Sample Questions

These sample questions are drawn from major mathematics competitions and are similar in pattern to
the upcoming Olympiad.

https://ivyleaguecenter.org/2017/09/29/35-sets-of-past-real-amc-12-tests-with-answer-keys/

https://www.askiitians.com/olympiads/inmo-question-papers-with-solutions/

https://igor-kortchemski.perso.math.cnrs.fr/olympiades/france_tst_2005.pdf

https://www.imo-official.org/problems/IMO2021SL.pdf

https://people.math.sc.edu/girardi/m142/integration/100problems.pdf

https://assets.ctfassets.net/xv1hr0zszyo1/1Bui41TER2cQ6aUqTIuHbO/cd46c2114f0b5083102d5cdfef6b
0536/Integration_Bee_Questions_and_Answers.pdf

https://stevekifowit.com/bee/practice.pdf

https://cms.math.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/CMO2024-problems.pdf

https://cms.math.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/cmo2024-solutions-en.pdf
 Integration Bee 2022
Round 1: Qualifiers
Z
1
1. 2 dx
1 − e−2022x
tan3 (1 + ln x)
Z
2. 3 dx
x
Z
1
3. 2 dx
2 − 2x + x2
0
15165 √
Z
4. 2 x 1 + x dx
−1 2
Z 1
5. 3 (x − 3x )2 dx
0

x12
Z
6. 3 dx
x2 + 1
x2
Z
7. 3 dx
(x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
Z
sin 2x
8. 2 dx
1 + 2 sin2 x
Z 1 √ √
x+ 1−x
9. 4 (2x − 1) √ √ dx
0 x− 1−x
2 cos x − 2 sin x
Z
10. 3 dx
2 + sin 2x
Z e
1
11. 4 x ln x dx
0
Z r q
√
12. 4 x x x . . . dx
Z 2
2 +1
13. 3 xx (2 ln x + 1) dx
1
Z 2022π
14. 4 sin(sin x − x) dx
0
Z 1
x tan−1 (x − 1)(x + 1) dx


15. 3
0
Z
1
16. 4 p √ dx
x x − x2
Z e2
17. 7 (ln (xln x−6 ) + 5)x3 dx
1
Z π/2
1
18. 5 √ dx
0 tan 2022 (x) +1

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2022

 r
Z 1 q
√
19. 6 x+ x + x + . . . dx
0
Z π 7
2 Y
20. 8 cos kx dx
0 k=1

Round 2
Knockout Match 1
Z p
1. 1 12 − 3x2 dx
Z r
x 2
2. 2 − 1 dx
1 − 5x2 1 + 5x2
x1010
Z
3. 2 dx
1 − x2022
Z 0
4. 2 x2022 e4x dx
−∞
Z 1
5. 3.5 2⌊log2 x⌋ dx
0

Knockout Match 2
8x3
Z
1. 1 dx
1 + x8
Z π/4
1
2. 2 dx
−π/4 1 − sin x
π
cos x(1 + tan−1 x)
Z
2
3. 2 dx
− π2 2 − cos2 x
log2 6
22x+1 − 9 × 2x − 6
Z
4. 2 dx
2 4x − 2x − 6
Z 2022
5. 3.5 Define f (x) as the ⌊x⌋th decimal place of x. Find f (x) dx.
1

Knockout Match 3
Z ∞
1
1. 2 dx
0 (x + x1 )2
Z ∞
1X
2 +k
(xk (k + 1) ln x + xk


2. 2.5 dx
1
2 k=0
Z ∞
1
3. 3.5 dx
0 (1 + x2022 )(1 + x2 )
Z 10 | sin s|+sin s
lim t−


4. 3.5 lim sin s dx
0 s→x+ t→∞

∞ ∞
2−k
Z X
5. 4 dx
0 k+1
k=⌊x⌋

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2022

 Extra Questions
sin3 x
Z
1. 1 √ dx
cos x
1
(sin−1 x)2
Z
2. 1 √ dx
0 1 − x2
√
Z
3. 2 ln (1 + x) dx

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2022

 Answers
Round 1
1
1. 2 2022 ln |e2000x − 1| + C
1
2. 3 2 tan2 (1 + ln x) + ln | cos (1 + ln x)| + C

3. 2 tan−1 (x − 1) + C

4. 2 −2022
1 2 4
5. 3 3 − ln 3 + (ln 3)2

x11 x9 x7 x5 x3
6. 3 11 − 9 + 7 − 5 + 3 − x + tan−1 x + C
1
7. 3 3 ln (x3 − 1) + C
1
8. 2 2 ln(2 − cos 2x) + C
π
9. 4 1+ 4

10. 3 2 tan−1 (sin x + cos x) + C

11. 4 e2
x2
12. 4 2 +C

13. 3 15

14. 4 0

15. 3 − π8 + 14 ln 2

16. 4 4 sin−1 (x1/4 ) + C

17. 7 − 53
32 −
19 8
32 e

π
18. 5 4

5
√
19. 6 12 (1 + 5)
π
20. 8 32

Knockout Match 1
√ √
1. 1 3
2 (x 4 − x2 + 4 sin−1 ( x2 )) + C

2. 2 1
10 sin−1 (5x2 ) + C
1 1011
3. 2 2022 ln | 1+x
1−x1011
|+C
2022!
4. 2 24046

1
5. 3.5 3

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2022

Knockout Match 2
1. 1 2 tan−1 (x4 ) + C

2. 2 2
π
3. 2 2

4. 2 3 − 2 log2 3

5. 3.5 9094.5

Finals
π
1. 2 4

2. 2.5 3 ln 2
π
3. 3.5 4

4. 3.5 10 − 2π

5. 4 2

Extra Questions
5 1
2
1. 1 5 cos 2 x − 2 cos 2 x + C
π3
2. 1 24
√ √ x
3. 2 (x − 1) ln (1 + x) + x− 2 +C

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2022

Sample Problems Touching All Parts of the
Curriculum for the Lagos-Virginia Cross
Continental Mathematical Olympiad

Exam Start Date is March 16, 2024

AMC 12A 2021

1 What is the value of

21+2+3 − (21 + 22 + 23 )?
(A) 0 (B) 50 (C) 52 (D) 54 (E) 57

√
2 Under what conditions is a2 + b2 = a + b true, where a and b are real numbers?
(A) It is never true. (B) It is true if and only if ab = 0. (C) It is true if and only if a + b ≥ 0. (D)
It is true if and only if ab = 0 and a + b ≥ 0. (E) It is always true.

3 The sum of two natural numbers is 17, 402. One of the two numbers is divisible by 10. If the
units digit of that number is erased, the other number is obtained. What is the difference of
these two numbers?
(A) 10, 272 (B) 11, 700 (C) 13, 362 (D) 14, 238 (E) 15, 426

4 Tom has a collection of 13 snakes, 4 of which are purple and 5 of which are happy. He observes
that • all of his happy snakes can add • none of his purple snakes can subtract, and • all of
his snakes that cant subtract also cant add
Which of these conclusions can be drawn about Toms snakes?
(A) Purple snakes can add.
(B) Purple snakes are happy.
(C) Snakes that can add are purple.
(D) Happy snakes are not purple.
(E) Happy snakes can’t subtract.

5 When a student multiplied the number 66 by the repeating decimal,

1.abab = 1.ab,

where a and b are digits, he did not notice the notation and just multiplied 66 times 1.ab. Later
he found that his answer is 0.5 less than the correct answer. What is the 2- digit integer ab?
(A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 45 (D) 60 (E) 75

1
6 A deck of cards has only red cards and black cards. The probability of a randomly chosen
card being red is 13 . When 4 black cards are added to the deck, the probability of choosing red
becomes 14 . How many cards were in the deck originally.
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 15 (E) 18

7 What is the least possible value of (xy − 1)2 + (x + y)2 for real numbers x and y?
1 1
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 1 (E) 2

8 A sequence of numbers is defined by D0 = 0, D1 = 0, D2 = 1 and Dn = Dn−1 + Dn−3 for n ≥

3. What are the parities (evenness or oddness) of the triple of numbers (D2021 , D2022 , D2023 ),
where E denotes even and O denotes odd?
(A) (O, E, O) (B) (E, E, O) (C) (E, O, E) (D) (O, O, E) (E) (O, O, O)

9 Which of the following is equivalent to

(2 + 3)(22 + 32 )(24 + 34 )(28 + 38 )(216 + 316 )(232 + 332 )(264 + 364 )?

(A) 3127 +2127 (B) 3127 +2127 +2·363 +3·263 (C) 3128 −2128 (D) 3128 +2128 (E) 5127

10 Two right circular cones with vertices facing down as shown in the figure below contain the
same amount of liquid. The radii of the tops of the liquid surfaces are 3 cm and 6 cm. Into
each cone is dropped a spherical marble of radius 1 cm, which sinks to the bottom and is
completely submerged without spilling any liquid. What is the ratio of the rise of the liquid
level in the narrow cone to the rise of the liquid level in the wide cone?
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 47 : 43 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 40 : 13 (E) 4 : 1

2
11 A laser is placed at the point (3,5). The laser bean travels in a straight line. Larry wants the
beam to hit and bounce off the y-axis, then hit and bounce off the x-axis, then hit the point
(7, 5). What is the total distance the beam will travel along this path?
√ √ √ √ √
(A) 2 10 (B) 5 2 (C) 10 2 (D) 15 2 (E) 10 5

12 All the roots of polynomial z 6 − 10z 5 + Az 4 + Bz 3 + Cz 2 + Dz + 16 are positive integers. What

is the value of B?
(A) − 88 (B) − 80 (C) − 64 (D) − 41 (E) − 40

13 Of the following complex numbers z, which one has the property that z 5 has the greatest real
part?
√ √ √ √
(A) − 2 (B) − 3 + i (C) − 2 + 2i (D) − 1 + 3i (E) 2i

14 What is the value of

20 100
! !
k2
X X
log5k 3 · log9k 25k ?
k=1 k=1

(A) 21 (B) 100 log5 3 (C) 200 log3 5 (D) 2, 200 (E) 21, 000

15 A choir director must select a group of singers from among his 6 tenors and 8 basses. The
only requirements are that the difference between the number of tenors and basses must be
a multiple of 4, and the group must have at least one singer. Let N be the number of groups
that can be selected. What is the remainder when N is divided by 100?
(A) 47 (B) 48 (C) 83 (D) 95 (E) 96

16 In the following list of numbers, the integer n appears n times in the list for 1 ≤ n ≤ 200.

1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, , 200, 200, , 200

What is the median of the numbers in this list?

