FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

P. M.B 1526 OWERRI IMO STATE, NIGERIA.

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERINCE SCHEME
(S.I.W.E.S)

UNDERTAKEN AT
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI(FUTO)
ONLINE CLASS USING GOOGLE MEET

BY
UCHE VICTOR
MATRIC NO: 20211281283

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

AND BIO RESOURCE ENGINEERING(SEET)

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
AGRICULTURAL AND BIO RESOURCE ENGINEERING

MAY, 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I want to thank the Almighty God for his love and mercy toward
me before, during and even more after the industrial training.
I want to acknowledge the management and staff of CSAAE (The
Centre for Social Awareness, Advocacy and Ethics) for sponsoring the
IT (Industrial Training) and giving student the opportunity to have self-
awareness on skills outside the school environment.
I want to appreciate HOD of Agricultural and Bio Resource Engineering
for all his effort put in various ways to see the smooth running of the
department.
Also, I won’t forget to thank my amiable Course Adviser and other
Amiable lecturers for their support and encouragement.
Finally, I want to say a big thanks to my parents Mr. & Mrs. JUDE
UCHE for their love and support in all areas of my life and academics.
 CHAPTER ONE

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERINCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S)
Introduction to SIWES Training Program.

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill

training program designed to expose and prepare students of
Universities, Polytechnics/Colleges of Technology, Colleges of
Agriculture and Colleges of Education for the industrial work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation. It is an effort to
bridge the existing gap between theory and practice of Engineering
and technology, sciences, agriculture, medical, management and other
professional educational field exposing students to machines and
equipment, professional work methods and ways of safe-guarding the
work areas and workers in industries and other organizations. The
scheme also affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and
exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment
and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions. It is
a cooperative industrial internship program that involves institutions
of higher industries, the Federal Government of Nigeria, Industrial
Training Fund (ITF), and Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC).

1.1 Brief History of SIWES:

In Nigeria the early phase of science and technology in Nigeria was

characterized by the theoretical lectures in polytechnics and
universities which have proven to be an ill method of teaching.
Students in Universities and Polytechnics graduate with little or no
technical experience in their course of study. In the same vein,
students’ inability to contribute to the society is hampering the growth
 and development of our country. It was in this view that SIWES was
introduced to the Industrial and Educational sector. Economists being
able to evaluate the role technology plays in a 2 country’s economy
concluded that for an economy to grow and develop there be
advancement in the technology sector of the country. SIWES was
established in the year 1973 in order to improve the standard of
education in Nigeria in order to achieve the needed technological
advancement. It commenced in 1974 with 748 students from 11
institutions. By 1978 it grew to 32 institutions with 4,713 students
(for courses in Engineering and Technology disciplines in
Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Technology). SIWES was
solely funded by ITF (Industrial Training Funds) during its early
stage not until it was difficult to continue due to economic stress; then
the responsibility was shared between Industrial Training Funds (ITF)
and the Federal Government. The financial involvement became
unbearable to the ITF, hence ITF withdrew support for Polytechnic
and Colleges of Technology. In 1979, Federal Ministry of Education
made it compulsory for all students of Polytechnics, Colleges of
Technology to undergo a One-year IT program. Even then, the
commitment was still two much that by January 1980, ITF withdrew
from financing SIWES. In 1979 -1984, Federal Government used
NUC and NBTE to fund the scheme. The effective management of
Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) has been as a
result of the cooperation and well played roles of the Federal
Government, ITF, Supervising agencies. Here are the roles played by
the managements of this scheme.

1.1 Roles Performed by Federal Government in SIWES

Federal Government being the major party in the establishment of

SIWES; has ever since been involved in the management of SIWES.
Some of the roles played are:
  To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies and parastatals
to offer places of attachment for students in accordance with the
provision decree of No 47 of 1971 as amended in 1990.
 To provide necessary and adequate funds to ITF through the Federal
ministries of industries.
 Make it a policy to include a clause in every major contract lasting
over six to Nine months being awarded for contractors to take student
on attachment

1.2 Roles Performed by ITF (Industrial Training Fund) in SIWES

 Provide logistics and materials needed to administer the scheme

 Supervise students through its area offices.
 Organize biennial conference and seminars on SIWES
 Compile lists of employers and available training places for
industrial attachment and forward such lists to the coordinating
agencies (i.e. NUC, NBTE, and NCCE)

1.3 Roles Performed by The Coordinating Agency (NUC)

 In collaboration with ITF, compile lists of employers for

institution's placement lists.
 Establish SIWES coordinating units in higher institutions.
 Evolve a minimum national guide program for supervised industrial
training activities for approved SIWES courses.
 Appoint full time industrial co-coordinators to operate the scheme
at agency level.
 Vet and approve SIWES master and placement list and forward to
ITF.

