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Design and Fabrication of Garlic Peeler

Article · January 2018

DOI: 10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)

Design and Fabrication of Garlic Peeler

K. Rajesh1, M. Kirthy Reddy2, Y. Anusha3, P. Haritha4, D. Narendra5, S.
Srujana6
1 College of Food Science and Technology, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: [email protected]
2 College of Food Science and Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India

Email: [email protected] m

Abstract— Garlic is an important and economical plant. It I. INTRODUCTION

has many uses in medicinal, culinary and ayurvedic Garlic (Allium sativum L.), an underground
purposes. Garlic peeling is a tedious, time consuming and perennial bulb, is an important vegetable spice belonging to
laborious work. So far, traditional peeling methods are the family of Liliaceae. The bulb is a cluster of 12 or more
used for garlic peeling. These methods are observed to be segments called cloves, which are swollen leaf bases.
unhygienic, laborious and caused high damage to garlic Cloves, as well as, whole bulb are surrounded by a thin
segments. Mechanical peelers available are costly and not papery white skin. Cloves are the economical and edible
affordable to small scale industries. Since, the traditional part of garlic plant. Garlic is widely used for culinary and
methods are laborious and mechanical methods are costly medicinal purposes. It is a strong source of phenolic
there is a need to develop low cost, mechanical peeler that compounds, phosphorous, sulphur, zinc, selenium and
will reduce the drudgery. vitamin A and C and also low levels of calcium, sodium,
Angular iron and flat iron was used for main frame ferrous, manganese and vitamin B (Grégrová et al., 2013).
and supporting the main units. A food grade rubber and Garlic is cultivated for centuries all over the world
mild steel pipe was used for rubber roller. Iron bar was including Asia. India is one of the leading producers of
used for shaft. A wire mesh was used as screen. Dimensions garlic with an area of 238.760 thousand hectares producing
of garlic segments were measured using digital vernier 3221.380 thousand tons during the year 2013-14 (Spice
callipers and weight of each garlic segment was measured Board of India, 2014). As per Spice Board of India, Gujarat
using electronic balance. Moisture content, ortho gonal stood first by producing 277.455 thousand tons of garlic
dimensions, weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, during the year 2011-12. Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
equivalent mean diameter, shape factor, terminal velocity Rajasthan, Assam, Punjab and Maharashtra are other
and drag coefficient of garlic segments were found. leading garlic producers in the country.
Moisture content of garlic segments was Garlic is consumed as green, as well as dried in the
59.36±0.87% (w.b). At this moisture content, average spice form and as an ingredient to flavour the vegetarian,
length, width and thickness of garlic segments were found non-vegetarian dishes and pickles. Good tasty pickles,
to be 25.818 3.743 mm, 10.116 2.209 mm and 7.34 1.638 chutneys, curry powders are prepared from garlic cloves. It
mm, respectively. Average weight of individual garlic is also used to disguise the smell and flavour of s alted meat
segments were found to be 1.159 g. Geometric mean and fish. Dehydrated garlic in powdered or granulated form
diameter, sphericity, equivalent mean diameter and shape is being used in place of fresh bulbs in many countries
factor of garlic segments were found out to be 12.422 mm, (Mishra et al., 2014).
0.481, 13.03 mm and 0.218, respectively. The terminal Garlic processing involves bulb breaking, peeling,
velocity and drag coefficient were 18.941 m/s and 0.416 at dehydration, grinding and other unit operations. Garlic
moisture content of 59.08 ± 0.82% (w.b.). Cost of peeler peeling is one of the most important and essential key unit
was estimated to be about ₹ 10,005/-. operations prior to any subsequent processing activity.
Keywords— Garlic, peeler, cylinder-conclave. During garlic peeling, the thin membranous skin, inedible
part is to be removed off from the segments. Typical size of
the cloves makes the peeling to be very tedious and time
consuming operation. Traditional peeling methods,

