1 The diagram shows some of the changes of state.

Which statement is correct?

A Although the change is not shown on the diagram, a gas can change directly to a solid.
B The changes 1 and 3 involve particles moving closer together.
C The changes 2 and 4 involve particles moving further apart.
D The changes 3, 4 and 5 all involve the release of energy.

2 Substance X is a gas at room temperature. Which set of data on the right could be true for X?

Melting point / °C Boiling point / °C

A –112 –108
B –7 58
C 0 100
D 30 2400

3 Which of the following is not a mixture?

A sugar B petrol
C steel D tap water

4 Which mixture could best be separated by using a separating funnel?

A oil and sand B oil and water
C sodium chloride and sand D sodium chloride and water

5 Which changes occur when a liquid at 50oC becomes a gas at 120oC?

separation of energy of attractive force

particles particles between particles
A decreases increases decreases
B decreases decreases increases
C increases increases decreases
D increases decreases increases
6 Which process involves boiling a liquid and condensing the vapour?
A crystallization B distillation
C evaporation D filtration

7 The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three different physical states of substance X.

state 1 state 2 state 3

Which statement about the physical states of substance X is correct?

A Particles in state 1 vibrate about fixed positions.
B State 1 changes to state 2 by diffusion.
C State 2 changes directly to state 3 by condensation.
D The substance in state 3 has a fixed volume.

8 A metal X forms a sulphate of formula X2(SO4)3. What is the formula of the nitrate of X?
A XNO3 B X(NO3)2
C X(NO3)3 D X2NO3

9 The formula of china clay (aluminium silicate) was given in old text – books as Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.
This formula is rearranged in modern books as Al2(OH)x Si2Oy.
What are the values of x and y in the modern formula?
x y
A 2 4
B 2 5
C 4 3
D 4 5

10 Pure hexane condenses at 69°C and freezes at – 95°C.

Which set of data on the right could be true for a sample of impure hexane?

Melting point / °C Boiling point / °C

A 70 –93
B 68 –96
C –94 67
D –97 71
11You can obtain clean water from sea water by distillation.
Which of the following does the process involve?
A dissolving, then evaporation B condensation, then evaporation
C condensation, then dissolving D evaporation, then condensation

12 A mixture of two liquids in equal proportions is fractionally distilled.

When the thermometer first shows a steady reading, at which point will there be the greater proportion of the
liquid with the higher boiling point?

13 Some chemical compounds are purified by recrystallisation.

What can be used to test the purity of the crystals?
A melting point B colour of crystals
C size of crystals D solubility

14 The equation shows the reaction that occurs when ethanol burns in air.
C2H5OH + x O2 → y CO2 + z H2O
Which values of x, y and z are needed to balance this equation?

x y z
A 2 2 2
B 2 2 3
C 2 3 3
D 3 2 3
15 The apparatus shown is set up, using different gases in the beaker.

Which gas, when present in the beaker, causes the water level at X to rise?
A carbon dioxide, CO2 B chlorine, Cl2
C nitrogen dioxide, NO2 D methane, CH4

16 In which one of the following sets do all three particles have the same total number of electrons?
A S2− SO32− SO42−
B Cl− Br− I−
C F− Ne Na+
D H− H H+

17 What is the definition of nucleon (mass) number?

A the mass in grams of an atom
B the number of electrons in an atom
C the number of nuclei in a molecule
D the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

18 What is the electronic structure of an atom with a proton number 5 and a nucleon number 11?
A 1, 8, 2 B 2, 8, 1
C 2, 3 D 3, 2

19 Which statement about the molecules in ice is correct?

A The molecules all move with the same speed.
B The molecules are diatomic.
C The molecules move randomly.
D The molecules vibrate about fixed positions
20 An atom of an element contains 17 protons, 18 neutrons and 17 electrons.
What is the atomic structure of another isotope of this element?

protons neutrons electrons

A 17 20 17
B 17 18 16
C 18 18 17
D 20 18 17

21 Which statement explains why oxygen can be separated from nitrogen by the fractional distillation of
liquid air?
A Oxygen is more dense than nitrogen.
B Oxygen is more reactive than nitrogen.
C The two elements have different boiling points.
D The two gases are in different groups of the Periodic Table.

22 A mixture of two substances is spotted on to a piece of chromatography paper.

The paper was inserted into a beaker containing a liquid.

