trdATH tO b Scr.r-tuER 2lolb eO fc.

rne 2016

Lrc'roR,D 2
C n+?r ax LO . Lt ,-,.tr5 AN D C.onrr Nu lT7

tr.J hcr+, is cr. li"nic ] Our be* ?reJi-eirr q. a ?oio+. g..>e

"lal-
NOT obs ecve.
rloq.r do u)e rnc,Ve et ?.n cj|)ccion 3 ut)e ess € I

2oo'.-, lo€o <).e neighbr;"V Toiors , l; @or peec,0,'c*'on

'is cr\.^;oys io-bex.,tteeo oefVL\nint
poio.6s ( no rt*z@r
hO,^t "r,.-rc.h q)e XOrn), flrr+, i-s Ocsr e5d(no<-

Ho.^.r .-lo u.r@ ,,not*t ue cffe ,;qlr? 2 Wn clont.

o
Orr p.rdi c€ion, ehe ltr-,ie , is n'+ ,e1u\reA A€, ,-r.r*Ch

ce-oli+6. /jrn i+s a.f,e a .=+ra+eyV tor ,noLrIF -on+ic)eot

?cedi.€roos'
ixVloc, "t @o r .an+u,tion :
Aoes+ion : i.t*)het.. is -.he
rl
cjr corn4ereoce w a. clfcle. Z C:Z
?rndioy 1T expe-ri "'ren+ally. is *o1h j-n*ead ue2 ,*,,ill 4se
ct pro ae-s< l;be
l--l-o re .Sdes = 3,ett-er Ctrcb
C

/ cB)

o=6 nrl n =14

--t -
As n=# o+ slJes increaseS- circo.n4:eceore qf Voly-gmn
in creczSes to circc.r fn +ere1;- ro @& tb ci-c-le.
We sa2riee 6r e n ---i ae , .Ln\ -) C " Li"'''irs "

(9r u)e tt:ri+e li,^ Cir cc:rt-t4ereote gir c.LrT'tier€)c?

no o+srdes ,+ r*bffn af c-ire(e-

gr in sl"ror+ l;'n c-Ln) : C-

n-> do

Dq4ini+,'on of /jrni6s ', L*

+ be a +one+ior. ,-,j€.h cJo"ein 4
ond lx c€ [R. 5 up?o.se rh"* .F is dq,i^d q+ ctll
Poiots o.aod. e, bc* not 1oil <, Ee de6;ned crL c-.
Ques+iOn ",, As x oLpproaches e, -;hce .loes 4tx I Jo?
+
x-) t-tt")
X r.,*-7 I +til: #
Here c O,ler.r,alnrc
and *re see +ho,*
.A;rn +Lx) =- 4
L)2

,d=Plx) Aere c d d"cnc.i n ;;

and *te obselrve +Vn+
' li,n ne(^) =S
x-> 9

---){

-A-
F.xa..r,gle
?t
Z y U) eonsf,6r6a
Co-.,s'ider = C, -"t 4on&-ion .

Then do"tc'in + : R' A \so aon.sl du, cL ,f ,*-l c( e fR' .

we u)aft+ +o 6=inc[ ^l;rn 4 U) : .lln, C =- ?

x4 Q.. ';,a.-) C*

y=1Lxl = C

tx

There1ore, l:* f (r) = C ,loc ont cocstaob C) & ont

1_)Cl

?ain+ 4 4,lR'

Ex arn ple : Consl cler r*-\e;cle*i+6- lonc*ion +(X)= x .

Le+ c. e lR be ,p^rxeo[. uJe u*tft+ @ aind .L;rn * :2

)<-)A

b=*

1ln er e,4re>re.
, ,Ltrn X : ct 4or ont ct efA
x4c^-

-3-
 a )s zhe
D=+ini+ion: The li-'b o+ / tx ) ds x ctpProoches

rw rnber L/ t^l tle+en

.l,rn ,tx) - L
)--) ct

uE can nrqlce the vol.,e-s + L*) a-s 'l ose

provi ded eft*'
lceep *ern thc''+ clo.e, bt
ers L))e l)L-e @ Lt od
cla..o to, b'* )ip7ezreor jrorn 'ct'
-c,l.ioy x sc,r.J,ri c\eor$:
LDe -.t <)-ta+ =he llrni-c
tp ehere i's nO srr.h aon-tber ,
.lt-s n& ex\sL'
@t ,f- tx ) a's x ap? ro o.Les a
are io+ere-s ad
t lori'e T r-r.JhenAod;'y c, l)rni-t , tDe
in ,^rhc.r ha?Pens @ SU) t^l},,en x-&
Nsr
l trl c,,hur lr-Ygers @ ,fLr) ,-.$,=n xN) a Lx is .lose-
Bu'i onl6 -bo J'
".

