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Families of Elements

The periodic table is organized into families of elements with similar chemical properties, including Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Halogens, Noble Gases, Lanthanides, Actinides, Metalloids, Other Nonmetals, and Post-Transition Metals. Each family has distinct characteristics based on their electron configurations and reactivity. The document provides a brief overview of the elements in each family and their key properties.

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166 views2 pages

Families of Elements

The periodic table is organized into families of elements with similar chemical properties, including Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Halogens, Noble Gases, Lanthanides, Actinides, Metalloids, Other Nonmetals, and Post-Transition Metals. Each family has distinct characteristics based on their electron configurations and reactivity. The document provides a brief overview of the elements in each family and their key properties.

Uploaded by

John Rex Villanueva
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Families of Elements

The periodic table is organized into groups or families of elements with similar chemical properties.
These families are arranged in vertical columns and share characteristics due to their similar electron
configurations. Below are the main families of elements in the periodic table:

1. Alkali Metals (Group 1)

 Elements: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr)
 Characteristics:
o Highly reactive, especially with water
o Soft metals that can be cut with a knife
o Have one valence electron
o Reactivity increases down the group

2. Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

 Elements: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radium
(Ra)
 Characteristics:
o Reactive, but less so than alkali metals
o Harder and denser than alkali metals
o Have two valence electrons
o Commonly form +2 cations

3. Transition Metals (Groups 3–12)

 Examples: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au)
 Characteristics:
o Less reactive than alkali and alkaline earth metals
o Exhibit a wide range of oxidation states
o Often form colored compounds
o Good conductors of heat and electricity

4. Halogens (Group 17)

 Elements: Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), Tennessine (Ts)
 Characteristics:
o Highly reactive nonmetals
o Have seven valence electrons
o Form salts when combined with metals
o Reactivity decreases down the group

5. Noble Gases (Group 18)

 Elements: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn), Oganesson
(Og)
 Characteristics:
o Inert gases with very low reactivity
o Have full valence electron shells
o Used in lighting and as inert environments in chemical processes
6. Lanthanides (Part of Period 6)

 Examples: Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Neodymium (Nd), Europium (Eu)


 Characteristics:
o Rare earth metals
o Often found in combination with other elements in minerals
o High reactivity with air and water

7. Actinides (Part of Period 7)

 Examples: Uranium (U), Thorium (Th), Plutonium (Pu)


 Characteristics:
o All are radioactive
o Many are synthetic (man-made)
o Used in nuclear energy and weaponry

8. Metalloids (Stair-step between Metals and Nonmetals)

 Examples: Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Arsenic (As)


 Characteristics:
o Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
o Semiconductors
o Often used in electronics

9. Other Nonmetals

 Examples: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S)
 Characteristics:
o Diverse properties
o Poor conductors of heat and electricity
o Found in various biological and chemical processes

10. Post-Transition Metals

 Examples: Aluminum (Al), Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb)


 Characteristics:
o Softer metals with lower melting points
o Poorer conductors compared to transition metals

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