(A) 100.5 (B) 134 (C) 142 (D) 150.5 (E) 167

17 Trapezoid ABCD has AB k CD, BC = CD = 43, and AD ⊥ BD. Let O be the intersection of
the diagonals AC and BD, and let P be the midpoint of BD. GIven that OP = 11, the length
√
AD can be written in the form m n, where m and n are positive integers and n is not divisible
by the square of any prime. What is m + n?
(A) 65 (B) 132 (C) 157 (D) 194 (E) 215

3
18 Let f be a function defined on the set of positive rational numbers with the property that f (a ·
b) = f (a) + f (b) for all positive rational numbers a and b. Suppose that f also has the property
that f (p) = p for every prime number p. For which of the following numbers x is f (x) < 0?
17 11 7 7 25
(A) 32 (B) 16 (C) 9 (D) 6 (E) 11

How many solutions does the equation sin π π

sin x have in the closed interval



19 2 cos x = cos 2
[0, π]?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

20 Suppose that on a parabola with vertex V and a focus F there exists a point A such that
AF = 20 and AV = 21. What is the sum of all possible values of the length F V ?
40 41 43
(A) 13 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 14 (E) 3

21 The five solutions to the equation

(z − 1)(z 2 + 2z + 4)(z 2 + 4z + 6) = 0

may be written in the form xk + yk i for 1 ≤ k ≤ 5, where xk and yk are real. Let E be the
unique ellipse that passes through the pointsp(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ), (x4 , y4 ), and (x5 , y5 ). The
eccentricity of E can be written in the form m n where m and n are relatively prime positive
integers. What is m + n? (Recall that the eccentricity of an ellipse E is the ratio ac , where 2a is
the length of the major axis of E and 2c is the is the distence between its two foci.)
(A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 11 (D) 13 (E) 15

4
22 7 , cos 7 , and cos 7 ,
Suppose that the roots of the polynomial P (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c are cos 2π 4π 6π

where angles are in radians. What is abc?

3
√
3 1 7 1 1
(A) − 49 (B) − 28 (C) 64 (D) 32 (E) 28

23 Frieda the frog begins a sequence of hops on a 3 × 3 grid of squares, moving one square on
each hop and choosing at random the direction of each hop up, down, left, or right. She does
not hop diagonally. When the direction of a hop would take Frieda off the grid, she ”wraps
around” and jumps to the opposite edge. For example if Frieda begins in the center square
and makes two hops ”up”, the first hop would place her in the top row middle square, and the
second hop would cause Frieda to jump to the opposite edge, landing in the bottom row middle
square. Suppose Frieda starts from the center square, makes at most four hops at random,
and stops hopping if she lands on a corner square. What is the probability that she reaches a
corner square on one of the four hops?
9 5 3 25 13
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 32 (E) 16

24 Semicircle Γ has diameter AB of length 14. Circle Ω lies tangent to AB at a point P and √in-
√
tersects Γ at points Q and R. If QR = 3 3 and ∠QP R = 60◦ , then the area of 4P QR is a c b ,
where a and c are relatively prime positive integers, and b is a positive integer not divisible by
the square of any prime. What is a + b + c?
(A) 110 (B) 114 (C) 118 (D) 122 (E) 126

25 Let d(n) denote the number of positive integers that divide n, including 1 and n. For example,
d(1) = 1, d(2) = 2, and d(12) = 6. (This function is known as the divisor function.) Let
d(n)
f (n) = √3
.
n
There is a unique positive integer N such that f (N ) > f (n) for all positive integers n 6= N .
What is the sum of the digits of N ?
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 9

5
AMC 12B 2021

1 How many integer values satisfy |x| < 3π?

(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 18 (D) 19 (E) 20

2 At a math contest, 57 students are wearing blue shirts, and another 75 students are wearing
yellow shirts. The 132 students are assigned into 66 points. In exactly 23 of these pairs, both
students are wearing blue shirts. In how many pairs are both studets wearing yellow shirts?

(A) 23 (B) 32 (C) 37 (D) 41 (E) 64

3 Suppose
1 144
2+ 1 = .
1+ 2 53
2+ 3+x

What is the value of x?

3 7 14 37 52
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 15 (D) 38 (E) 53

4 Ms. Blackwell gives an exam to two classes. The mean of the scores of the students in the
morning class is 84, and the afternoon classs mean score is 70. The ratio of the number of
students in the morning class to the number of students in the afternoon class is 34 . What is
the mean of the scores of all the students?
(A) 74 (B) 75 (C) 76 (D) 77 (E) 78

5 The point P (a, b) in the xy-plane is first rotated counterclockwise by 90◦ around the point (1, 5)
and then reflected about the line y = −x. The image of P after these two transformations is
at (−6, 3). What is b − a?
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (E) 9

6 An inverted cone with base radius 12 cm and height 18 cm is full of water. The water is poured
into a tall cylinder whose horizontal base has a radius of 24 cm. What is the height in centime-
ters of the water in the cylinder?
(A) 1.5 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 4.5 (E) 6

7 Let N = 34 · 34 · 63 · 270. What is the ratio of the sum of the odd divisors of N to the sum of
the even divisors of N ?
(A) 1 : 16 (B) 1 : 15 (C) 1 : 14 (D) 1 : 8 (E) 1 : 3

1
8 Three equally spaced parallel lines intersect a circle, creating three chords of lengths 38, 38,
and 34. What is the distance between two adjacent parallel lines?
(A) 5 12 (B) 6 (C) 6 12 (D) 7 (E) 7 12

9 What is the value of

log2 80 log2 160
− ?
log40 2 log20 2
5
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 2 (E) log2 5

10 Two distinct numbers are selected from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 36, 37} so that the sum of the
remaining 35 numbers is the product of these two numbers. What is the difference of these
two numbers?
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10

11 Triangle ABC has AB = 13, BC = 14 and AC = 15. Let P be the point on AC such that
P C = 10. There are exactly two points D and E on line BP such that quadrilaterals ABCD
and ABCE are trapezoids. What is the distance DE?
√ √
(A) 42
5 (B) 6 2 (C) 84
5 (D) 12 2 (E) 18

12 Suppose that S is a finite set of positive integers. If the greatest integer in S is removed from
S, then the average value (arithmetic mean) of the integers remaining is 32. If the least integer
is S is also removed, then the average value of the integers remaining is 35. If the greatest
integer is then returned to the set, the average value of the integers rises to 40. The greatest
integer in the original set S is 72 greater than the least integer in S. What is the average value
of all the integers in the set S?
(A) 36.2 (B) 36.4 (C) 36.6 (D) 36.8 (E) 37

13 How many values of θ in the interval 0 < θ ≤ 2π satisfy

1 − 3 sin θ + 5 cos 3θ = 0?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 8

14 Let ABCD be a rectangle and let DM be a segment perpendicular to the plane of ABCD.
Suppose that DM has integer length, and the lengths of M A, M C, and M B are consecutive
odd positive integers (in this order). What is the volume of pyramid M ABCD?
√ √ √
(A) 24 5 (B) 60 (C) 28 5 (D) 66 (E) 8 70

15 The figure below is constructed from 11 line segments, each of which has length 2. The area
√ √
of pentagon ABCDE can be written as m + n, where m and n are positive integers. What
is m + n?

(A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 22 (D) 23 (E) 24

2
16 Let g(x) be a polynomial with leading coefficient 1, whose three roots are the reciprocals of
the three roots of f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c, where 1 < a < b < c. What is g(1) in terms of a, b,
and c?

1+a+b+c 1+a+b+c a+b+c 1+a+b+c

(A) c (B) 1 + a + b + c (C) c2
(D) c2
(E) a+b+c

17 Let ABCD be an isoceles trapezoid having parallel bases AB and CD with AB > CD. Line
segments from a point inside ABCD to the vertices divide the trapezoid into four triangles
whose areas are 2, 3, 4, and 5 starting with the triangle with base CD and moving clockwise
as shown in the diagram below. What is the ratio CD AB
?

D C
2

5 3

4
A B

√ √ √ √
(A) 3 (B) 2 + 2 (C) 1 + 6 (D) 2 3 (E) 3 2

18 Let z be a complex number satisfying 12|z|2 = 2|z + 2|2 + |z 2 + 1|2 + 31. What is the value of
z + z6 ?
1
(A) − 2 (B) − 1 (C) 2 (D) 1 (E) 4

19 Two fair dice, each with at least 6 faces, are rolled. On each face of each die is printed a distinct
integer from 1 to the number of faces on that die, inclusive. The probability of rolling a sum of
7 is 34 of the probability of rolling a sum of 10 and the probability of rolling a sum of 12 is 12 1
.
What is the least possible number of faces on the two dice combined?
(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 18 (D) 19 (E) 20

20 Let Q(z) and R(z) be the unique polynomials such that

z 2021 + 1 = (z 2 + z + 1)Q(z) + R(z)

and the degree of R is less than 2. What is R(z)?

(A) − z (B) − 1 (C) 2021 (D) z + 1 (E) 2z + 1

3
21 Let S be the sum of all positive real numbers x for which

2
√
2 √ 2x
x = 2 .

Which of the following statements is true?

√ √ √
(A) S < 2 (B) S = 2 (C) 2<S<2 (D) 2 ≤ S < 6 (E) S ≥ 6

22 Arjun and Beth play a game in which they take turns removing one brick or two adjacent bricks
from one ”wall” among a set of several walls of bricks, with gaps possibly creating new walls.
The walls are one brick tall. For example, a set of walls of sizes 4 and 2 can be changed into any
of the following by one move: (3, 2), (2, 1, 2), (4), (4, 1), (2, 2), or (1, 1, 2).
Arjun plays first, and the player who removes the last
brick wins. For which starting configuration is there a strategy that guarantees a win for
Beth?