r-
-tr \crfinpl€-: Coosicler -6l.e
(-or15l{)tt=r v L: I) rni= "Lirn Ax - L
,._) 3

a) u)h.,+ shc,.,ld 'eh\-s lir''i+ bt)' L=?

b) h u)e usorlt to be a+rPasrt @+ J;56crn ee L

clo=e lcl u')e be @ +he poioe ?2
.Jo
@ L, hou, .:l-ro,

c) d;oV +.|-te d e4ioi+ioo , veri6y +;le lirr,it.

Solu+ion;
A- Lnt xU 3 ,+.l6en Ax lY b,*.,d hence 2x- L x 5
3r, (-{re
ftues-s
eha+ L-=5. '

5- To be o+ d.is+a ocQ 1 to+ "nost) @ 5 me-aos

1*)e q-:Aflt +o be in -cle )nterva I L +, UJ

'+-
thcr+ is, + L 2x-L L b :)5 L2x L +

-)z L)( L L
e

Sc, x shortc) be in +l-,e

io+ervol E'h)'
di-ton"- G"or ) ollo*td to
c- Le, of >O be -^t
o S ' t))e cJai"n zhat
rn c.).e . ,^rhen UJC ctP?.o -l- f,=

c.lose @ c'- 3' <his is

of oosr"?
.h x -Sr,r=fi c\erAV
al.^,oA= Tossi ble ll aholces ef J >o ) '
Qor ',
$Oz v-)e t*.tan4- l,4Lx\ - "l
Bt reorVc,n\z;"9, t))o f* l2r- 6lr=2lx-31 <c)
lx-3 <1.
Divi A;oy beh 'iJes bb 2, ure f I
I

Theregoce. to chot 'fL^)

is a+ rrro's1., O,+
fictarar)@e
.li=co^ .u J * L=5, u'e- aLe x ct+ rvtOs/--
qf disance
f
+he Jqfi,, lro, !ix--l = i) '
* +o ct= 3. 50, bV
i+t'on
' xa3

S>2x-L

-5-
Cxar.,g)e : CorsiJer +Ie l*e ''talve' +N&ion +L^)= lx)
a,bso

l*+ o-A P. = dorrralo + lA)e otloot 1D 4\nd' /;'nU tx\ = l",l .

,2
<he \ine
t X-)

fry6=txl
& a
lpu 10 14 a)7O

t,tre obse ({e +\c'+ + o VO ,Ltrn I x \ eL =- lal

7,.)Cl

V A /,O l;rn tx I -e.= tal

x;) Q

Th ete l;n' lxl

Eo(?, \-)
: tal
a

t-lo-rR'rl ON ; iA)e- cao ,*sri re a li.r,rc in ^rnt

*ff
t {J ,/.i,n
+tr)= L L3) l,-^ [neLxl-L):O
x4c,. x-) ct

U) li,.t t(a"h) = rQ ) .L; l+tx) -Ll = 0

h-> o X4"na.

? rogu. +ies oS l-r'rniz.s;

,L. L(ni qv e ne.s.s o/f. a litnTc;

l; h,n ,k) = L atd )i,n Lx) = [4, +heo L=M.

*) €t_
^)q
 9. l; ltn +tx) = L e'ncl lim EU\ : M, +hen
\'-) Q' X-)Ct

* /i"n Vlx) = L+ l,l

ta) lt- [4(r)" Atx) ] = l.;n, ,,etx) x-) a
x-)a 7-) Ct'

Cb) L* C€tR be *t aansta(ft, +hen

Li- L caLx) 1 = C.li,-, 4[x) - C'L'

X-) ct \)cl

(c ) ,Lirn L+{.'\Vtil7 = ,_Yil-x) = L't-L

xa o. *."tx).
("1 ) ts M +O , *hen Itr', : _I_
x-)cL t&) l;rn E[y) /r-L
xia O

and ltrn *Lx)

.Ltm +1, ) >\->C) __ _L
x-) cr g&) l)m Elx) H
X-) Cr

(e) l; L+O c.n"l M=O, r.:hen ^A;.n &. Joes not

x4 ct
VLx)
extst.

