Unit_8
Fundamental of Trigonometry
1styear Maths
Lecture No. 1 & 2
Topic: Introduction and basic
concepts of trigonometry
By: Fazlur Rahman
M.Phil. Mathematics
M.Ed.
SST IMCB, Humak Model Town Islamabad
Trigonometry:
The word trigonometry comes from two Greek words
trigonon (triangle) and metron (to measure).
Tri mean three.
Gono mean sides
Metry mean Measurement
Definition: Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics
that deals with the relationships between the angles
and sides of triangles,
OR
The study of triangles is called trigonometry.
Applications of trigonometry:
Trigonometry has vast applications in various fields, like in
physics, science and technology, engineering, astronomy,
surveying navigation, etc.
Calculating the height of a mountain or a tall building can be
easily found by trigonometry.
Trigonometric expressions and calculations are also used in
solving problems related to electricity, magnetism and
electronics. Spherical trigonometry is applied in determining
the position of countries, cities, seas, rivers etc.
Angle and its types
Definition: The union of two rays or line segments
having a common end point (vertex) is called an angle.
Types of Triangles
There are six types of triangles
a. Three types w.r.t. sides
b. Three types w.r.t. angles
Types of Angles Based on Rotation:
Positive Angles: Measuring angles in the anti-clock
(counterclockwise) wise direction are regarded as
positive.
Negative Angles: Measuring angles in the clockwise
direction are regarded as negative.
Measurement of angles in quadrants:
Measurement system of angles:
There are three systems for measuring angles:
1. Sexagesimal System ( or English System)
2. Circular system
3. Centesimal system ( or French System)
1. Sexagesimal system or English system:
In this system an angle is measured in degrees, minutes
and seconds.
Degree:
When one complete circle is divided into 360 equal parts,
each part is called one degree, denoted by 1°.
Minute:
One degree is divided into 60 equal parts, each part is
called one minute, denoted by 1′
Second:
One minute is divided into 60 equal parts each part is
called one second, denoted by 1″
1° = 60′ (read as 60 minutes)
1′ = 60″ (read as 60 seconds)
So, 1° = 3600″
2. Radian or circular measure:
A radian is a constant angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the
circle.
Note: Radian is a unit to measure angle and it should not be
interpreted that stands for 180o, is a real number where
as”
radians = 180o.
Relation between degree and radian:
180 radians
o
1 o
radians
180
1 0.0174532925 radians.
o
radians 180 o
o
180
1 radian
1 radian 57.29578 o
Allied angles:
Those angles connected with basic angles of
measure to a right angle or its multiple are known
as allied angles
3
, , , 2
2 2
are called allied angles.
Lecture No.2
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular
Functions can be simply defined as the functions of
an angle of a triangle. It means that the relationship
between the angles and sides of a triangle are given
by these trig functions.
The basic trigonometric functions are Sin, Cos,
Tan, Cot, Sec and Cosec
Trigonometric Ratios
Abbreviations of Trigonometric functions
sine (sin)
cosine (cos)
tangent (tan)
cotangent (cot)
secant (sec)
cosecant (cosec)
Trick for Remembering of Trigonometric Ratios
Signs of Trigonometric Functions in Different Quadrants
Reciprocal Relations:
1
Sin
Co sec
1
Cos
Sec
1
Tan
Cot
Sin
Tan
Cos
Cos
Cot
Sin
Difference between conditional equation and identity:
1. Conditional equation:
An equation in which is true for specific (particular)
value(s) of the variable is called a conditional equation.
e.g. x 3 4, x 4 0
2
2. Identity:
An equation which is true for all values of the variable is
called an identity.
e.g. a b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
Fundamental OR Pythagorean identities:
1. Sin Cos 1
2 2
2. 1 Tan Sec
2 2
3. 1 Cot Co sec
2 2
Compound angle identities:
1. Sin sin cos cos Sin
2. Sin a Sin Cos Cos Sin
3. Cos Cos Cos Sin Sin
Fundamental Law of Trigonometry:
4. Cos cos Cos sin Sin
tan tan
5. tan
1 tan tan
tan tan
6. tan
1 tan tan
Table for trigonometric ratios:
0 o
30
o
45
o
60
o
90
o
6 4 3 2
1 1 3
Sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
Cos 1 0
2 2 2
1
Tan 0 1 3
3
1
Cot 3 1 0
3
2
Co sec 2 2 1
3
2
Sec 1 2 2
3
Table for trigonometric ratios:
Table for trigonometric ratios:
Note:
1. Sin k 0, k Z
2. Cosk 1 , k Z
k
3. cos 2k 1, k Z
4. cos 2k 1 1, k Z
5. cos 2k 1 0, k Z
2