(A) (6, 1, 1) (B) (6, 2, 1) (C) (6, 2, 2) (D) (6, 3, 1) (E) (6, 3, 2)

23 Three balls are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with the positive inte-
gers so that for each ball, the probability it is tossed into bin i is 2−i for i = 1, 2, 3, . . .. More
than one ball is allowed in each bin. The probability that the balls end up evenly spaced in
distinct bins is pq , where p and q are relatively prime positive integers. (For example, the balls
are evenly spaced if they are tossed into bins 3, 17, and 10.) What is p + q?
(A) 55 (B) 56 (C) 57 (D) 58 (E) 59

24 Let ABCD be a parallelogram with area 15. Points P and Q are the projections of A and C,
respectively, onto the line BD; and points R and S are the projections of B and D,
respectively, onto the line AC. See the figure, which also shows the relative locations of these
points.
Suppose P Q = 6 and RS = 8, and let d denote the
√
length of BD, the longer diagonal of ABCD. Then d2 can be written in the form m + n p,
where m, n, and p are positive integers and p is not divisible by the square of any prime. What
is m + n + p?
(A) 81 (B) 89 (C) 97 (D) 105 (E) 113

25 Let S be the set of lattice points in the coordinate plane, both of whose coordinates are integers
between 1 and 30, inclusive. Exactly 300 points in S lie on or below a line with equation y = mx.
The possible values of m lie in an interval of length ab , where a and b are relatively prime positive
integers. What is a + b?
(A) 31 (B) 47 (C) 62 (D) 72 (E) 85

4
AMC12A 2020

1 Carlos took 70% of a whole pie. Maria took one third of the remainder. What portion of the
whole pie was left?
(A) 10% (B) 15% (C) 20% (D) 30% (E) 35%

2 The acronym AMC is shown in the rectangular grid below with grid lines spaced 1 unit apart.
In units, what is the sum of the lengths of the line segments that form the acronym AMC?

√ √ √
(A) 17 (B) 15 + 2 2 (C) 13 + 4 2 (D) 11 + 6 2 (E) 21

3 A driver travels for 2 hours at 60 miles per hour, during which her car gets 30 miles per gallon
of gasoline. She is paid $0.50 per mile, and her only expense is gasoline at $2.00 per gallon.
What is her net rate of pay, in dollars per hour, after this expense?
(A) 20 (B) 22 (C) 24 (D) 25 (E) 26

4 How many 4-digit positive integers (that is, integers between 1000 and 9999, inclusive) having
only even digits are divisible by 5?
(A) 80 (B) 100 (C) 125 (D) 200 (E) 500

5 The 25 integers from −10 to 14, inclusive, can be arranged to form a 5-by-5 square in which the
sum of the numbers in each row, the sum of the numbers in each column, and the sum of the
numbers along each of the main diagonals are all the same. What is the value of this common
sum?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 25 (E) 50

6 In the plane figure shown below, 3 of the unit squares have been shaded. What is the least
number of additional unit squares that must be shaded so that the resulting figure has two
lines of symmetry?

(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8

1
7 Seven cubes, whose volumes are 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, and 343 cubic units, are stacked vertically
to form a tower in which the volumes of the cubes decrease from bottom to top. Except for
the bottom cube, the bottom face of each cube lies completely on top of the cube below it.
What is the total surface area of the tower (including the bottom) in square units?
(A) 644 (B) 658 (C) 664 (D) 720 (E) 749

8 What is the median of the following list of 4040 numbers?

1, 2, 3, ..., 2020, 12 , 22 , 32 , ..., 20202

(A) 1974.5 (B) 1975.5 (C) 1976.5 (D) 1977.5 (E) 1978.5

9 How many solutions does the equation tan (2x) = cos ( x2 ) have on the interval [0, 2π]?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

10 There is a unique positive integer n such that

log2 (log16 n) = log4 (log4 n).

What is the sum of the digits of n?

(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 11 (E) 13

11 A frog sitting at the point (1, 2) begins a sequence of jumps, where each jump is parallel to one
of the coordinate axes and has length 1, and the direction of each jump (up, down, right, or left)
is chosen independently at random. The sequence ends when the frog reaches a side of the
square with vertices (0, 0), (0, 4), (4, 4), and (4, 0). What is the probability that the sequence of
jumps ends on a vertical side of the square?
1 5 2 3 7
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 8

12 Line ` in the coordinate plane has the equation 3x − 5y + 40 = 0. This line is rotated 45◦
counterclockwise about the point (20, 20) to obtain line k. What is the x-coordinate of the x-
intercept of line k?
(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 25 (E) 30

13 There are integers a, b, and c, each greater than 1, such that

r q
a b √
c
√
36
N N N= N 25

for all N > 1. What is b?

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6

2
14 Regular octagon ABCDEF GH has area n. Let m be the area of quadrilateral ACEG. What is
m
n?
√ √ √ √
2 2 3 3 2 2 2
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 3

15 In the complex plane, let A be the set of solutions to z 3 −8 = 0 and let B be the set of solutions
to z 3 − 8z 2 − 8z + 64 = 0. What is the greatest distance between a point of A and a point of B?
√ √ √
(A) 2 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 2 21 (E) 9 + 3

16 A point is chosen at random within the square in the coordinate plane whose vertices are
(0, 0), (2020, 0), (2020, 2020), and (0, 2020). The probability that the point is within d units of a
lattice point is 21 . (A point (x, y) is a lattice point if x and y are both integers.) What is d to the
nearest tenth?
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.6 (E) 0.7

17 The vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the graph of y = ln x, and the x-coordinates of these
90 . What is the
vertices are consecutive positive integers. The area of the quadrilateral is ln 91
x-coordinate of the leftmost vertex?
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 13

18 Quadrilateral ABCD satisfies ∠ABC = ∠ACD = 90◦ , AC = 20, and CD = 30. Diagonals AC
and BD intersect at point E, and AE = 5. What is the area of quadrilateral ABCD?
(A) 330 (B) 340 (C) 350 (D) 360 (E) 370

19 There exists a unique strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative integers a1 < a2 < < ak
such that
2289 + 1
= 2a1 + 2a2 + + 2ak .
217 + 1
What is k?
(A) 117 (B) 136 (C) 137 (D) 273 (E) 306

20 Let T be the triangle in the coordinate plane with vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), and (0, 3). Consider
the following five isometries (rigid transformations) of the plane: rotations of 90◦ , 180◦ , and
270◦ counterclockwise around the origin, reflection across the x-axis, and reflection across
the y-axis. How many of the 125 sequences of three of these transformations (not necessar-
ily distinct) will return T to its original position? (For example, a 180◦ rotation, followed by a
reflection across the x-axis, followed by a reflection across the y-axis will return T to its origi-
nal position, but a 90◦ rotation, followed by a reflection across the x-axis, followed by another
reflection across the x-axis will not return T to its original position.)
(A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 17 (D) 20 (E) 25

3
21 How many positive integers n are there such that n is a multiple of 5, and the least common
multiple of 5! and n equals 5 times the greatest common divisor of 10! and n?
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) 36 (D) 48 (E) 72

22 Let (an ) and (bn ) be the sequences of real numbers such that

(2 + i)n = an + bn i
√
for all integers n ≥ 0, where i = −1. What is
∞
X an bn
?
7n
n=0

3 7 1 9 4
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 2 (D) 16 (E) 7

23 Jason rolls three fair standard six-sided dice. Then he looks at the rolls and chooses a subset
of the dice (possibly empty, possibly all three dice) to reroll. After rerolling, he wins if and only if
the sum of the numbers face up on the three dice is exactly 7. Jason always plays to optimize
his chances of winning. What is the probability that he chooses to reroll exactly two of the
dice?
7 5 2 17 1
(A) 36 (B) 24 (C) 9 (D) 72 (E) 4

24 Suppose that 4ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length √

s, with the property that there is
a unique point P inside the triangle such that AP = 1, BP = 3, and CP = 2. What is s?
√ √ p √ √
(A) 1 + 2 (B) 7 (C) 83 (D) 5 + 5 (E) 2 2

25 The number a = pq , where p and q are relatively prime positive integers, has the property that
the sum of all real numbers x satisfying

bxc · {x} = a · x2

is 420, where bxc denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x and {x} = x−bxc denotes
the fractional part of x. What is p + q?
(A) 245 (B) 593 (C) 929 (D) 1331 (E) 1332

4
AMC 12B 2019

1 Alicia had two containers. The first was 65 full of water and the second was empty. She poured
all the water from the first container into the second container, at which point the second
container was 34 full of water. What is the ratio of the volume of the first container to the volume
of the second container?
5 4 7 9 11
(A) 8 (B) 5 (C) 8 (D) 10 (E) 12

2 Consider the statement, ”If n is not prime, then n − 2 is prime.” Which of the following values
of n is a counterexample to this statement?
(A) 11 (B) 15 (C) 19 (D) 21 (E) 27

3 Which one of the following rigid transformations (isometries) maps the line segment AB onto
the line segment A0 B 0 so that the image of A(−2, 1) is A0 (2, −1) and the image of B(−1, 4) is
B 0 (1, −4)?
(A) reflection in the y-axis (B) counterclockwise rotation around the origin by 90◦ (C) transla-
tion by 3 units to the right and 5 units down (D) reflection in the x-axis (E) clockwise rotation
about the origin by 180◦

4 A positive integer n satisfies the equation (n + 1)! + (n + 2)! = n! · 440. What is the sum of the
digits of n?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 15

5 Each piece of candy in a store costs a whole number of cents. Casper has exactly enough
money to buy either 12 pieces of red candy, 14 pieces of green candy, 15 pieces of blue candy,
or n pieces of purple candy. A piece of purple candy costs 20 cents. What is the smallest
possible value of n?
(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D) 25 (E) 28

1
6 In a given plane, points A and B are 10 units apart. How many points C are there in the plane
such that the perimeter of 4ABC is 50 units and the area of 4ABC is 100 square units?
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 (E) infinitely many

7 What is the sum of all real numbers x for which the median of the numbers 4, 6, 8, 17, and x is
equal to the mean of those five numbers?
15 35
(A) − 5 (B) 0 (C) 5 (D) 4 (E) 4

8 Let f (x) = x2 (1 − x)2 . What is the value of the sum

       
1 2 3 4
f −f +f −f + ···
2019 2019 2019 2019
   
2017 2018
+f −f ?
2019 2019

1 20182 20202
(A) 0 (B) 20194
(C) 20194
(D) 20194
(E) 1

9 For how many integral values of x can a triangle of positive area be formed having side lengths
log2 x, log4 x, 3?
(A) 57 (B) 59 (C) 61 (D) 62 (E) 63

10 The figure below is a map showing 12 cities and 17 roads connecting certain pairs of cities.
Paula wishes to travel along exactly 13 of those roads, starting at city A and ending at city L,
without traveling along any portion of a road more than once. (Paula is allowed to visit a city
more than once.) How many different routes can Paula take?