BeuAarT ls bo+h L=O=vl ,*'re:n .Lirn +l 'nobb

>.)ct BA
)

ony reo\ oumbec, or 4 (9-

Exc.rnple : Eu olucr{e Am [Axa- 3x'+ l+ ) '

x-> 5

5ol.-r.t'ion ; .li,n (lx2- lx+ l. )=

xaS

^A*n (9,*) + l;- (-3x ) + l;rn +

5
roS x-> 5 X-l

_T
 = rU^ 1- t(l*^)* * +

-) -s(j:: *)* i* 4
=
'(j:s ")(i::
-- 2lslts)-sls)+ + '= s1
L irnl+ a+ a ?olloornicr I T'toa)ofi z
Qn-t xt-l + -- -4 Q'x+clo be cr yolyo..,)c,1.
Lx +0x) = doyt+

Th en *or ont cr€fR

,(.rrn ne[x) = Ltrr- [*^xt.t- ctn-rxn-t ; - - - -'r A,a n ao)
X-) Ct ><->A

* o^ (l[ - o^-,/3: *)"-'* -- *d't,!n^) oao

^)n
: Q,.,&n+ dn-t a^-l * -+ Q, o + 9o

= neLa).

Th us- u.)e h ctve '. t f ne Lx ) is cr 9oL'6oornia I 4uoc.f,i'on ' the6

-lir,' +tx1: nela)
^-)O

Exarng le : balr-t6.+e y'i,n ,-L- L

X-> 2 Y-- L

Sol.relon: 7ror., glec lcrst ob-servcrtioo oLrove, clcr lpve

hm xL._L =-3 o.cJ 5x-L-L'+O

><s 2

Then vr6. [i-\= t'ryerties, y#i:9:3'

-6--
Exar.,g\e ; Evolrsa@ l;rn xL-L
y-'> L x --i-

i'.€ 4ino[ frl vt-l - O o^d x -L '=O'

$elrtlon ; u)e ln
Aence, Lr,e rortnot ryPlt gro:prcie-s * lirni€s'
Ao*e.dc) , obse'ue cha+
/2-L ,= @- ,= >c+l ,-+. x4L.
x-- L *-t
fieoce .
lir,' xa- I ltr". *+ L ': 9.
x-> L x.- .!. -- x-> L
*+L

Exo"nole '. Evalvore '/;rn L3*h f- q

' h->o h

3ol..,cion; Obser.te 4lcr-+

hhh
Then ,tr"., tsox)a-9 z /tr"^ h+b = b.
h-)O A - n-ro
h+o

Obse..rc"Son i r*) E-U) ..ru t ttto ,t-.rocrions .Fr

t,+ pLx ) o

,r,htch Atx)=gLx) Sor all x+a, th'en

A'n
'Lirn ;ls) = )\-) tb)
*-) a a

-1-
L;ro\r= qf'Sgtare Boo'e F,-to*iOo:
Jor.,oin Lo, *) ' Leb a ) O
+L\l = G ha-s

LDe ebserve Frorfi 4e

+hc,'t
t.o?)l
--brn G-G i; c, >O.
x^) cr

Oue.scion: Cao u)e 4)ocl li"nic qf ,Ft*) 's x ->O ?

No+ t^,kh oLrr cu(re(ft cl.=4inirion q, limies -slnce tr.t€ ,,

r:tr@ reqricec) @ typr*ch O .ProrYt bo?h srdes ,,rcl

c-lo.t",in + cloos rt6rt allot^' +'hTs 'L

t-r.)o i-e .F61( -@(r-to(rouJ (-s le-r-c'c-re L

Limle= od: Ro+i6lno I F..ne€ioos

Le* aLx)= Pk) be cr ra+io.c,l fivr-t..bion
q ("^)

Le+ I ,,, -, f,n ! be +he 2eros L'oo+-=) e'| q [x ) '

Th en .-lor',oin + = lA f 1 ',, '-,

tn 3 '

LUe u)ctrl+- fo de+er.ni.e b,n +Lx\ *t c-,ll c €fR,.

x-> ct

Crrse !, L; c- € "0o"noio $ , t:;hen ,t grc,Perties o+ li-its'

lrm,fiLx)= 2;- D:1|! =#to)

v)a qLld qLa)
^ac,
- to-
 Case. 2: t,F a€l n,- -, r" 5 ond PLo\ + O' +he., vV
limie p(opertie.s. -!in, do== Nlc'T erxist,
X-) A
tL*)