1.6 Roles of Employers

1. Control and discipline students like permanent staff.
2. Accept students and assign them to the relevant on the-job training
3. Provide medical care for students within the limits of the employer’s
conditions of service during attachment.
4. Attach experienced staff to students for effective training and
supervision.
5. Supervisors should not handle more than ten students at a time.
6. Pay students monthly allowance as and when due.

1.7 Role of Universities in SIWES

 Prepare and submit master and placement lists to the respective
coordinating agency and ITF.
 Place students on attachment with employers.
 Establish SIWES coordinating units and appoint department/faculty
SIWES coordinators with in the institutions.
 Organize orientation programs for students to prepare them for
industrial training. ITF representative may be invited to give a talk to the
students during the orientation program.
 Appoint full-time industrial coordinators to operate the scheme at
industrial level.

1.8 Roles of the Students Undergoing SIWES Training.

 Comply with the employers’ rules and regulations
 Arrange their own living accommodation during attachment
 Be regular and punctual at respective place during the period of
attachment

1.9 Aims/Objectives of SIWES

 To provide students the opportunity to test the interest in a particular
career before permanent commitments are made.
 To develop skills in the application of theory to practical work
situations.

CHAPTER 2
 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR INSTALLATION

The sun's energy has been a source of life on Earth for millennia. Now,
we're harnessing its immense power through solar energy technology to
generate clean and sustainable electricity. This introduction will delve
into the basics of solar energy, its benefits, and the different types of
systems available.

What is Solar Energy?

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun. We can capture
this energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert sunlight
directly into electricity. This process, called the photovoltaic effect, is
the foundation of modern solar energy systems.

Benefits of Solar Energy:

 Clean and Renewable: Solar energy is a clean source of

electricity, producing no harmful emissions during operation. It's

also a renewable resource, unlike fossil fuels that are finite.
 Reduced Energy Costs: By generating your own electricity, you

can become less reliant on the traditional grid and potentially lower
your electricity bills.
 Low Maintenance: Solar panels require minimal maintenance,

and their lifespan can extend for decades.

 Government Incentives: Many governments offer financial

incentives like tax credits or rebates to encourage solar adoption.

Types of Solar Energy Systems:

There are two main types of solar energy systems:

1. Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: These systems use solar panels

containing PV cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
 This is the most common type of solar energy system used for
homes and businesses to generate electricity.
2. Solar Thermal Systems: These systems capture the sun's heat to
provide hot water for domestic use or pool heating. They don't
generate electricity but can significantly reduce your reliance on
conventional water heating methods.
Considering Solar for Your Needs?

Solar energy offers a compelling solution for those seeking a clean and
sustainable way to power their homes or businesses. The next step is to
determine if solar is right for you. Here are some factors to consider:

 Energy Consumption: Analyzing your current electricity usage is

crucial to determine the size and capacity of a solar system needed
to meet your needs.
 Sunlight Availability: The amount of sunlight your location
receives significantly impacts the efficiency of your solar system.
 Roof Suitability: The size, orientation, and condition of your roof
will influence the feasibility and optimal placement of solar panels.

By understanding the basics of solar energy and its benefits, you can
make an informed decision about whether incorporating solar
technology into your home or business is the right step towards a more
sustainable future.

CHAPTER 3
 SIZING YOUR SOLAR SYSTEM

A well-sized solar system is the heart of a successful solar energy setup.

It should generate enough electricity to meet your needs without
unnecessary investment in excess capacity. Here's a roadmap to guide
you through the process of determining the optimal size for your solar
system:

1. Understanding Your Energy Consumption:

 Gather Your Bills: The first step is to analyze your past electricity

bills. Look for monthly or yearly electricity usage data measured in

kilowatt-hours (kWh). This data provides a baseline for your solar
system's capacity needs.
 Consider Usage Patterns: If your electricity consumption varies

significantly throughout the year, factor that in. Solar energy

production typically peaks during the summer months, so you
might need additional capacity if your usage is higher during that
time.
2. Estimating Your Solar Potential:
 Sunlight Availability: Solar energy production relies heavily on

the amount of sunlight your location receives. Research average

sunlight hours for your area.
 Roof Suitability: The size, orientation (south-facing is ideal), and

shading on your roof will all impact how much solar energy you
can capture. A qualified installer can assess your roof during a site
visit.
3. Calculating System Size:

While there are online calculators that can provide a rough estimate,
consulting with a qualified solar installer is highly recommended for this
step. They can consider all the factors mentioned above and use
specialized software to determine the optimal system size for your
needs.