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

2
11 How many unordered pairs of edges of a given cube determine a plane?
(A) 21 (B) 28 (C) 36 (D) 42 (E) 66

12 Right triangle ACD with right angle at C is constructed outwards on the hypotenuse AC of
isosceles right triangle ABC with leg length 1, as shown, so that the two triangles have equal
perimeters. What is sin(2∠BAD)?

B A
1
√ √
1 2 3 7 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
3 2 4 9 2

13 A red ball and a green ball are randomly and independently tossed into bins numbered with
positive integers so that for each ball, the probability that it is tossed into bin k is 2−k for
k = 1, 2, 3, . . . . What is the probability that the red ball is tossed into a higher-numbered bin
than the green ball?
1 2 1 3 3
(A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 3 (D) 8 (E) 7

3
14 Let S be the set of all positive integer divisors of 100, 000. How many numbers are the product
of two distinct elements of S?
(A) 98 (B) 100 (C) 117 (D) 119 (E) 121

As shown in the figure, line segment AD_ is trisected by points B and C so that AB = BC =
15
_ _
CD = 2. Three semicircles of radius 1, AEB, BFC, and CGD, have their diameters on AD, and
are tangent to line EG at E, F, and G, respectively. A circle of radius 2 has its center on F. The
area of the region inside the circle but outside the three semicircles, shaded in the figure, can
be expressed in the form
a √
· π − c + d,
b
where a, b, c, and d are positive integers and a and b are relatively prime. What is a + b + c + d?

E F G

A B C D

(A) 13 (B) 14 (C) 15 (D) 16 (E) 17

16 There are lily pads in a row numbered 0 to 11, in that order. There are predators on lily pads 3
and 6, and a morsel of food on lily pad 10. Fiona the frog starts on pad 0, and from any given
lily pad, has a 12 chance to hop to the next pad, and an equal chance to jump 2 pads. What is
the probability that Fiona reaches pad 10 without landing on either pad 3 or pad 6?
15 1 15 1 1
(A) 256 (B) 16 (C) 128 (D) 8 (E) 4

17 How many nonzero complex numbers z have the property that 0, z, and z 3 , when represented
by points in the complex plane, are the three distinct vertices of an equilateral triangle?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) infinitely many

18 Square pyramid ABCDE has base ABCD, which measures 3 cm on a side, and altitude AE
perpendicular to the base, which measures 6 cm. Point P lies on BE, one third of the way
from B to E; point Q lies on DE, one third of the way from D to E; and point R lies on CE,
two thirds of the way from C to E. What is the area, in square centimeters, of 4P QR?
√ √ √ √ √
(A) 3 2 2 (B) 3 2 3 (C) 2 2 (D) 2 3 (E) 3 2

4
19 Raashan, Sylvia, and Ted play the following game. Each starts with $1. A bell rings every 15
seconds, at which time each of the players who currently have money simultaneously chooses
one of the other two players independently and at random and gives $1 to that player. What is
the probability that after the bell has rung 2019 times, each player will have $1? (For example,
Raashan and Ted may each decide to give $1 to Sylvia, and Sylvia may decide to give her dollar
to Ted, at which point Raashan will have $0, Sylvia would have $2, and Ted would have $1, and
and that is the end of the first round of play. In the second round Raashan has no money to
give, but Sylvia and Ted might choose each other to give their $1 to, and and the holdings will
be the same as the end of the second [sic] round.
1 1 1 1 2
(A) 7 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2 (E) 3

20 Points A(6, 13) and B(12, 11) lie on circle ω in the plane. Suppose that the tangent lines to ω
at A and B intersect at a point on the x-axis. What is the area of ω?
83π 21π 85π 43π 87π
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 4 (E) 8

21 How many quadratic polynomials with real coefficients are there such that the set of roots
equals the set of coefficients? (For clarification: If the polynomial is ax2 + bx + c, a 6= 0, and
the roots are r and s, then the requirement is that {a, b, c} = {r, s}.)
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) infinitely many

22 Define a sequence recursively by x0 = 5 and

x2n + 5xn + 4
xn+1 =
xn + 6

for all nonnegative integers n. Let m be the least positive integer such that
1
xm ≤ 4 + .
220
In which of the following intervals does m lie?
(A) [9, 26] (B) [27, 80] (C) [81, 242] (D) [243, 728] (E) [729, ∞]

23 How many sequences of 0s and 1s of length 19 are there that begin with a 0, end with a 0,
contain no two consecutive 0s, and contain no three consecutive 1s?
(A) 55 (B) 60 (C) 65 (D) 70 (E) 75
√
24 Let ω = − 21 + 12 i 3. Let S denote all points in the complex plane of the form a + bω + cω 2 ,
where 0 ≤ a ≤ 1, 0 ≤ b ≤ 1, and 0 ≤ c ≤ 1. What is the area of S?
√ √ √ √
(A) 21 3 (B) 43 3 (C) 32 3 (D) 12 π 3 (E) π

25 Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with BC = 2 and CD = 6. Suppose that the centroids of
4ABC, 4BCD, and 4ACD form the vertices of an equilateral triangle. What is the maximum
possible value of the area of ABCD?
√ √ √
(A) 27 (B) 16 3 (C) 12 + 10 3 (D) 9 + 12 3 (E) 30

5
 AIME Practice Set 2015
David Altizio
March 8, 2015

Abstract
These problems are ones I have collected from my problem-solving over the past few years that resemble
AIME level problems, except that none of them have actually appeared on the AIME. Each problem (should)
has a nonnegative integer answer, and each of the four sections have ten problems roughly ordered by difficulty.
I tried to make the sections of similar difficulties, but this is probably not the case (Combinatorics and Number
Theory seem easier than Algebra and Geometry). Have fun with the problems!
The majority of these problems have been selected from both collections of questions (AoPS, Brilliant, various
math camps) and actual contests (HMMT, iTest, Math League, Mandelbrot1 , NIMO, etc.).

1 Several of the Mandelbrot problems that appear in this collection came from the book Mandelbrot Morsels. To be honest, it has

some pretty awesome problems, and it’s one of the few books that has a bunch of problems that haven’t all been released onto the
Internet yet. It’s definitely worth checking out!

1
David Altizio AIME Practice Set 2015 Page 2

1 Algebra
1. Let c be the larger solution to the equation x2 − 20x + 13 = 0. Compute the area of the circle with center
(c, c) passing through the point (13, 7).
2. Suppose a, b, and c are real numbers such that
       
1 1 1 1 1 1
a+ b+ c+ = 1+ 1+ 1+ .
b c a a b c

If abc = 13, what is |a + b + c|?

3. What is the only real number x > 1 which satisfies the equation

log2 x log4 x log6 x = log2 x log4 x + log2 x log6 x + log4 x log6 x?

√ √ √ √
4. Suppose that P is the polynomial of least degree with integral coefficients for which P ( 3 + 2) = 3 − 2.
Compute P (2).
5. Let a1 , a2 , . . . be a sequence defined by a1 = 1 and for n ≥ 1,
p
an+1 = a2n − 2an + 3 + 1.

Find a513 .
√ √
6. Let {xn }150
n=1 be a sequence of real numbers such that xi ∈ { 2 + 1, 2 − 1} for all positive integers i with
1 ≤ i ≤ 150. For how many positive integers 1 ≤ S ≤ 1000 does there exist such a sequence {xn } with the
property that
x1 x2 + x3 x4 + x5 x6 + · · · + x149 x150 = S?

7. Let c1 , c2 , c3 , . . . , c2008 be complex numbers such that

|c1 | = |c2 | = |c3 | = · · · = |c2008 | = 2011,

and let S(2008, t) be the sum of all products of these 2008 complex numbers taken t at a time. Let Q be the
maximum possible value of
S(2008, 1492)
.
S(2008, 516)
Find the remainder when Q is divided by 1000.
8. Let S be the sum of all x such that 1 ≤ x ≤ 99 and

{x2 } = {x}2 .

Find the number formed by the first three digits of bSc. (Here bxc denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x and {x} = x − bxc denotes the fractional part of x.)

9. Let a, b, c, and d be positive real numbers such that

a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 = 2008,
ac = bd = 1000.

If S = a + b + c + d, compute the value of bSc.

10. Suppose a, b, c, d are integers such that

a+b+c+d=0 and (ab − cd)(ac − bd)(ad − bc) + 5282 = 0.

What is the maximum possible value of a?

David Altizio AIME Practice Set 2015 Page 3

2 Combinatorics
1. A random pizza is made by flipping a fair coin to decide whether to include pepperoni, then doing the same
for sausage, mushrooms, and onions. The probability that two random pizzas have at least one topping in
common can be written in the form mn where m and n are positive integers. Find m + n.

2. How many permutations (a1 , a2 , . . . , a10 ) of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 satisfy

|a1 − 1| + |a2 − 2| + · · · + |a10 − 10| = 4?

A
3. How many paths are there from A to B through the network shown if you
may only move up, down, right, and up-right? A path also may not traverse
any portion of the network more than once. A sample path is highlighted.

