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Chapter 8

Chapter 8 discusses electromagnetic waves, which are transverse waves characterized by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. It covers the formation, properties, and spectrum of these waves, including their ability to travel in a vacuum and their various applications across the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, the chapter addresses energy transport, radiation pressure, and the phenomena of reflection, refraction, and dispersion of electromagnetic waves.

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13 views2 pages

Chapter 8

Chapter 8 discusses electromagnetic waves, which are transverse waves characterized by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation. It covers the formation, properties, and spectrum of these waves, including their ability to travel in a vacuum and their various applications across the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, the chapter addresses energy transport, radiation pressure, and the phenomena of reflection, refraction, and dispersion of electromagnetic waves.

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ashim05birbhum
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Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

1. Formation of Electromagnetic Waves

 Definition: Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that propagate through space
with oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of wave propagation.
 Maxwell’s Equations: Describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields.
o Gauss’s Law for Electricity: ∇⋅E⃗=ρϵ0\nabla \cdot \vec{E} =
\frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0}∇⋅E=ϵ0ρ
o Gauss’s Law for Magnetism: ∇⋅B⃗=0\nabla \cdot \vec{B} = 0∇⋅B=0
o Faraday’s Law of Induction: ∇×E⃗=−∂B⃗∂t\nabla \times \vec{E} = -
\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}∇×E=−∂t∂B
o Ampère’s Law with Maxwell’s correction: ∇×B⃗=μ0J⃗+μ0ϵ0∂E⃗∂t\nabla
\times \vec{B} = \mu_0 \vec{J} + \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial
\vec{E}}{\partial t}∇×B=μ0J+μ0ϵ0∂t∂E
 Wave Equation:
The electric field E⃗\vec{E}E and the magnetic field B⃗\vec{B}B are related by
Maxwell’s equations, forming electromagnetic waves that propagate at the speed of
light.

c=1μ0ϵ0c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0 \epsilon_0}}c=μ0ϵ01

where μ0\mu_0μ0 is the permeability of free space and ϵ0\epsilon_0ϵ0 is the


permittivity of free space. The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately
3×108 m/s3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}3×108m/s.

2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

 Transverse Nature: Both electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other
and to the direction of wave propagation.
 Travel in Vacuum: Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum without
requiring a medium.
 Velocity: The velocity of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is c=3×108 m/sc = 3
\times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}c=3×108m/s.
 Wavelength (λ\lambdaλ) and Frequency (fff): The relationship is given by c=λfc =
\lambda fc=λf where λ\lambdaλ is the wavelength and fff is the frequency.

3. Electromagnetic Spectrum

 Range of Frequencies: The electromagnetic spectrum includes a range of waves


from low-frequency radio waves to high-frequency gamma rays.
 Regions of the Spectrum:
o Radio Waves: Longest wavelength, used in communication.
o Microwaves: Used in radar and cooking.
o Infrared: Felt as heat, used in night vision.
o Visible Light: The only part of the spectrum visible to the human eye.
o Ultraviolet: Causes sunburns, used in sterilization.
o X-rays: Used in medical imaging.
o Gamma Rays: High energy, used in cancer treatment.

4. Energy Transport and Radiation Pressure

 Energy Transport: Electromagnetic waves carry energy. The energy density is


proportional to the square of the electric field strength.
 Radiation Pressure: The pressure exerted by electromagnetic waves on a surface is
given by P=IcP = \frac{I}{c}P=cI where III is the intensity of the wave and ccc is the
speed of light.

5. Reflection, Refraction, and Dispersion of Electromagnetic Waves

 Reflection: When electromagnetic waves strike a surface, they are reflected back. The
angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
 Refraction: The bending of waves when they pass from one medium to another with
different refractive indices.
 Dispersion: The separation of electromagnetic waves into their component
frequencies, as seen in a prism with visible light.

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