Here are some key considerations for installers when calculating system
size:

 Energy Consumption: The installer will factor in your historical

electricity usage data.
 Desired Energy Independence: Do you want to completely

eliminate your reliance on the grid, or are you okay with offsetting
a portion of your electricity use?
 Roof Space Availability: The available space on your roof will

limit the maximum number of solar panels you can install.

 Local Regulations: Some localities may have regulations

regarding the size of solar systems allowed on residential or

commercial properties.
4. Factors Affecting System Size:

Here are some additional things to keep in mind that can influence your
system size:

 System Efficiency: More efficient solar panels will generate more

electricity per square foot of space, allowing you to potentially
install a smaller system.
 Inverter Efficiency: Similarly, a more efficient inverter will

minimize energy loss during the conversion process from DC to

AC electricity.
 Battery Storage (Optional): If you plan to include battery

storage, the capacity of the batteries will influence the overall

system size required to meet your needs.
The Importance of Not Oversizing or Undersizing:
  Oversizing: While tempting to go bigger for complete energy
independence, an oversized system can lead to higher upfront costs
and excess electricity generation that may not be fully utilized and
could even be fed back to the grid at a lower rate.
 Undersizing: An undersized system won't generate enough

electricity to meet your needs, leaving you reliant on the grid and
potentially negating some of the cost savings benefits of solar
power.
Conclusion

By understanding your energy needs, local sunlight conditions, and roof

limitations, you can collaborate with a qualified solar installer to design
a solar system perfectly sized to meet your energy demands and budget.
A well-sized system will maximize your return on investment and pave
the way for a more sustainable future powered by the sun.
Demystifying the Solar Symphony: Understanding Solar System
Components

A solar energy system might seem complex at first glance, but it's
essentially an orchestra of components working together to convert
sunlight into usable electricity. Here's a breakdown of the key players in
this solar symphony:

1. The Stars of the Show: Solar Panels

 These solar panels are the workhorses of the system, containing

numerous photovoltaic (PV) cells.

 Sunlight strikes these cells, triggering the photovoltaic effect,

which converts light energy into direct current (DC) electricity.

 The efficiency of solar panels, measured as a percentage,

determines how much sunlight they can convert into electricity.

More efficient panels generate more electricity per unit of space.
2. The Conductor: The Inverter
 The inverter plays a crucial role in transforming the DC electricity

produced by the solar panels into usable alternating current (AC)

electricity.
 Most homes and businesses utilize AC electricity to power

appliances and lights.

 The inverter ensures the converted AC electricity matches the

voltage and frequency requirements of the grid or your home's

electrical system.
3. The Backup Singers (Optional): Batteries
 While not essential for all systems, batteries can significantly

enhance your solar power experience.

 They act as a storage unit, capturing excess solar energy generated

during the day and making it available for use at night or during
peak demand periods.
 This allows you to maximize your self-consumption of solar

energy and potentially reduce reliance on the grid.

4. The Supporting Cast: Mounting System and Racking
 This robust framework, typically made of metal, securely supports

and positions the solar panels on your roof.

 The racking system should be designed to withstand various

weather conditions, including wind, snow, and hail.

 The tilt angle of the racking system is crucial for optimal sun

exposure throughout the day, maximizing electricity generation.

5. The Monitor: The Monitoring System
 This unsung hero provides valuable insights into the performance

of your solar system.

 It tracks electricity production, monitors system health, and can

even detect potential issues.

