. Hence, the valency of the element is
1 (since the outermost shell has only one electron).
Therefore, the element with Z = 3 is lithium.

13. Composition of the nuclei of two atomic species X and Y are

given as under
X Y
Protons = 6 6
Neutrons = 6 8
Give the mass numbers of X and Y. What is the relation between the
two species?
Answer

Mass number of X = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = 6

+6
= 12

Mass number of Y = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

=6+8
= 14

These two atomic species X and Y have the same atomic number,
but different mass numbers. Hence, they are isotopes.

14. For the following statements, write T for 'True' and F for
'False'.

(a) J.J. Thomson proposed that the nucleus of an atom contains only
nucleons.
► False

(b) A neutron is formed by an electron and a proton combining

together. Therefore, it is neutral.
► False

(c) The mass of an electron is about 1 / 2000times that of proton.

► True

(d) An isotope of iodine is used for making tincture iodine, which is

used as a medicine.
► False

15. Rutherford's alpha-particle scattering experiment was

responsible for the discovery of
(a) Atomic nucleus
(b) Electron
(c) Proton
(d) Neutron
► (a) Atomic nucleus
16. Isotopes of an element have
(a) the same physical properties
(b) different chemical properties
(c) different number of neutrons
(d) different atomic numbers
► (c) different number of neutrons

17. Number of valence electrons in Cl -ion are:

(a) 16
(b) 8
(c) 17
(d) 18
► (b) 8

18. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of

sodium?
(a) 2, 8
(b) 8, 2, 1
(c) 2, 1, 8
(d) 2, 8, 1
► (d) 2, 8, 1

19. Complete the following table.

Number Number Number Name of

Atomic Mass of of of the Atomic
number number Neutrons protons electrons species

9 − 10 − − −

16 32 − − − Sulphur

− 24 − 12 − −

− 2 − 1 − −
 − 1 0 1 0 −

Answer

Number Number
Atomic Mass of Number of Name of
numbe numbe Neutron of electron the Atomic
r r s protons s species

9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine

16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur

Magnesiu
12 24 12 12 12 m

1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium

Hydrogen
1 1 0 1 0 ion