4. Consider the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . , 100}. How many subsets of this set with two or more elements satisfy:
(i) the terms of the subset form an arithmetic sequence, and
(ii) we cannot include another element from S with this subset to form an even longer arithmetic sequence?
5. Simon and Garfunkle play in a round-robin golf tournament. Each player is awarded one point for a victory,
a half point for a tie, and no points for a loss. Simon beat Garfunkle in the first game by a record margin as
Garfunkle sent a shot over the bridge and into troubled waters on the final hole. Garfunkle went on to score
8 total victories, but no ties at all. Meanwhile, Simon wound up with exactly 8 points, including the point for
a victory over Garfunkle. Amazingly, every other player at the tournament scored exactly n. Find the sum
of all possible values of n.

6. An ant starts at the origin of a coordinate plane. Each minute, it either walks one unit to the right or one
unit up, but it will never move in the same direction more than twice in the row. In how many different ways
can it get to the point (5,5)?
7. Thaddeus is given a 2013 × 2013 array of integers each between 1 and 2013, inclusive. He is allowed two
operations:

1. Choose a row, and subtract 1 from each entry.

2. Chooses a column, and add 1 to each entry.

He would like to get an array where all integers are divisible by 2013. Let M be the number of initial arrays
for which this is possible. What is the number formed by the last three digits of M ?

8. If you flip a fair coin 1000 times, let P be the expected value of the product of the number of heads and the
number of tails. What are the first three digits of P ?
9. Suppose N is the number of ways to partition the counting numbers from 1 to 12 (inclusive) into four sets
with three numbers in each set so that the product of the numbers in each set is divisible by 6. What is the
number formed by the last three digits of N ?

10. Seven points are spaced equally around a circle each having labeled with some number. A labeling is clean
if for any two pairs of points a, b and c, d with a having the same label as b and c as d, but a not having the
same label as c, the chords connecting ab and cd do not intersect. Additionally, two clean labelings are the
same if the set of points that have the same label in one labeling are the same as in the other and if the points
can be rotated to equal the other. How many unique clean labelings are there?
David Altizio AIME Practice Set 2015 Page 4

3 Geometry
1. Regular hexagon ABCDEF is given in the plane. If the area of the triangle whose vertices are the midpoints
of AB, CD, and EF is 225, what is the area of ABCDEF ?
S 2 2 2 R
2. In the corners of a square P QRS with side length 6 cm four smaller squares
are placed with side lengths 2 cm. Let us denote their vertices by W, X, Y, Z D 2
like in the picture. A square ABCD is constructed in such a way, that points Z Y
W, X, Y, Z lie inside the sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively. Find the square
A
of the largest possible distance between points P and D. 2
C
3. Two perpendicular planes intersect a sphere in two circles. These circles W X
intersect in two points, A and B, such that AB = 42. If the radii of the two 2
B
circles are 54 and 66, find the remainder when R2 is divided by 1000, where
R is the radius of the sphere. P Q

4. Two circles, ω1 and ω2 , have radii of 5 and 12 respectively, and their centers are 13 units apart. The circles
intersect at two different points P and Q. A line l is drawn through P and intersects the circle ω1 at X 6= P
and ω2 at Y 6= P . Find the maximum value of P X · P Y .

5. Two circles in the Cartesian plane have four common tangent lines. If the slopes of these lines are 2, 3, 4,
and m, in increasing order, then calculate b100mc.
6. Let point O be the origin of a three-dimensional coordinate √
system, and let points A, B, and C be located on
the positive x, y, and z axes, respectively. Suppose OA = 4 75 and m∠BAC = 30◦ . Compute 100K, where
K is the area of 4ABC.
7. Let 4ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB = AC, and denote by ω the unique circle inscribed inside the
triangle. Suppose the orthocenter of 4ABC lies on ω. Then there exist relatively prime positive integers m
and n such that cos ∠BAC = m n . Find m + n.

8. Let 4ABC have AB = 6, BC = 7, and CA = 8, and denote by ω its circumcircle. Let N be a point on
ω such that AN is a diameter of ω. Furthermore, let the tangent to ω at A intersect BC at T , and let the
second intersection point of N T with ω be X. The length of AX can be written in the form √mn for positive
integers m and n, where n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m + n.
9. Given a convex, n-sided polygon P , form a 2n-sided polygon clip(P ) by cutting off each corner of P at the
edges’ trisection points. In other words, clip(P ) is the polygon whose vertices are the 2n edge trisection
points of P , connected in order around the boundary of P . Let P1 be an isosceles trapezoid with side lengths
13, 13, 13, and 3, and for each i ≥ 2, let Pi = clip(Pi−1 ). This iterative clipping process approaches a limiting
shape P∞ = limi→∞ Pi . If the difference of the areas of P10 and P∞ is written as a fraction xy in lowest terms,
calculate the number of positive integer factors of x · y.

10. Let ABC be a triangle, and I its incenter. Let the incircle of ABC touch side BC at D, and let lines BI and
CI meet the circle with diameter AI at points P and Q, respectively. Given BI = 6, CI = 5, DI = 3, find
2
the sum of the numerator and denominator of (DP/DQ) when written in lowest terms.
David Altizio AIME Practice Set 2015 Page 5

4 Number Theory
1. Jack chose nine different integers from 1 through 19 and found their sum. From the remaining ten integers,
Jill chose nine and found their sum. If the ratio of Jack’s sum to Jill’s sum was 7 : 15, which of the nineteen
integers was chosen by neither Jack nor Jill?
2. There exist unique positive integers x and y such that 4y − 615 = x2 . What is the value of x + y?
3. In the binary expansion of
22007 − 1
,
2225 − 1
how many of the first 10, 000 digits to the right of the radix point are 0’s?
4. For positive integers n ≥ 2, define g(n) to be one more than the largest proper divisor of n. Hence g(35) = 8,
since the proper divisors of 35 are 1, 5, and 7. For how many n in the range 2 ≤ n ≤ 100 do we have
g(g(n)) = 2?

5. A positive integer n is called a good number if

n3 + 7n − 133 = m3

for some positive integer m. What is the sum of all good numbers?
6. How many zeroes occur at the end of the number 19996 + 6 · 1999 + 5?

7. All the digits of the positive integer N are either 0 or 1. The remainder after dividing N by 37 is 18. What
is the smallest number of times that the digit 1 can appear in N ?
8. It is well-known that the nth triangular number can be given by the formula n(n + 1)/2. A Pythagorean
triple of square numbers is an ordered triple (a, b, c) such that a2 + b2 = c2 . Let a Pythagorean triple of
triangular numbers (a PTTN) be an ordered triple of positive integers (a, b, c) such that a ≤ b < c and

a(a + 1) b(b + 1) c(c + 1)

+ = .
2 2 2
For instance, (3, 5, 6) is a PTTN (6 + 15 = 21). Here we call both a and b legs of the PTTN. Find the smallest
natural number n such that n is a leg of at least six distinct PTTNs.
9. How many of the first 2010 rows of Pascal’s Triangle (rows 0 through 2009) have exactly 256 odd entries?
10. For how many integers 1 ≤ n ≤ 9999 is there a solution to the congruence

φ(n) ≡ 2 (mod 12),

where φ(n) is the Euler phi-function?

 TRIG PREPARATION PART 1

1. Helpful Formulas
This page describes some of the basic formulas and identities for relating sine and cosine
functions. Together with knowledge of a few of the standard angles from the special right
triangles, these equations can be used to derive and solve a wide variety of problems.

1.1. Pythagorean Identity. 1.5. Product to Sum Identities.

sin(x)2 + cos(x)2 = 1 1
cos(x) cos(y) = (cos(x + y) + cos(x − y))
2
1.2. Parity and Shifts. 1
sin(x) sin(y) = (cos(x − y) − cos(x + y))
sin(−x) = − sin(x) 2
1
cos(−x) = cos(x) sin(x) cos(y) = (sin(x + y) + sin(x − y))
2
sin(90 − x) = cos(x)
cos(90 − x) = sin(x)
sin(180 − x) = sin(x) 1.6. Sum to Product Identities.
x+y x−y
cos(180 − x) = cos(x) cos(x) + cos(y) =2 cos( ) cos( ))
2 2
x+y x−y
1.3. Angle Sums and Differences. cos(x) − cos(y) = − 2 sin( ) sin( ))
2 2
sin(x + y) = sin(x) cos(y) + cos(x) sin(y) x+y x−y
sin(x) + sin(y) =2 sin( ) cos( ))
sin(x − y) = sin(x) cos(y) − sin(y) cos(x) 2 2
x−y x+y
cos(x + y) = cos(x) cos(y) − sin(x) sin(y) sin(x) − sin(y) =2 sin( ) cos( ))
2 2
cos(x − y) = cos(x) cos(y) + sin(x) sin(y)

1.4. Doubled and Halved Angles.

1.7. Law of Cosines.
sin(2x) =2 sin(x) cos(x)
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos(A)
cos(2x) = cos2 (x) − sin2 (x)
r b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos(B)
x 1 − cos(x) c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos(C)
sin( ) = ±
2 2
r
x 1 + cos(x) 1.8. Law of Sines.
cos( ) = ±
2 2 a b c
= =
sin(A) sin(B) sin(C)

Date: June 9, 2017.

1
 2. Triangle Warmups
(1) Three semicircles have their diameters on the sides of right triangle ABC. The area
of the small semi circle is 5π and the area of the medium semicircle is 7π. What is
the sum of the areas of all three semicircles?

(2) A 20 foot ladder rests against a wall so the top of the ladder is 19 feet off the ground.
If the top of the ladder drops 6 feet, how far did the bottom of the ladder move?

(3) A square and an equilateral triangle have the same perimeter. What is the ratio
of the area of the circle circumscribed about the square to the area of the circle
circumscribed about the triangle?

(4) A square and an equilateral triangle have the same area. What is the ratio of the area
of the circle circumscribed about the square to the area of the circle circumscribed
about the triangle?

(5) Use your favorite 30–60–90 and 45–45–90 triangles to determine the 6 trig function
values for π3 , π4 , and π6 .