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
including hand peeling, flame peeling, oven peeling and concave clearance. To determine these dimensions, ten
chemical peeling (Dhananjay et al., 2015). groups of samples consisting of 100 garlic segments were
An efficient peeling device is, therefore, required randomly selected. Ten segments were selected from each
to gently peel off the skin from garlic clove without any group and the three principal dimensions (length, width and
adverse effect on its shape, structure and aroma. Many thickness of garlic segments) were measured using digital
researches had worked on development of machine operated vernier callipers with an accuracy of 0.1 mm.
garlic peeler. Manjunatha et al. (2012) developed machine The Geometric mean diameter, sphericity,
operated garlic peeler by using cylinder and co ncave equivalent mean diameter and shape factor of the garlic
concepts. The machine is power consuming, heavy and segments were calculated using the following formulae.
costly to consumer acceptability. To overcome these
problems and cater the needs of garlic peeling in an easier
manner, this study was undertaken with the main objective
of development of a garlic peeler. Small capacity, hand
operated, operator friendly garlic peelers are very much
essential to consumers. To meet this objective, work has
been undertaken to fabricate hand operated garlic peeler and
to a) Study of physical characteristics of garlic segments or
cloves b) Selection of engineering materials for fabrication
of garlic peeler and c) Design of hand operated garlic
peeler. The proposed development of a garlic peeler could
alleviate the problems faced by traditional garlic peeling
methods and aid in boosting the processing and export of
garlic and its products. The machine will be reducing the
time of peeling of garlic.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials used were garlic segments, angular and Where
flat iron, galvanized iron sheets, iron rods, bearings, wire Dg = Geometric mean diameter (mm)
mesh, blower, handle and pulley. L = Longest intercept (mm)
Fresh, well matured and cured garlic were W = Longest intercept normal to L (mm)
procured from local market of Bapatla, Guntur Dist., A.P. T = Longest intercept normal and W (mm)
Bulbs were broken by hand and uniform sized segments are De = Equivalent mean diameter (mm)
graded manually after blowing the thin papery skin of Vsingle = Volume of single particle (mm2 )
segment. Materials used for fabrication of peeler were PD = Particle density (kg/ m3 )
procured from local hardware stores of Bapatla, Guntur ϕ = Sphericity
Dist., A.P. Z = Shape factor
Moisture content of garlic segments was measured
by hot air oven method. Three samples of garlic segments The terminal velocity of garlic segments was measured in
of 15 g each were taken into moisture boxes and placed in wind tunnel using a verticular column duct. This method
hot air oven (Yorco, Model: YSI-431) at 100-105ºC with lid produced air current in a vertical duct of diameter 39.07
open for 2h which was cooled in a desiccator with closed lid mm, using centrifugal pump, for garlic segments to be
for 15 min later. Weight of the sample was taken when floated. A tube of diameter 82.97 mm was attached at axis
weight remained constant (AOAC, 2000). And calculated of centrifugal pump. The vertical duct has the provision for
by using formula varying air stream. For each test, a small sample was placed
in the duct and air velocity was increased gradually till the
MC= Initial Weight of Sample-Final weight of sample x100 segments get suspended. Then the velocity of air in the tube
Initial weight at the point of suction was measured using digital
anemometer. Velocity of air in the vertical duct was
Dimensions of garlic segments were useful in measured using
designing peeling machine as size affects the cylinder- A 1 V1 = A 2 Vt
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
where, which was attached to the fixed concave as a result of which
A1 = cross sectional area of tube (m2) the garlic segment got peeled off primarily due to shearing
V1 = velocity of air in the tube (m/s) action with slight compression.
A2 = cross sectional area of vertical duct (m2) Hopper, a rectangular box with one side vertical
Vt = terminal velocity of air in the vertical duct (m/s) and other, tapered towards the bottom was designed to
Drag coefficient was calculated using the following formula facilitate easy flow. The feed hopper was made from 1mm
galvanised iron sheet. Length of hopper was 180 mm,
breadth 100 mm and a height of 170 mm and 100 mm on
either sides of hopper. Bottom opening was 50 mm wide
with a length of 180 mm. This arrangement will uniformly
where,
spread segments on cylinder to rub against concave. Hopper
m = Mass of single particle (kg)
was facilitated with a galvanized iron sheet was facilitated
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2 )
to regulate flow of segments into cylinder.
Vt = Terminal velocity (m/s)
Rubber roller consisted of a hollow mild steel tube
p = Particle density (kg/m3 )
with both sides closed with caps. Total length of tube was
a = Density of air (kg/ m3 )
220 mm with a diameter of 62.5 mm. A food grade silicon
Ap = Projected area of particle (m2 ) =
rubber of 180 mm length and 6 mm thick was covered on
De = Equivalent mean diameter (m)
the tube. Thin wires of 1 mm thickness were glued along
the length of rubber at a distance of 10 mm apart as shown
III. MATERIALS USED IN FABRICATION OF
in fig.1
GARLIC PEELER
Iron shaft was welded to caps of cylinder to attach
Hand operated garlic peeler consisted of hopper,
on frame using bearings. Shaft was designed to fit the
cylinder-concave unit and blower. Peeler works on the
requirements of different drives. One end was facilitated
principle of the cylinder-concave mechanism. The cylinder
with provision for attaching handle for imparting drive.
surface covered with rubber and it was called as rubber
Other end was made to 20 mm diameter to attach pulley to
roller. Rubber roller (cylinder) rotated against a fixed screen
transfer drive to blower.

