Introduction to English language

• What is language?
A systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of
conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood
meanings.
‫وسيلة منهجية إليصال األفكار أو المشاعر باستخدام العالمات أو األصوات أو اإليماءات أو‬
.‫العالمات التقليدية التي تفهم المعاني‬

A group of sounds constitute a word, a group of words constitute a

sentence, a group of sentences constitute a paragraph.

sounds words sentences paragraph

 What is a sentence?
• A sentence: is a combination of words used to express a complete
thought and It must contain both a subject and a verb.
‫ ويجب أن تحتوي‬،‫• هي عبارة عن مجموعة من الكلمات المستخدمة للتعبير عن فكرة كاملة‬
.‫على كل من الفاعل والفعل‬
- The cat is sleeping.
- She threw the ball.
- He seems tired.
 The structure of a sentence
A sentence in English typically consists of the following main
components:
:‫تتكون الجملة في اللغة االنجليزية عادة من المكونات الرئيسة التالية‬
1. Subject: The subject is the person, thing, or idea that the sentence is
about. It could be a noun or pronoun.
.‫ هو الشخص أو الشيء أو الفكرة التي تدور حولها الجملة‬:‫الفاعل‬
2. Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence.
.‫ كلمة تستخدم لوصف فعل أو حالة أو حدث‬:‫الفعل‬
3. Object: The object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of
the verb.
.‫ هو االسم أو الضمير الذي يحصل عليه الفعل‬:‫المفعول به‬
4. Complement: a word, phrase that completes the meaning of a
subject or an object.
.‫ عبارة تكمل معنى الفاعل أو المفعول به‬،‫ كلمة‬:‫تتمة الجملة‬
 The structure of a sentence

Examples:

- Ali runs in the morning.

- Raya threw the ball.

- She walks to school every day.

- I am happy.

- The train was late.

 The structure of a sentence
• Use the following words to write meaningful sentences:

Verb
Subject Obj /Comp.
the movie
play , watch
Ali , Ahmad basketball
study , have
I , They everyday
Are , wear
You , She a nice car
Sleep , fly
Rasha , The birds gentleman
a jacket
to the East
early
 Types of sentences

• There are four types of sentences based on function:

1. Declarative sentence: a declarative sentence is a simple statement
used to communicate a fact, an opinion, an observation, or an
explanation. It always ends with a period.
‫ أو‬،‫ أو مالحظة‬،‫ أو رأي‬،‫ هي عبارة بسيطة تستخدم لتوصيل حقيقة‬:‫الجملة الخبرية‬
.‫الجملة الخبرية تنتهي دائما بنقطة‬.‫تفسير‬
- The cat is sleeping.
- She threw the ball.
- He seems tired.
 Types of sentences
2. Interrogative sentence: (question) This type of sentence requests
more information in the form of answers, usually to confirm something
or fill in missing information.
‫ وعادة ً ما يكون ذلك‬،‫هذا النوع من الجمل يطلب المزيد من المعلومات على شكل إجابات‬
.‫لتأكيد شيء ما أو استكمال للمعلومات المفقودة‬
- What is your next class?
- Did you see the fireworks last night?

3. Imperative sentence: This type of sentence is command, instruction,

or advice you give to others to tell them what to do. In imperative
sentences, the subject is often assumed.
‫هذا النوع من الجمل هو أمر أو تعليمات أو نصيحة تقدمها لآلخرين لتخبرهم بما يجب عليهم‬
.‫ غالبًا ما يكون الفاعل ُمض ّمنًا‬،‫ في الجمل األمرية‬.‫فعله‬
 Types of sentences
- Sweep the floor before you mop it.
- Please type these notes and then email me a copy.
- Don’t hang up.