(6) Sketch the function 5 cos( x2 ) − 1 below.

(7) From the function 2 sin(πx + 3) + 4 determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, and
vertical shift.

2
 3. Trig Identities
(1) How many solutions for x are there of sin(x) tan(x) + 2x sec(x) = − cos(x)?

(2) Use the angle sum identities to compute sin(105), sin(15), cos(75), and cos(15).

(3) What is cos(20) · cos(40) · cos(80)?

(4) Let w, x, y, z satisfy w2 + x2 = y 2 + z 2 = 1 and wy − xz = 12 . What is wz + xy?

(5) Compute sin(1) times the average of 2 sin(2), 4 sin(4), . . . , 178 sin(178), 180 sin(180).

(6) In triangle ABC we know that AB = 3, BC = 5 and AC = 7. What in the measure

of angle ABC?

(7) Consider two triangles, ABC and DEF with AB = DE = 7, BC = EF = 5, and

∠CAB = ∠F DE = 30. Use the law of sines to show that sin(∠ACB) = sin(∠DF E).
Must the two triangles by congruent?

3
1. A slanted ladder, 𝑥 unit long, has its top resting on a vertical wall. Suppose the bottom of
the ladder (resting on the horizontal ground) is shifted 14 units to the wall, then top of the
ladder will move 8 units up the wall. Suppose instead that the bottom of the ladder is
shifted 21 units away from the wall, then top of the ladder will move 27 units down the
wall. How long is the ladder?
a) 65 b) 40 c) 81 d) 100 e) 125
̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅
2. 𝑆𝑀𝐶10 , 𝑆𝐶𝑀10 and 𝐶𝑀𝑆10 are all perfect squares, where 𝑆, 𝑀 and 𝐶 are digits (from 0 to
9) of the decimal representation of the numbers. Given that 𝑆, 𝑀 and 𝐶 are not
necessarily distinct, what is the maximum value of 𝑆 + 𝑀 + 𝐶?
a) 9 b) 12 c) 16 d) 20 e) 27
3. 10 boxes are placed in a row. In how many ways can we put 5 balls, each of a different
colour into these boxes if each box can hold at most 1 ball and no 2 boxes without balls
are adjacent?
a) 1 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 e) 252
4. Let 𝛼 = 𝐴𝐵̂ 𝐶, 𝛽 = 𝐴𝐷 ̂ 𝐶, 𝛾 = 𝐵𝐴̂𝐷 in the diagram below. Given 𝛼 + 𝛽 ≤ 𝛾, what is the
minimum value of 𝛾? (Quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is not convex and 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐷 are tangent
lines).

a) 30° b) 45° c) 60° d) 75° e) 90°

log32 2023
5. Simplify 512 .
2023
a) 2 b)162023 c) 20234 d) 202316 e) 20239/5
6. What is the probability that in a class of 18 people, there exists a group of 3 people born
on the same day of the week?
a) 0 b) 1/6 c) 5/24 d) 20/21 e) 1
7. In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with |𝐵𝐶| = 72, let 𝐷 be the midpoint of |𝐵𝐶| and let 𝐸 be a point on
|𝐴𝐷| such that |𝐵𝐸| = |𝐵𝐷|. Suppose 𝐸 lies in the interior of 𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that ∠𝐸𝐵𝐴 =
∠𝐷𝐴𝐶, ∠𝐸𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴. Find the length of the altitude from 𝐴 to 𝐵𝐶.
a) 32 b) 36 c) 24√3 d) 54 e) 18√7
8. Find the number of positive integers that are factors of 319 . 712 . 1025 but are multiples of
315 . 710 . 1019 .
a) 105 b) 735 c) 3240 d) 105360 e) 175760
9. Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 be a regular hexagon. Suppose 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑇𝑈 is a hexagon such that 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝑄,
𝐵𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅, 𝐶𝑅 = 𝑅𝑆, 𝐷𝑆 = 𝑆𝑇, 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑇𝑈 and 𝐹𝑈 = 𝑈𝑃, as illustrated (𝑃 lies on 𝐴𝑄, 𝑄
lies on 𝐵𝑅, 𝑅 lies on 𝐶𝑆, 𝑆 lies on 𝐷𝑇, 𝑇 lies on 𝐸𝑈, and 𝑈 lies on 𝐹𝑃). Find the ratio of
the area of the bigger hexagon to the smaller one.

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 2 + √3 e) 2√3
1 2023
10. Let 𝑎 be a zero of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1. Find the value of 𝑎2023 + ( ) .
𝑎
a) 1 b) 2 c) 2023 d) -1 e) -2
11. A circle of radius 10 with its center at the origin is drawn in the 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane. Find the
number of lattice points that are on or inside the circle.
a) 31 b) 37 c) 173 d) 317 e) 371
12. Given positive integers 𝑎1 ≤ 𝑎2 ≤ 𝑎3 ≤ 𝑎4 , let 𝐹(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 ) denote the number of
ways of filling a 4 by 4 grid with 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎4 dots in such a way that each grid
contains at most 1 dot and both row 𝑘 and column 𝑘 contain exactly 𝑎𝑘 dots. Suppose
that 𝐹(1,2,2,3) = 24, 𝐹(1,2,3,3) = 13 and 𝐹(1,2,3,4) = 1. Find 𝐹(1,1,2,3).
a) 1 b) 12 c) 13 d) 24 e) 34
1 2 3 2023
13. What is the remainder when 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 2023 is divided by 7?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4
11
14. A cylinder is filled to water till it is 24 full. A cone of same height and circular base is
submerged in the cylinder as illustrated. What is the height of the water now, as a fraction
of the height of the cylinder?

a) ½ b) 1 c) 11⁄24 d) 5⁄6 e) 5⁄8

15. Find the number of integers greater than 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟎 that is formed from the digits 1, 3, 6, 8
and 9, where each digit is used at most once.
a) 54 b) 66 c) 120 d) 186 e) 240
16. Three sequences, 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 and 𝑐𝑛 satisfy 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑏𝑛 + 1 = 𝑏𝑛+1 𝑏𝑛−1 and 𝑐𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑏𝑛−1 for all integers 𝑛. Find the least value for 𝑇 > 0 such that we must have
𝑐𝑛+𝑇 = 𝑐𝑛 for all 𝑛.
a) 3 b) 5 c) 6 d) 15 e) 30
12 7
17. Which of the following is not a factor of 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 − 1?
a) 𝑡 + 1 b) 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1 c) 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1 d) 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 + 1
e) 𝑡 6 − 𝑡 + 1
18. What is the perimeter of triangle 𝐵𝐶𝐸 in the diagram below? (𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is cyclic)

a) 104 b) 3200/33 c) 176 d) 350/3 e) 1000/11

19. How many ordered pairs of positive integers (𝑚, 𝑛) satisfy,
1 1 1
+ = ?
𝑚! 𝑛! 𝑙𝑐𝑚(𝑚, 𝑛)
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5
20. What is the sum of the coefficients of terms with even powers of 𝑥 (terms of the form
𝑥 2𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 , 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integers) in the expansion of (1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦)2023 ?
a) 0 b) 24045 c) 24046 d) 22023 e) 22022
21. Super Eagles coach is tasked with carrying a squad of 23 men for the FIFA’s world cup
tournament. This squad must consist of at least one goalkeeper, one defender, one
midfielder and one attacker. Given that the number of defenders must not be less than the
number of midfielders which also must not be less than the number of attackers which
also must not be less than the number of goalkeepers, how many possible squad
formations are possible? (A possible formation would be 2 goalkeepers, 8 defenders, 7
midfielders and 6 attackers)
a) 94 b) 64 c) 1540 d) 1771 e) 8855
22. An octagon of perimeter 32 units is such that 4 sides have equal lengths of 3 units and the
remaining 4 sides have equal lengths of 5 units as well. Order does not matter. Given that
this octagon is cyclic, find its circumradius.
4+√15 34+15√2 15+20√2
a) 4 b) 5 c) d) √ e) √
2 2 2
23. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be positive real numbers such that,
1 1 1
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 5 and + + =2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
 The range of possible values of 𝑐 is the real number interval [𝑒, 𝑓]. Find the value of 𝑓 −
𝑒.
a) 1 b) ½ c) 3/2 d) ¾ e) 5/4
24. How many quadruples of positive integers (𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 , 𝑑4 ) are there such that 𝑑1 |5!,
𝑑2 |5!, 𝑑3 |5!, 𝑑4 |5! and 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 , 𝑑4 ) = 1? (𝑎|𝑏 means 𝑎 divides 𝑏)
a) 24 ∙ 32 ∙ 5 ∙ 7 b) 32 ∙ 54 ∙ 7 c) 23 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 d) 23 ∙ 32 ∙ 5 ∙ 7 e) 216
2023
25. For all ( 𝑖 ) = 3𝑎𝑖 ∙ 𝑏𝑖 , gcd(𝑏𝑖 , 3) = 1 with 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 integers for 𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, … , 2023. Find
the largest value of 𝑖 that maximises 𝑎𝑖 . ((𝑛𝑘) represents the number of ways of selecting
𝑘 items from 𝑛 items, gcd (𝑎, 𝑏) represents the highest common factor of positive
integers 𝑎 and 𝑏)
a) 1943 b) 728 c) 729 d) 1376 e) 1457
Instructions:
1. Duration is 4 hours.
2. Use white plane A4 papers for your work and write your name on each
paper you submit.
3. Proofs should be provided for all lemmas used and all theorems used
should be properly named and stated.
4. Ask questions about any problem you do not understand within the first
30 minutes of the exam.
Problem 1: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral with,
1 1 |𝐴𝐶|
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴𝐷|, cos ( ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 + ∠𝐷𝐶𝐵) = 0 and ≤ ≤ √3.
2 √3 |𝐴𝐵|

What is the minimum possible value of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷?