Fig.1: Rubber roller and shaft

Concave was made up of flat iron of 25mm width The frame was designed by looking into convenience of
and 3mm thick rods. A frame of dimensions 225mm length operator and to accommodate exit chutes and blower.
and 200mm breadth was made using flat iron and rods were Blower used was a smithy blower made of cast
wielded across the frame at a distance of 10mm. The frame iron. The blower had a circular mouth outlet. The drive to it
was bent on anvil to match the curvature of rubber roller. was taken from shaft of cylinder. The pulley of blower was
A wire mesh of thickness 1 mm with an opening 25 mm in diameter where as shaft was 50 mm.
size of 1 mm2 was used as screen for abrasion surface. It
was cut into 230 × 200 mm and fastened on concave.
Main frame of the garlic peeler was a trapezoidal IV. FABRICATION OF MACHINE
structure made of angular iron. Height of the main frame Main frame of garlic peeler supported three units,
was 580mm. The bottom rectangular frame of main frame i.e, feeding unit, concave-cylinder unit and blower. Angular
was 400 × 470mm. The upper frame was 300 × 370mm. iron was arc wielded according to the said dimensions to
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
main frame. Angle frame of 80 mm height and 200 mm
length bent in C-shape was wielded to two opposite sides of
top face of frame. This angle frame was wielded such that,
leaving horizontal face for fitting bearings by fasteners.
Feeding unit consists of hopper that was spot
welded to a side of cylinder- concave unit. A feed regulator
of thin flat sheet was provided to manage and avoid spillage
of segments. It was a 1mm thick galvanized iron sheet that
could be moved up or down to open or close the hopper
opening upon feed requirement. A small galvanized iron
plate was placed slanted between hopper opening and Fig.2: Cylinder-concave unit
concave. This provision allowed flow of segments into the
clearance between concave and rubber roller. It prevented
jumping of segments off the roller. Hopper was placed
slightly to a side in slanting position.
Cylinder-concave (Fig.2) unit consisted of rubber
roller, concave, wire mesh and cylinder. A shaft passed
through the rubber roller and extended from caps of roller
for other provisions. This shaft was pass es through 32mm
diameter bearings (Fig.3) situated on either side on angle
frames. Wire mesh was fastened on to the concave.
Concave-screen was placed beneath rubber roller. The
clearance between roller and concave was fixed as 20mm Fig.3: Bearing
on the feeding side and at the outlet side it can be adjustable
from 8 to 12mm by the nut and screw mechanism provided One side of shaft was facilitated for handle
beneath the concave. Clearance between concave and attachment to give drive, whereas, other side was for pulley.
rubber roller was fixed using two wooden pieces of The whole concave and rubber roller unit was housed inside
thickness 8mm and 20mm. A 20mm wooden piece was a cylinder of diameter 210mm and 270mm length. To
placed on the roller near inlet of cylinder while 8mm was support and hold the cylinder in place, flat iron was bent to
placed on the roller near the bottom outlet. These pieces cylinder shape and arc wielded to main frame.
were then tied with a rope to keep them in place. Concave Blower was placed at a height of 120 mm from the
was then adjusted and arc wielded at that position on the top bottom frame. Chutes were made of 1 mm thick galvanized
side. At the bottom screw and nut arrangement was iron sheet. A chute was spot wielded to cylinder at the
provided so as to vary the clearance between concave and outlet, with a dimension of 170 × 50 mm at the top and
roller. The clearance could be decreased by rotating the then, it was tapered to 80 × 50 mm. This chute was attached
screw clockwise and increased by rotating the screw anti- to another chute coming from blower of 420 × 50 × 50 mm.
clockwise. The concave and nut-screw mechanism was At a distance of 80 mm from blower another chute of 130 ×
supported by two rings made of flat iron placed on either 80 × 50 mm was welded.
side of rubber roller. Garlic segments were fed into hopper, which flow
through the clearance between concave and rubber roller.
After undergoing abrasion, peeled and unpeeled segments
along with peel flow through the chute into the chute from
blower. Here the peel was blown away by air while peeled
and unpeeled segments roll down into the outlet chute.
Unpeeled garlic segments were manually separated from
peeled segments and were fed again into the hopper. Fig.
(4) and Fig. (5) are the front and side views of peeler,
respectively.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
content 59.36±0.87% (w.b.). This helped in determining the
clearance space between concave and rubber roller.
Average weights of individual garlic segments were found
to be 1.159 g at a moisture content of 59.36±0.87% (w.b.).
Geometric mean diameter, sphericity, equivalent
mean diameter and shape factor of garlic segments were
found out to be 12.422 mm, 0.481, 13.03 mm and 0.218,
respectively, at moisture content of 59.36±0.87% (w.b.). At
moisture content 59.08±0.82% (w.b.), terminal velocity and
drag coefficient were calculated to be 18.941 m/s and 0.416,
respectively. The terminal velocity is useful parameter in
designing blowers for aeration and separation of lighter
materials like peel, husk etc.
Cost of Peeler
Cost of peeler was ₹ 10,005/- The cost of each
material used is given in
Sl. No Material Cost (₹)
1 Shaft 260
2 Mild steel cylinder 430
3 Caps 330
Fig.4: Garlic Peeler (Front view)
4 Handle 200
5 Pulley 150
8 Bearings 900
9 Angular Iron 750
10 Flat Iron 750
11 Galvanized iron sheet 1,500
12 Wire (3 mm) 250
13 Wire mesh 515
14 Fastners 200
15 Blower 650
16 Rubber 1,000
17 V-Belt 120
18 Fabrication labor charges 2,000
Total 10,005/-