For separation of the substances to occur the mixture must

A be placed so that the spot is just below the level of the liquid.
B be soluble in the liquid.
C contain substances of the same Rf values.
D contain substances that are coloured.

23 The proton number of element X is 6. The proton number of element Y is 9.

What is the formula of a compound of these elements?
A X2Y3 B X3Y2
C XY3 D XY4
24 The diagram shows an apparatus used to compare rates of diffusion.
At which labelled position did a white deposit of ammonium chloride form?

25 What changes when an ion is made from an atom?

A the number of electrons only
B the number of neutrons only
C the number of protons only
D the number both of protons and of neutrons
1 A student separated hexane, C6H14, (b.p. 69 °C) and heptane, C7H16, (b.p. 98 °C) using the apparatus shown
below.

(a) Identify two errors in the student’s apparatus. [2]

1. ..........................................................................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................................................................

The errors were then corrected and the separation started.

(b) (i) Name apparatus A. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the purpose of apparatus A? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Name apparatus B. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) What is the purpose of apparatus B? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(c) (i) What was the reading on the thermometer when the first few drops of liquid appeared in C? [1]

............................................ °C

(ii) Name this liquid. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) How did the student know when all of this liquid had distilled over? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(d) Why was an electric heater rather than a flame used to heat the mixture? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 10]

2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of the six substances A to F.

melting point boiling point electrical conductor electrical conductor of

substance
/ oC / oC at room temperature substance dissolved in water
A 961 2193 good does not dissolve

B 113 444 does not conduct does not dissolve

C 0 100 very poor very poor

D 803 1465 does not conduct good

E –5 to -10 102 to 105 good good

F -85 -60 does not conduct does not dissolve

(i) Which three substances are solids at room temperature? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Which one is a gas at room temperature? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Which substance is a metal? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(v) Which one is an impure substance? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 5]
3 (a) Complete the table which gives the names, symbols, relative masses and relative charges of the three

subatomic particles. [3]

name symbol relative mass relative charge

electron e-

proton 1

neutron n

(b) Use the information in the table to explain the following.

(i) Atoms contain charged particles but they are electrically neutral - they have no overall charge. [2]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Atoms can form negative ions. [2]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Different atoms of the element chlorine are 17Cl35 and 17Cl37.

How are they different?

..............................................................................................................................................................................

How are they the same? [2]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) Scientists are certain that there are no undiscovered elements missing from the Periodic Table from

hydrogen to lawrencium. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 10]
4 The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or ions.

number of number of number of symbol or

particle
protons electrons neutrons formula
A 9 10 10 9
19
F−

B 11 11 12

C 18 18 22

D 15 18 16

E 13 10 14

(a) Complete the table. The first line is given as an example. [4]

(b) Which atom in the table is an isotope of the atom which has the composition 11p, 11e and 14n?

Give a reason for your choice. [2]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 6]

5 Balance the following equations. [4]

(i) Al + CuSO4 → Cu + Al2(SO4)3

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Fe+3 + I ̶ → Fe+2 + I2

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Cu+2 + I ̶ → CuI + I2

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(iv) CuO + NH3 → Cu + H2O + N2

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 4]

6 (a) Complete the table. [3]

 number of number of number of
ion formula
protons neutrons electrons

potassium 19
39
K+

oxide 8
16
O2–

(b) In a sample of 100 atoms of potassium there are 94 atoms of 39 K and 6 atoms of 41 K.

(i) Explain why these two forms of potassium are isotopes. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Find the total mass of the 100 atoms of potassium. Hence find the average mass of one atom. [2]

[Total: 6]

7 Write down the chemical formula of the following compounds. [4]

(i) Ammonium Sulfate .............................................................................................................................

(ii) Sodium Phosphate .................................................................................................................................

(iii) Magnesium Ethanoate ..........................................................................................................................

(iv) Zinc Chlorate(V) ……………………………………………………………………………………..

[Total: 4]

8 A student carried out two experiments.

(a) In experiment 1, two gas jars were set up as shown.

(i) What was seen when the glass disc was removed? [2]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why this change occurred. [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(b) The experiment was repeated, using the brown gas nitrogen dioxide, NO2.

(i) How would the rate of change be different from that observed in experiment 1? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Why does this happen? [1]

..............................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

[Total: 5]