Problem 2: Find all triples of primes (𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟), such that
𝑝𝑞 𝑟 2 + 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝2 = 𝑟 𝑝 𝑞 2 + 13
{
𝑝𝑟 2 + 𝑞𝑝2 = 𝑟𝑞 2 + 73

Problem 3: In a gathering of people, if 2 people know each other, we say

there is a connection between them. Connection is mutual. If 3 people all
know each other, we say they are a 3clique. Given that there are 7 people in a
gathering, determine with proof, the minimum number of connections that
guarantees the existence of a 3clique.
Problem 4: Find all functions 𝑓: ℚ ⟶ ℝ such that there exist functions
𝑔: ℚ ⟶ ℝ, ℎ: ℚ ⟶ ℝ with 𝑓(1) = 1, ℎ(0) ≠ 0 and
𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 2𝑔(𝑥 ) = ℎ(𝑥 )𝑓(𝑦)∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℚ
 1st Round
1. From midnight of a certain day, the minute hand of
a bewitched clock begins to misbehave in that it moves at same
rate but in the opposite direction, while the hour and seconds hands
behave normally. When next, after midnight, does the bewitched
clock tell the correct time?
A)06:00 B) 12:00 C) 15:15 D) 06:30 E) 00:30
2. How many ways can the letters in the word 𝑂𝐿𝑌𝑀𝑃𝐼𝐴𝐷 be
rearranged so that all the vowels form a string of adjacent
characters? (Example 𝐿𝑌𝑀𝑃𝐼𝐴𝑂𝐷)
A) 4320 B) 40320 C) 43200 D) 4032 E) 432
3. How many 4-digit palindromes are divisible by 7? (A palindrome
is a number of the form 𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑎)
A) 7 B) 9 C) 18D) 19 E) 20
4. Given 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 is a convex pentagon with
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐶𝐷𝐸 = 120°, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐸 = 90° and
|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶| = |𝐶𝐷| = |𝐷𝐸| = 1. Find |AE|.

A) 2 B) 6 C) 2 2 D) 1 + 3 E) 3
4 1 2 3
3 4 1 2
2 3 4 1
5. Find the last digit of 1 + 2 +3 +4 .
A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8

Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 1

 𝑎
6. Given that 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1! = 2 ∙𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive
odd integers. What is the value of 𝑎?
A) 7 B) 15 C) 23 D) 25 E) 45
7. Given that 𝐷 is the midpoint of line segment 𝐵𝐶, 𝐸 is the midpoint
of line segment 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐹 is the midpoint of line segment 𝐴𝐷, find
the ratio of the area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to triangle 𝐷𝐸𝐹.

1 1
A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 4
E) 8
8. For which of the following pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) does the inequality
2 2
12𝑥 + 6𝑦 ≥17𝑥𝑦 fail?
A) (3, 5) B) (4, 5) C) (4, 7) D) (5, 7) E) (6, 7)
9. Let 𝑝 be a prime greater than 7, then (2𝑝 − 2)!! (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝) is? (𝑥!!
is double factorial given by 𝑥!! = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)... 3∙1, if 𝑥 is
odd and 𝑥!! = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)... 4∙2, if 𝑥 is even)
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 𝑝 − 2 E) 𝑝 − 1
10. 10 friends arrive at a hotel to spend the night, but the hotel has
only 4 rooms free: two 2-man rooms and two 3-man rooms
(Rooms are not identical). Given the 10 friends decide to spend the
night in the given rooms, in how many ways can they book the
rooms?
A) 25200 B) 6300 C) 144 D) 10! E) None of the above
11. In the figure, |𝐴𝐵| = 25, |𝐶𝐸| = 9, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐸, 𝐴𝐷⊥𝐵𝐶
at 𝐷 and 𝐷𝐸⊥𝐴𝐶 at 𝐸. Find |𝐵𝐶|.

Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 2

 A) 25 B) 29 C) 30 D) 34 E) Cannot be found
12. Sum of two irrational numbers is 1 less than their product, and 8
less than their sum of squares. Find the larger of the two numbers.
A) − 1 − 2 B) 2 C) 3 D) − 1 + 2 E) 1 + 2
13. In an Olympiad class, half of the students love Geometry (𝐺),
half love Number Theory (𝑁𝑇) and half love Combinatorics (𝐶).
They all love Algebra. It is also known that 6 love 𝐶 and 𝑁𝑇, 7
love 𝐶 and 𝐺, 8 love 𝐺 and 𝑁𝑇, and 14 love 𝑁𝑇 but not 𝐶 nor 𝐺.
How many students love 𝐺 but not 𝑁𝑇 nor 𝐶?
A) 12 B) 13 C) 14 D) 15 E) 16
14. An integer 𝑛 is said to be 𝑘 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑦 if it can be written as
the sum of 𝑘 consecutive positive integers. For example, 6 is
3 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑦 as 6 = 1 + 2 + 3. Suppose that there exists a
3-digit positive integer, 𝑚, such that 𝑚 is 𝑘 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑦 and 𝑘 is as
large as possible, find the value of 𝑚 + 𝑘.
A)1079 B) 945 C) 990 D) 1011 E) 1034
15. Let 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 be common tangents to circles Ω1 and Ω2. Let
𝑂1 and 𝑂2 be the centers of the Ω1 and Ω2 respectively. Given that
|𝑂1𝑂2| = 15, |𝑂1𝐴| = 6, |𝑂2𝐶| = 3 and 𝐴𝐷 intersects 𝐵𝐶 at 𝑃,
find |𝐵𝑃|.

Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 3

 A) 5 B) 10 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8
16. Consider the sequence of positive integers defined by
𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑛𝑎𝑛 for integers 𝑛≥1. If 𝑎1≤1000, find the sum of all the
possible number of zeroes 𝑎2022 can end with.
A)1512 B) 1007 C) 2018 D) 2525 E) 503
17. A bag contains 𝑥 blue, 𝑦 red and 𝑧 yellow identical balls. Gauss
picks 3 balls at random with replacement. Given the first two
balls are of different colours, what is the probability that the third
ball is also of a different colour from the first two?
1 𝑥!𝑦!𝑧! 𝑥𝑦+𝑦𝑧+𝑧𝑥 3
A) 3 B) (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)! C) 9𝑥𝑦𝑧 D) 1
(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧) (
1 1
𝑥
+𝑦+𝑧 )
6𝑥𝑦𝑧
E) 3
(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
18. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑛 be integers satisfying 𝑛𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑦 = 1 and
𝑛 > 3. Then, all of the following are possible except
A) 𝑥 = 2𝑛 − 1 B) 𝑦 = 2𝑛 − 1 C) 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑛 − 3 D)
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑛 − 3 E) 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2𝑛 − 3
19. Given that 𝑓: 𝑅⟶𝑅 is a non-constant linear function and there
exist 𝑎, 𝑏∈𝑅 such that 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏,
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1 and 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 1. Find 𝑓(1).
A) 1 B) − 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) − 9
1
20. ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐶𝐵𝑂 = 2
∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 50°, |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐵𝐶|. Which of
the following is correct?
Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 4
 A) 𝑂 is the circumcenter of 𝐴𝐵𝐶. B) ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 60° C) 𝐵𝑂⊥𝐴𝐶
D) Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is thrice that of 𝐵𝑂𝐶. E) |𝐴𝐶| = |𝐵𝑂| + |𝑂𝐶|.
21. John is playing a game with three standard dice. In a single
move, he tosses the dices and records the number displayed by
each of the dice. John wins the game if the three numbers can be
placed side by side to form a 3-digit number divisible by 11.
𝑝 𝑝
Suppose the probability that John wins is 𝑞 where the fraction 𝑞
is in lowest term. Find 𝑝 + 𝑞.
A)11 B) 5 C) 31D) 29 E) 77
3 2
22. Let the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 10 have roots 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
and 𝑐. What is the value of 𝑏+𝑐 + 𝑐+𝑎 + 𝑎+𝑏 ?
723 723 27 27
A) 250
B) − 250
C) 25
D) − 25
E) Not possible
to be determined
23. 3 positive integers greater than 200 are such that the H.C.F of
the 1st and 2nd is 143, H.C.F of the 2nd and 3rd is 34, and the H.C.F
of the 3rd and 1st is 1. Given the L.C.M of the 3 positive integers is
578578, find the smallest of the 3 positive integers. (H.C.F also
known as G.C.D is the Highest Common Factor or Greatest
Common Divisor, and L.C.M is the Lowest Common Multiple)
A)4862 B) 578 C) 286 D) 338 E) 442
24. Let 𝑆 denote the set of positive multiples of 12, 15 or 20 that
are less than 2022. Find the sum of all the elements of 𝑆.
A)409047 B) 403 C) 341727 D) 337 E) 289020
25. Given 𝑃1𝑃2𝑃3 ... 𝑃2022 is a convex polygon, what is the value of
the following summation?

Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 5

 𝑖=2022
∑ ∠𝑃𝑖𝑃𝑖+5𝑃𝑖+10
𝑖=1

where 𝑃2023 = 𝑃1, 𝑃2024 = 𝑃2, 𝑃2025 = 𝑃3 and so on.

A) 1006 • 360 B) 2012∙360 C) 2013∙180 D)
2017∙360 E) Not enough information.

Special Maths Contest 2022 First Round | 6

 Instructions in addition to the ones given in Finalists’ Orientation meeting
1. Duration is 4 hours.
2. Use white plane A4 papers for your work and write your name on each paper you submit.
3. Proofs should be provided for all lemmas used and all theorems used should be properly named and stated.

