Chapter 3: Matrices (Detailed Notes)
1. Introduction to Matrices
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
Example: A=[123456789]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9
\end{bmatrix}A=147258369
Order of a Matrix: If a matrix has mmm rows and nnn columns, its order is m×nm
\times nm×n.
2. Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix: A matrix with one row.
Example: A=[1 2 3]A = [1 \ 2 \ 3]A=[1 2 3].
2. Column Matrix: A matrix with one column.
Example: A=[123]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}A=123.
3. Square Matrix: A matrix with the same number of rows and columns (m=nm =
nm=n).
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix where all non-diagonal elements are zero.
Example: A=[300050007]A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 5 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 7
\end{bmatrix}A=300050007.
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix with equal diagonal elements.
Example: A=[4004]A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[4004].
6. Identity Matrix: A square matrix with 1’s on the diagonal and 0’s elsewhere.
Example: I=[1001]I = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}I=[1001].
7. Zero Matrix: A matrix with all elements as zero.
Example: A=[0000]A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}A=[0000].
3. Matrix Operations
1. Addition of Matrices:
o Only possible if matrices have the same order.
o Add corresponding elements: A+B=[a11+b11a12+b12a21+b21a22+b22]A +
B = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} + b_{11} & a_{12} + b_{12} \\ a_{21} +
b_{21} & a_{22} + b_{22} \end{bmatrix}A+B=[a11+b11a21+b21a12+b12
a22+b22]
2. Scalar Multiplication:
o Multiply every element of the matrix by a scalar kkk:
kA=[k⋅a11k⋅a12k⋅a21k⋅a22]kA = \begin{bmatrix} k \cdot a_{11} & k \cdot
a_{12} \\ k \cdot a_{21} & k \cdot a_{22} \end{bmatrix}kA=[k⋅a11k⋅a21
k⋅a12k⋅a22]
3. Matrix Multiplication:
o If AAA is of order m×nm \times nm×n and BBB is of order n×pn \times pn×p,
their product ABABAB is defined and has order m×pm \times pm×p.
o Element of ABABAB is given by: (AB)ij=∑k=1naik⋅bkj(AB)_{ij} =
\sum_{k=1}^n a_{ik} \cdot b_{kj}(AB)ij=k=1∑naik⋅bkj
4. Properties of Matrix Operations
1. Addition:
o Commutative: A+B=B+AA + B = B + AA+B=B+A.
o Associative: (A+B)+C=A+(B+C)(A + B) + C = A + (B +
C)(A+B)+C=A+(B+C).
2. Multiplication:
o Not Commutative: AB≠BAAB \neq BAAB BA in general.
o Associative: (AB)C=A(BC)(AB)C = A(BC)(AB)C=A(BC).
o Distributive: A(B+C)=AB+ACA(B + C) = AB + ACA(B+C)=AB+AC.
5. Transpose of a Matrix
Definition: The transpose of a matrix AAA, denoted by ATA^TAT, is obtained by
interchanging its rows and columns.
Example: A=[1234],AT=[1324]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix},
\quad A^T = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[1324],AT=[1234]
6. Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices
1. Symmetric Matrix: A=ATA = A^TA=AT.
Example: A=[2335]A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 5 \end{bmatrix}A=[2335].
2. Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A=−ATA = -A^TA=−AT.
Example: A=[0−220]A = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -2 \\ 2 & 0 \end{bmatrix}A=[02−20].
7. Determinant of a Matrix
Defined only for square matrices.
For a 2×22 \times 22×2 matrix: A=[abcd],Det(A)=ad−bcA = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\
c & d \end{bmatrix}, \quad \text{Det}(A) = ad - bcA=[acbd],Det(A)=ad−bc
8. Inverse of a Matrix
A square matrix AAA is invertible if Det(A)≠0\text{Det}(A) \neq 0Det(A) 0.
Inverse is given by: A−1=1Det(A)⋅Adj(A)A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\text{Det}(A)} \cdot
\text{Adj}(A)A−1=Det(A)1⋅Adj(A) where Adj(A)\text{Adj}(A)Adj(A) is the adjoint
of AAA.