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Moisture content of garlic segments was
59.36±0.87%(w.b). At this moisture content, dimensions of
garlic segments were measured using digital vernier
callipers and weight of each garlic segment was measured
using electronic balance. Average length, width and
Fig.5: Garlic peeler (Side view) thickness of garlic segments were found to be 25.818 3.743,
10.116 2.209 and 7.34 1.638 mm, respectively. Average
weight of individual garlic segments were found to be 1.159
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Moisture content of garlic segments was found to g. Geometric mean diameter, sphericity, equivalent mean
be 59.36 ± 0.87% (w.b.). Average length, width and diameter and shape factor of garlic segments were found out
thickness of garlic segments were found to be 25.818 3.743, to be 12.422 mm, 0.481, 13.03 mm and 0.218, respectively.
10.116 2.209 and 7.34 1.638 mm, respectively, at moisture The terminal velocity and drag coefficient were 18.941 m/s

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.7.24 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
and 0.416 at moisture content 59.08±0.82% (w.b). Cost of
peeler was estimated to be around ₹ 10,005/-.

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Czech origin. Czech Journal of Food Science 31, 581-
588.
[3] Manjunatha, M., Samuel, D.V.K., Anurag, R.K. and
Gaikwad, N. 2013. Development and performance
evaluation of a garlic peeler. Journal of Food Science
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[4] Masoumi, A.A., Rajabipour, A., Tabil, L. and Akram,
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[6] Mudgal, V.D. and Champawat, P.S. 2011.
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