Problem 1: Let 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Prove that

𝑛
1 1 √𝑛
∑ ≥
𝑛 √𝑥𝑖 + √𝑦𝑖 √∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + √∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖
𝑖=1

∀𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ∈ ℝ+ , 𝑖 = 1, 2, …, 𝑛.
Problem 2: Find all triples of prime numbers (𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟), such that 𝑞|(𝑟 − 1) and
𝑟(𝑝𝑞−1 − 1)
𝑞 𝑝−1 − 1
Is prime.
Problem 3: The numbers 2, 3, 4, …, 100 are written on a board. Chibuike and Ismail play a
game of erasing numbers from the board using the following rule: If the number, 𝑎, is erased,
then only numbers, 𝑏, such that 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑎, 𝑏) = 1, can be erased, and the person that erased last
wins. If Chibuike starts the game, does there exist a winning strategy for him? (Determine with
proof.)
Problem 4: Let 𝛺 be a circle with center 𝑂 and 𝑃 a point outside it. Tangents from 𝑃 are drawn
to touch the circle at 𝐴 and 𝐵. A point, 𝑇, is arbitrarily chosen on major arc 𝐴𝐵, and 𝐷 is the foot
of 𝑇 on 𝐴𝐵. 𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑀, 𝑁 are the midpoints of 𝑇𝐴, 𝑇𝐵, 𝑇𝐷, 𝐴𝐵 respectively. 𝑃𝑇 intersects 𝑀𝑁 at
point 𝑆. Lines 𝑙𝑎 and 𝑙𝑏 are the reflections of 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 over the angle bisectors of ∠𝑆𝐴𝐿 and
∠𝑆𝐵𝐾, respectively. Show that 𝑙𝑎 , 𝑙𝑏 and 𝑇𝐷 are concurrent.
 THE 44th ANNUAL (2023) UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS COMPETITION
PART I MULTIPLE CHOICE

For each of the following 25 questions, carefully blacken the appropriate box on the answer sheet with
a #2 pencil. Do not fold, bend or write stray marks on either side of the answer sheet. Each correct
answer is worth 6 points. Two points are awarded for answers left blank. Zero points are given for
incorrect answers. Note that wild guessing is apt to lower your score. When the exam is over, give
your answer sheet to the proctor. You may keep your copy of the questions.

NO CALCULATORS
75 MINUTES

1. An ant walks a distance A = 109 millimeters. A bear walks B = 106 feet. A chicken walks
C = 108 inches. What is the correct ordering of A, B, C? (Note: There are 25.4 millimeters in
an inch, and there are 12 inches in a foot.)

a. A < B < C b. A < C < B c. C < B < A d. B < A < C e. B < C < A

2. Peter Rabbit is hopping along the number line, always jumping in the positive x direction. For
his first jump, he starts at 0 and jumps 1 unit to get to the number 1. For his second jump, he
jumps 4 units to get to the number 5. He continues jumping by jumping 1 unit whenever he is
on a multiple of 3 and by jumping 4 units whenever he is on a number that is not a multiple of
3. What number does he land on at the end of his 100th jump?

a. 297 b. 298 c. 301 d. 302 e. 303

3. Adam is walking in the city. In order to get around a large building, he walks 12 miles east and
then 5 miles north, then stops. His friend Neutrino, who can go through buildings, starts in the
same place as Adam but walks in a straight line to where Adam stops. How much farther than
Neutrino does Adam walk?

a. 1 mile b. 2 miles c. 3 miles d. 4 miles e. 5 miles

4. Euler is selling Mathematician cards to Gauss. Three Fermat cards plus 5 Newton cards costs
95 Euros, while 5 Fermat cards plus 2 Newton cards also costs 95 Euros. How many Euros does
one Fermat card cost?

a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 30 e. 35

5. You shoot an arrow in the air. It falls to earth, you know not where. But you do know that the
arrow’s height in feet after t seconds is −16t2 + 80t + 96. After how many seconds does the arrow
hit the ground? (the ground has height 0)

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

1
 6. Let
A = log(1) + log(2) + log(3) + · · · + log(2023)
and let
B = log(1/1) + log(1/2) + log(1/3) + · · · + log(1/2023).
(logs are logs base 10)

What is the value of A + B ?

a. 0 b. 1 c. − log(2023!) d. log(2023!) e. −2023

7. Suppose S = {1, 2, 3, x} is a set with four distinct real numbers for which the difference between
the largest and smallest values of S is equal to the sum of elements of S. What is the value of
x?

a. -1 b. -3/2 c. -2 d. -2/3 e. -3

8. How many positive integers less than 1 million have exactly 5 positive divisors?

a. 1 b. 5 c. 11 d. 23 e. 24

9. The Amazing Prime company ships its products in boxes whose length, width, and height (in
inches) are prime numbers. If the volume of one of their boxes is 105 cubic inches, what is its
surface area (that is, the sum of the areas of the 6 sides of the box) in square inches?

a. 21 b. 71 c. 77 d. 105 e. 142

10. There are 100 people in a room. Some are wise and some are optimists.

ˆ A wise person can look at someone and know if they are wise or if they are an optimist.
ˆ An optimist thinks everyone is wise (including themselves).

Everyone in the room writes down what they think is the number of wise people in the room.
What is the smallest possible value for the average?

a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75 e. 100

11. Let S1 be a square with side s and C1 be the circle inscribed in it. Let C2 be a circle with radius
r and S2 be a square inscribed in it. We are told that the area of S1 − C1 is the same as the area
of C2 − S2 . Which of the following numbers is closest to s/r?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
1 3 1 27
12. Suppose for real numbers a, b, c we know a + = 3, and b + = . What is the value of c + ?
b c 3 a

a. 1 b. 3 c. 8 d. 9 e. 21

2
13. The orthocenter of triangle ABC lies on its circumcircle. One of the angles of ABC must equal:
(Note: The orthocenter of a triangle is the point where all three altitudes intersect.)

a. 30◦ b. 60◦ c. 90◦ d. 120◦ e. It cannot be deduced from the given information.

14. Let m ̸= −1 be a real number. Consider the quadratic equation

(m + 1)x2 + 4mx + m − 3 = 0.

Which of the following must be true?

(I) Both roots of this equation must be real.

(II) If both roots are real, then one of the roots must be less than -1.
(III) If both roots are real, then one of the roots must be larger than 1.

a. Only (I) b. (I) and (II) c. Only (III) d. Both (I) and (III) e. (I), (II), and (III)

15. What is the least positive integer m such that the following is true?

Given m integers between 1 and 2023, inclusive, there must exist

two of them a, b such that 1 < ab ≤ 2.

a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13 e. 1415

16. How many integers between 123 and 789 have at least two identical digits, when written in base
10?

a. 180 b. 184 c. 186 d. 189 e. 191

17. The lengths of the sides of triangle A′ B ′ C ′ are equal to the lengths of the three medians of
triangle ABC. Then the ratio Area(A′ B ′ C ′ )/Area(ABC) equals

1 2 3 5
a. b. c. d. e. Cannot be determined from the information given.
2 3 4 6
18. How many ordered triples of integers (a, b, c) satisfy the following system?
(
ab + c = 17
a + bc = 19

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

19. Three positive real numbers a, b, c satisfy ab = 343, bc = 10, ac = 7. Find bb .

a. 1000 b. 900 c. 1200 d. 4000 e. 100

3
20. A strip is defined as the region between two parallel lines; the width of the strip is the distance
between the two lines. Two strips of width 1 intersect in a parallelogram whose area is 2. What
is the angle between the strips?

a. 15◦ b. 30◦ c. 45◦ d. 60◦ e. 90◦

21. Let a, b, c, d, e be real numbers such that a < b < c < d < e. The least possible value of the
function f : R → R with f (x) = |x − a| + |x − b| + |x − c| + |x − d| + |x − e| is

a. e + d + c + b + a b. e + d + c − b − a c. e + d + |c| − b − a d. e + d + b − a e. e + d − b − a
5
22. A sequence a1 , a2 , . . . satisfies a1 = and an+1 = a2n − 2 for all n ≥ 1. Let M be the integer
2
which is closest to a2023 . The last digit of M equals

a. 0 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 e. 8

23. Assume a triangle ABC satisfies |AB| = 1, |AC| = 2 and ∠ABC = ∠ACB + 90◦ . What is the
area of ABC?

a. 6/7 b. 5/7 c. 1/2 d. 4/5 e. 3/5

24. Bob is practicing addition in base 2. Each time he adds two numbers in base 2, he counts the
number of carries. For example, when summing the numbers 1001 and 1011 in base 2,
1 1 1

0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0

there are three carries (shown on the top row). Suppose that Bob starts with the number 0, and
adds 111 (i.e. 7 in base 2) to it one hundred times to obtain the number 1010111100 (i.e. 700 in
base 2). How many carries occur (in total) in these one hundred calculations?

a. 280 b. 289 c. 291 d. 294 e. 297

25. Suppose that S is a set of real numbers between 2 and 8 inclusive, and that for any two elements
y > x in S,

98y − 102x − xy ≥ 4.

What is the maximum possible size for the set S?

a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18 e. 20

4
 44th ANNUAL UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS COMPETITION
PART II
November 29, 2023, 1:00–3:00 pm

Instructions: Solutions to different problems should go on separate pages. Write down your name and
the problem number on the upper left corner of all pages that you submit for grading. Show your work
and justify all of your steps. Submit only what you want to be graded; no blank paper or scratch paper.

NO CALCULATORS
2 hours

1. An Indian raga has two kinds of notes: a short note, which lasts for 1 beat, and a long note, which
lasts for 2 beats. For example, there are 3 ragas which are 3 beats long: 3 short notes, a short note
followed by a long note, and a long note followed by a short note. How many Indian ragas are 11
beats long? Justify your answer.

2. Let n ≥ 2 be an integer. There are n houses in a town. All distances between pairs of houses are
different. Every house sends a visitor to the house closest to it. Find all possible values of n (with
full justification) for which we can design a town with n houses where every house is visited.
   
n+p−1 n
3. Let p be a prime, and n > p be an integer. Prove that − is divisible by n.
p p
 
n n!
Note: = .
k k!(n − k)!
4. Assume every side length of a triangle ABC is more than 2 and two of its angles are given by
∠ABC = 57◦ and ∠ACB = 63◦ . Point P is chosen on side BC with |BP | : |P C| = 2 : 1. Points
M, N are chosen on sides AB and AC, respectively so that |BM | = 2 and |CN | = 1. Let Q be the
point on segment M N for which |M Q| : |QN | = 2 : 1. Find the value of |P Q|. Your answer must be
in simplest form. Fully justify your answer.

5. Let 0 ≤ a1 ≤ a2 ≤ · · · ≤ an ≤ 1 be n real numbers with n ≥ 2. Assume a1 + a2 + · · · + an ≥ n − 1.

Prove that
1 n−1
 
a2 a3 · · · an ≥ 1 − .
n