  With a monitoring system, you can see how much solar energy
your system is generating, identify any performance dips, and
ensure everything is running smoothly.
Understanding these core components empowers you to have
informed conversations with solar installers and make better
decisions as you embark on your solar journey.
 CHAPTER 4

INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR SYSTEM

A successful solar installation hinges on choosing a reputable and

qualified installer. Here's a roadmap to guide you through the process of
finding the perfect solar partner for your home or business:

1. Harnessing the Power of Recommendations:

 Word-of-Mouth: Talk to friends, neighbors, or colleagues who

have recently installed solar systems. Get their firsthand

experiences and recommendations for installers they were happy
with.
 Online Reviews: Research solar installers in your area and check

online review platforms. Look for reviews that mention

professionalism, communication, quality of work, and customer
service.
2. Casting a Wide Net:
 Gather Quotes: Don't settle for the first installer you come across.

Obtain quotes from at least 3-5 qualified solar companies in your

area. This allows you to compare pricing, system designs, and
proposed equipment.
3. Separating the Stars from the Fakes:
 Credentials and Certifications: Ensure the installers you consider

hold relevant certifications from established organizations like the

North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners
(NABCEP).
 Experience Matters: Look for installers with a proven track

record and a minimum of 3-5 years of experience in the solar

industry.
 Licensing and Insurance: Verify that the installer has the

necessary licenses and insurance to operate in your area. This

 protects you in case of any accidents or issues during the
installation process.
4. Beyond the Numbers: Evaluating the Fit:
 System Design Expertise: Choose an installer who takes the time

to understand your energy needs and tailors the system design to

maximize efficiency and meet your specific requirements.
 Transparent Communication: Look for installers who clearly

explain the entire process, equipment details, warranties, and

financing options.
 Post-Installation Support: Inquire about the warranty coverage

and the level of after-sales support offered by the installer in case

of any issues after the system is operational.
5. Interviewing the Finalists:
 Once you have narrowed down your options, schedule

consultations with the shortlisted installers. Ask detailed questions

about their experience, design approach, equipment quality,
financing options, and warranty terms.
 Don't Be Shy! This is your opportunity to assess their

responsiveness, professionalism, and overall comfort level when

interacting with them.
Choosing the Right Partner:

Price is important, but it shouldn't be the sole deciding factor. By

following these steps, you can find a qualified solar installer who
prioritizes quality, offers a customized solution, and provides excellent
customer service. This ensures a smooth installation process, a system
that meets your needs, and peace of mind for years to come.
 CHAPTER 5

THE SOLAR INSTALLATION PROCESS

Installing solar panels on your home is an exciting step towards a

cleaner and more sustainable future. Here's a breakdown of what to
expect during the installation process:

1. Installation Day:
 The Crew Arrives: The installation team will arrive at your home

to begin the process.

 Safety First: Safety is paramount. The crew will likely disconnect

your home's electrical system as a precaution.

 Mounting the Racks: Sturdy metal frameworks will be securely

installed on your roof to hold the solar panels in place. These racks
are designed to withstand various weather conditions.
2. Panel Placement:
 Lifting with Care: The solar panels will be carefully lifted and

positioned onto the mounting racks.

 Electrical Connections: Electrical wires will be connected to each

individual panel. These wires will then be connected to your

home's electrical system, allowing the solar energy to be used to
power your appliances.
3. System Inspection:
 Thorough Checkup: Once the installation is complete, the crew

will meticulously inspect the entire system. This ensures

everything is functioning properly, meets safety standards, and is
generating electricity as expected.
4. Permission to Operate (PTO):
 Utility Company Approval: Your utility company will need to

inspect the system to ensure it complies with their safety

regulations and interconnection standards. Once approved, you'll
 receive permission to operate (PTO), allowing your solar system to
officially connect to the grid.
5. System Monitoring:
 Power Production Tracking: You'll likely receive a monitoring

system that allows you to track your system's performance. This

data will show you how much electricity your solar panels are
generating, giving you valuable insights into your energy
production and potential cost savings.
Timeframe:

The entire installation process typically takes 1-2 days, depending on the
size and complexity of your system.

Your Role During Installation:

While the professionals handle the installation, there might be a few

things you can do to prepare:

 Clearance and Access: Ensure easy access to your roof and the
planned installation area by removing any obstructions or
furniture.
 Electrical Panel Accessibility: The installers will need access to

your electrical panel to connect the system.

 Parking Arrangements: Discuss parking arrangements with the

installers for their vehicles and equipment.

