Mechanical Vibration (ME
315)Spring 2023
LECTURE NO: 06
Dr. Taimoor Hassan
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Response to Harmonic Excitation
Harmonic Excitation of Undamped Systems
Consider the usual spring mass damper
system with applied force

 is the driving frequency
 is the magnitude of the applied force
We take c = 0 to start with
Equations of motion
Figure
Solution is the sum
2.1
of homogenous
and particular
solution
The particular
solution assumes
form of forcing
function:
Substitute particular solution into the
equation of motion:
Thus the particular solution has
the form:
Add particular and homogeneous solutions
to get general solution:
Apply the initial conditions to evaluate
the constants
(2.1
1)
Comparison
Solution of the an Undamped non-
Homogeneous Vibration
f0 f0
x (0) = A1 sin 0 + A2 cos 0 + 2 2
cos 0 = A2 + 2 2
= x0
ωn − ω ωn − ω
f0
⇒ A2 = x0 − 2 2
ωn − ω
f0
x (0) = ωn ( A1 cos 0 − A2 sin 0) − 2 2
sin 0 = ωn A1 = v0
ωn − ω
v0
⇒ A1 = ⇒
ωn
v0 ⎛ f0 ⎞ f0
x (t ) = sin ω n t + ⎜ x0 − 2 2 ⎟ cos ω n t + 2 2
cos ω t
ωn ⎝ ωn − ω ⎠ ωn − ω
Solution of the an Undamped
Homogeneous Vibration
Response for m=100 kg, k=1000 N/m, F=100 N,
ω = ωn +5
v0=0.1m/s and x0= -0.02 m.
0.
05
-
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 1
5 D Time 0
(sec)
Notei the obvious presence of two
s
harmonic
p signals
l
Home Assignment
Plot both the responses on slides
(10 and 11) in MATLAB
Example 1.1: Compute and plot the response
for m=10 kg, k=1000 N/m, x0=0,v0=0.2 m/s,
F=23 N, ω=2ωn.
Example 1.2 Given zero initial conditions a harmonic input
of 10 Hz with 20 N magnitude and k= 2000 N/m, and
measured response amplitude of 0.1m, compute the mass
of the system.
Beat Frequency
What happens when ω is near ωn?
Eq.2.11 becomes
From Example 1.2
When the drive frequency and natural frequency
are close a beating, phenomena occurs
1
0
.
5
0
Larger
amplitu
- de
0
.
5-
10 5 1 1 2 2 3
D 0 5 0
Time 5 0
i (sec)
s
p
l
a
c
e
Observations
Response=harmonic wave with frequency ωn +harmonic
wave with frequency of excitation
When excitation frequency is almost equal to natural
frequency, vibration amplitude is very large. Rapid
oscillation with slowly varying amplitude (beats are
produced).
When excitation frequency is equal to the systems natural
frequency, vibration amplitude = . This condition is
called resonance.
When excitation frequency >> natural frequency, vibration
amplitude is very small. The reason is that the system is too
slow to follow the excitation.
A harmonic force may also be represented by sine or a
complex exponential. How does this change the solution?
The particular solution then
becomes:
the particular
solution is:
The total solution is the sum of the homogenous solution and the
particular solution, or
Evaluati
ng
The total solution for a sinusoidal harmonic input is
thus
⎛ v0 ω f0 ⎞ f0
x(t) = x0 cosω nt + ⎜ − 2 2⎟
sinω nt + 2 2
sinωt (2.25)
⎝ ωn ωn ωn − ω ⎠ ωn − ω
Harmonic excitation of damped systems
Displacem
ent
x
k
F=F0cos
ωt M
c
From differential equations it is known that the
forced response of a damped system is of the form
of a harmonic function of the same frequency as the
driving force with a different amplitude and phase.
Let xp have the
form:
Substitute into the
equations of motion
(grouping terms as coefficients of
sinwt and coswt)
Solving for As and
Bs:
Substitute the values of As and Bs
into xp:
Add homogeneous and particular to get total
solution:
The values of the constants of integration in the above equation can be
found from the initial conditions
Response of an underdamped system after applying the initial
conditions is
Example
2.2.2
x(t ) = Ae −ζωnt sin(ωd t + φ ) + X cos(ωt − θ )
Solutio homogeneous or transient solution particular or
steady state solution
n: yiel
ds
Home Task
Example 2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.2.3