Cc.se 3: I c,efr,,-r..,J o.d ?L"):O,+he.t ^nt

res,-t l+ ,-,71- te tlot^l ,

Exo.",gle g Euofttct@ .hrn x- l

x-) L x' --l-

5o lucion ; y't^ x- L
= lrrq *-L : /,-rn -+ :. 'l
x-> L )r- -t x-> L Cr-rl tx.rl ) x't L x+ I e
x+L

Lxornples Eva\rsr,+e )t- *-f

x) L f- xz-x +L

Solu+ion I Firse observe +hc,t

x}'-xL>x+! : x'[x-t)
C,----- u--"-'V-
[*-r): Lx\r)[x-()
= Lx+-r ) Lx-'f )a
There +ore-/
x-l ,Lrrr- x-! : lr,nL I
lr_ = c-, X-'' f
Lx+{ ) &- )
x-> ,!, x3-.t2-v+! x-, L ^n
t+ !, '

Sto.e )ir", Lx+( ) t/-{ ) = O , Ot ?"ryertt'es; qt lt"'i-rs

*-> L

v)e c-<r^clrde +ha+ -/;rn x-l don- oo+ epqlsb.

v-> l- x?-*-x+.L

- L!,-
Exomp\e LRec.)p.o.crl Fc-toc*c.)on ) : Cond dec 4lot1 - xI

Then dornaio + = A\JOS . BV ?(qerties qf ll1vli€^s:

,) lg d+O )s, ont elerner+- in do,^noio f ' +he-n

,0t- 4 [x ) = ,lirn L -e 'l = )* =- rfta ) '
x4Q X 6m X cL
^4a xd Ct

I) V a=O , <hen oToce lir..1, Y-:O, ure hov€

xaO
Lirn 4 [x ) = li- L doe.s no - exTst.
>oO xaO x

Exo- p\ e. I Radi ca I Fc.'nc+io^" )

I
) L* , ',',l''ere b is, a negatiue iocege-r
+Lx) = xb
ab )4 c,+O
'Then ,Lim ^g Lx ) = hrn xb :-tI
X->0 2t-)CL t dOes rp+ ;; o=O.
exis'g

io+cgec
-?) LeL nek)= b , ,.,hece n i's e posleive -d"l

Then ,l-tr,' |Lx) - b,n J/" = il" +or ol\ a-€[A'

*4A x4 d

3) Le+ ,?Lx\= x'ln ,there n i-s ct % Tosi+ive aveo

ioteyr' T)'ran
(n ll o')O'
,l-i- &[x) = lr, x'lo : o' +o'- c'
>t44 XA Ct

- la-
A S?= cia I Lirni+:
{/*
t.l)e aoulc) liLe +a evc,lvqte the l;",', iz gn t{*" )

flr)

I (1 + r)1/* .r (1 + r)ur-
0.5 2.2500 -0.5 4.0000

0.1 2.5937 -0.1 2.8680

0.0i 2.7048 -0.01 2.7320

0.001 2.7t69 -0.001 2.7196

F\rs+ no+e +hcr+ s\oce -L is uodqrei nelc) , ooc 4oo*ioO

o
is ,rclt Jepined at +le poiir'r+ ot O'

B.rc obser ve +rorn abose *hot as x t* dose @

+he poi n a A, neLx) A*= close @ * 2.+

This is c. *sP eclo \ nurnbec , "oll ec) e-. l+ i.s -ahe
bou- o+ +he -Wbern e+ nct+urol logori+hrns
(rx2^+(12{ l
There&ore/
lr- [{**1t/* :4'
y-> O

-13-
Exer cises :

t' Tvalvote *3 - L
'lt,.''
x->L x+l

2. 5 fe+ch +he groy|, o+ c=n @<ct'y,ple ;cnc*fo o + +l:lc'+

s.+lsrgies all q +he aotlor^inv .ot-,d"-eions:

n) lirn .pt* ) does t:l:t exlst'
x-r3
b) !r^ 4[x):5
xa -2

e)pt3)o2
d) +L-r) o L-

3. g )+
I
e x\ st evc)l 'oote +he +otl o'^>\ nV f i rn i* : '

h- f t* )
,x-)2

;nie/'er
f ** e i+ x is not oo

can
/+.5ho.,., bd- e,,-c..'91- +haL {lL+t")*8k)J
ip .l;rn a'-,d "b2 E'(x) do oot
exTs{ eveo AU) ><ac
><-) c
exTsl= .

)o -+ 4+\

- lL-