4. Exclamatory sentences: Usually, exclamatory sentences behave just

like declarative sentences, except with more emotion or urgency.
Exclamatory sentences also include interjections like “Ouch!” to convey
sudden emotion.
‫ إال أنها تتسم بقدر أكبر من‬،‫عادة ً ما تتصرف الجمل التعجبية تما ًما مثل الجمل التقريرية‬
‫ضا كلمات تعجب مثل "المس!" للتعبير عن‬ ً ‫ وتتضمن الجمل التعجبية أي‬.‫العاطفة أو اإللحاح‬
.‫العاطفة المفاجئة‬
- Sara had the baby!
- Yikes! That’s a giant spider!
 Pronouns:
• Pronouns:
A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need
to repeat the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer
to people, things, concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least
one noun or pronoun.
‫مرارا‬
ً ‫ وذلك غالبًا لتجنب الحاجة إلى تكرار نفس االسم‬،‫الضمير هو كلمة تحل محل االسم‬
.‫ يمكن أن تشير الضمائر إلى األشخاص واألشياء والمفاهيم واألماكن‬،‫ ومثل األسماء‬.‫وتكرارا‬
ً
.‫تحتوي معظم الجمل على اسم أو ضمير واحد على األقل‬
.‫*من دون الضمائر سوف نقوم بتكرار االسم (الفاعل) كل مرة‬
Example:
Yahay is from Jordan. Yahya is a good teacher and all the students like
Yahay.
 Pronouns
There are different types of pronouns in English.

1. Subject pronouns: ‫ضمائر الفاعل‬

a subject pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a

verb.
a- Singular pronouns)‫(المفرد‬:
-He: ‫هو‬ -It: ‫هي لغير العاقل‬/‫هو‬ - I: ‫انا‬
-She: ‫هي‬ -you: ‫ت‬
ِ ‫ان‬/‫انت‬
b- plural pronouns )‫ (الجمع‬:
-You:‫انتم‬/‫انتن‬/ ‫انتما‬
-We: ‫نحن‬ -They: ‫هم‬
 Pronouns

2. Object pronouns: ‫ضمائر المفعول‬

Object pronouns are those pronouns that receive the action in a

sentence.

a- Singular pronouns )‫(المفرد‬:

-Me - Him - You

- her - It
b- plural pronouns)‫ (الجمع‬:
- You
- Us - Them
 Subject and Object pronouns
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I Me
He Him
She her
It It
You You
We Us
They Them
You You
 Subject and Object pronouns
- I met him. ‫انا قابلته‬
- She met her. ‫هي قابلتها‬
- Ali met me. ‫علي قابلني‬
- I met you. ‫انا قابلتك‬
- This is my new jacket, I bought it yesterday. ‫ اشتريته باالمس‬,‫هذا معطفي الجديد‬
- He met us. ‫هو قابلنا‬
- I met them. ‫انا قابلتهم‬
- I saw you guys. ‫لقد رأيتكم يا رفاق‬

A: I’m looking for Mary. Have you seen her?

B: Mary went home.
 Possessive Adjectives
3. Possessive Adjectives : ‫صفات الملكية‬
Possessive adjectives are used to show possession or ownership of
something.

A common question

A: What’s your name? ‫ما هو اسمك؟‬

B: My name is Yahya. ‫اسمي يحيى‬
 Possessive Adjectives
Subject pronouns Possessive Adjectives
‫انا‬ I My ‫لي‬
‫هو‬ He His ‫له‬
‫هي‬ She her ‫لها‬
)‫هي (غيرعاقل‬/‫هو‬ It Its )‫له (غيرعاقل‬/‫لها‬
‫ت‬ِ ‫ان‬/‫انت‬ You Your ‫لك‬
‫نحن‬ We our ‫لنا‬
‫هم‬ They Their ‫لهم‬
‫انتم‬ You Your ‫لكم‬
 Possessive Adjectives
• Examples:
- I am Yahya and he is my friend. ‫أنا يحيى و هو صديقي‬
- I am Yahya and they are my friends. ‫أنا يحيى و هؤالء أصدقائي‬
:‫• مالحظة مهمة‬
.‫صفات الملكية ال تتأثر باالسم الذي يأتي بعدها سواء جمع ام مفرد‬
- You are a teacher and it is your student.
.‫أنت مدرس وهذا طالبك‬
- You are teachers and they are your students.
.‫أنتم معلمون وهم طالبكم‬
 Possessive Adjectives
-He is my son and his name is Rashed.
.‫هو ابني و اسمه راشد‬
- It is a nice jacket, but I don’t like its color.
ُ‫ و لكني ال احب لونه‬,‫انه معطف جميل‬

‫أخطاء شائعة‬

Its (Possessive Adjectives) It’s (Contraction = It is)

Your (Possessive Adjectives) You’re (Contraction = You are)
Their (Possessive Adjectives) You’re (Contraction = You are)