Communication is Key:

Maintaining open communication with your chosen solar installer

throughout the process is crucial. Don't hesitate to ask questions or
clarify any doubts you may have.
 CHAPTER 6
SOLAR PANEL MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING

Solar panels are relatively low-maintenance, but regular cleaning and

upkeep are essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
Here's a guide to keeping your solar panels sparkling clean and
generating maximum power:

Frequency of Cleaning:

The cleaning frequency depends on several factors, including:

 Environment: Dusty or desert environments may require more

frequent cleaning compared to rural areas.
 Weather: Areas with heavy rain or snowfall might see natural
cleaning, while areas with minimal rain might require more manual
intervention.
 Tilt Angle: Steeper tilts can encourage natural dust removal
through rain, while flatter panels may require more cleaning.

As a general rule, cleaning your solar panels 2-4 times a year is

recommended. However, it's always a good idea to visually inspect them
periodically and clean them if they appear visibly dirty.

Cleaning Methods:
 Safety First: Always prioritize safety. Turn off the system's

inverter before cleaning and avoid working on your roof if there

are wet or slippery conditions.
 Embrace the Pure: Use clean water as the primary cleaning

agent. A gentle spray from a garden hose is usually sufficient for

most cleaning needs.
 For Stubborn Dirt: If you encounter stubborn dirt or debris, you

can use a soft-bristled brush with a mixture of lukewarm water and

 a mild pH-neutral soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive
cleaners, as these can damage the panel's surface.
 The Squeegee Solution: For a streak-free finish, you can use a

squeegee with clean water after rinsing the panels.

 Let Nature Dry: Whenever possible, allow the panels to air dry

naturally. Avoid using towels or cloths to wipe them dry, as this

can scratch the surface.
Professional Help:

If you're uncomfortable cleaning your roof yourself, you can hire a

professional solar panel cleaning service. They have the expertise and
equipment to safely and effectively clean your panels.

Additional Maintenance Considerations:

 Regular Inspections: In addition to cleaning, it's recommended to

schedule periodic inspections with your solar installer. They can

check for any potential issues like loose wiring, damaged panels,
or performance inconsistencies.
 Keep it Clear: Trim any branches or vegetation that might shade

your panels and reduce their electricity generation.

 Monitor Performance: Keep an eye on your system's

performance data. A sudden drop in electricity production could

indicate cleaning needs or potential system issues that require
attention.

MONITORING AND OBSERVATION OF SOLAR

PALEN SYSTEM
1. Unveiling the Numbers: Performance Data at Your Fingertips
  Most solar panel systems come equipped with monitoring systems
that provide real-time and historical data on your system's
performance. This data typically includes:
o Energy Production: Track how much electricity your solar

panels are generating at any given time and over longer

periods (daily, monthly, yearly).
o System Efficiency: Monitor the efficiency of your system,

allowing you to identify any performance dips that might

require attention.
o Power Grid Interaction: See if you're consuming all the

solar energy your system produces or if excess is being fed

back to the grid.
2. Accessible Insights: Mobile Apps and Online Dashboards
 Monitoring systems often come with user-friendly mobile apps or

online dashboards. These interfaces allow you to conveniently

access and analyze your solar data from anywhere.
3. Proactive Problem Detection:
 Some monitoring systems can send alerts if they detect any

anomalies in your system's performance. This can be a sudden

drop in electricity generation, potential inverter issues, or
communication errors. Early detection allows you to address
problems promptly and minimize any loss of energy production.
4. Comparing the Sunshine Hours:
 Many monitoring systems allow you to compare your system's

actual energy production with historical data or forecasted solar

irradiance (sunlight intensity) levels for your area. This
comparison helps you assess how your system is performing
relative to expected output based on sunlight availability.
5. Benchmarking Your Performance:
  Some monitoring platforms allow you to compare your system's
performance against similar systems in your region. This
benchmarking can provide valuable insights into how your system
stacks up against others and identify areas for potential
optimization.
The Benefits of Monitoring:
 Maximize Savings: By closely monitoring your system's

performance, you can ensure it's operating efficiently and

generating the expected amount of electricity, maximizing your
cost savings on your electricity bills.
 Identify Issues Early: Early detection of potential problems

through monitoring alerts allows you to address them promptly,

preventing more significant issues and ensuring optimal system
performance.
 Informed Maintenance Decisions: Monitoring data can inform

your maintenance decisions. For instance, a noticeable decline in

power output might indicate cleaning requirements or the need for
a professional inspection.
 Peace of Mind: Monitoring your system provides peace of mind,

knowing you can track its performance and take proactive

measures to ensure it continues to generate clean solar energy for
your home.