1

ELECTRIC FIELD

1. State Coulomb's law and express it in vector form.

2. Derive an expression for the electric field at a point on the axial / equatorial-position of an
electric dipole.
3. Find the expression for electric field intensity at a point on the axis of a uniformly charged
ring.
4. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.
5. Derive an expression for torque on an electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field.
(a) what happens if the field is non uniform
(b) what would happen if the external field E is increasing.
i. Parallel to p and ii. Anti-parallel to p.
(c) Derive an expression for work done in rotating an electric dipole in a uniform electric
field
6. State Gauss theorem and use it to find the electric field at a point due to
(a) An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a uniform surface charge density σ coulomb per m2
(b) A uniformly Charged spherical conducting shell of radius R
(c) A uniformly charged spherical non-conducting solid sphere of radius R.

(d) Apply Gauss’s law to obtain the expression for the electric field at a point due to an
infinitely long, thin uniformly charged straight wire of linear charge density λ coulomb per
m.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE

1. Define electric potential at a point & derive an expression for the electrostatic potential at a
point (i) due to point charge (ii) due to electric dipole.
2. Potential energy of a system of Charges.
3. Define Equipotential Surfaces. Draw equipotential surface for (a) Isolated point charge (b)
Electric field increasing uniformly along z-direction (c) For a system of two point charges
4. Relation between electric field & potential & significance of –ve sign.
5. Potential energy of a dipole in an external field.
6. (a) Principle of a capacitor and derivation of an expression for the capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor.
(b) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor when a dielectric
slab of dielectric constant K and thickness t=d/2 but of the same area as that of plates is
inserted between the plates. (d = separation between the plates)
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7. Electrostatic shielding.
8. What is the common potential? Show that whenever two conductors share charges by
bringing them into electrical contact, there is a loss of energy.
9. Effect of dielectric / conductor placed in between the plates of capacitor. Analyze both
situation separately.
10. Derive the energy stored in a capacitor. Hence derive an expression for energy density of a
capacitor.
11. Combination of capacitor, Parallel & series.
12. What are dielectrics? Distinguish polar and non-polar dielectrics. Define the term Polarization
vector.
13. If two similar large plates, each of area A having surface charge densities +σ and -σ are
separated by a distance d in air, find the expression for
(a) Field at points between the two plates and outer side of the plates. Specify the direction of
the field in each case.
(b) The potential difference between the plates.

CURRENT-ELECTRICITY
1. Ohm’s Law & its limitations
2. Derivation of I = neAVd

3. Definition of drift Velocity & derivation of an expression V d = E e τ .

m

4. (a) What is conductivity & mobility? Derive an expression for conductivity in terms of
mobility.
(b) Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the
drift velocity of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical
resistivity of the material.
5. Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity
of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time. Hence obtain the relation between
current density and the applied electric field E.
6. Effects of temperature on resistance and resistivity and define temperature coefficient of
resistance and resistivity.
7. Derive an expression for the current in a circuit with an external resistance R when (i) m
identical cells of given emf (ℰ) and internal resistance (r) are connected in series (ii) n
identical cells are connected in parallel (iii) When cells are in series & parallel both at a time.
8. (a) Kirchhoff’s law & Numerical based on it.
(b) Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in parallel.
Derive the expression for the (i) emf (ii) internal resistance of a single cell which can replace
this combination.
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9. Wheatstone bridge & its derivation from Kirchhoff’s law.

10. (a) Write the principle of working of a Meter bridge. How is it used to determine the value of
an unknown resistance.
i. Why cannot such an arrangement be used for measuring very low resistance?
ii. Why are the connections between resistors in a meter bridge made of thick copper
strips?
iii. Why is it generally preferred to obtain the balance point near the middle of the bridge
wire in a meter bridge experiment?
(b) In a meter bridge, the balance point is found at distance l 1 with resistance R and S as
shown in figure. An unknown resistance X is now connected in parallel to the resistance S and
the balance point is found at a distance l2. Obtain a formula for X in terms of l1, l2 and S.
11. (a) Principle of potentiometer & how to (i) Compare emfs of two cells (ii) determine emf of a
cell (iii) determine internal resistance of a cell.
(b) How can the sensitivity of a potentiometer be increased?
(c) Write two possible causes for one sided deflection in the potentiometer experiment.
12. A metal rod of square cross-sectional area A having length l has current I flowing through it
when a potential difference of V volt is applied across its ends. Now the rod is cut parallel to
its length into two identical pieces and joined as shown in figure. What potential difference
must be maintained across the length 2l so that the current in the rod is still I.
13. Two metal wires, P1 and P2 of the same material and same length but different cross-sectional
area A1 and A2 are joined together and connected to a source of emf. Find the ratio of the drift
velocities of free electrons in the two wires when they are connected (i) in series, and (ii) in
parallel.

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

1. What is Lorentz Force? Write the proper expression for it.

2. Derive an expression for the force experienced by a current carrying straight conductor
placed in a magnetic field. Under what condition is this force maximum?
3. (a) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram construction, principle and working of a
cyclotron stating clearly the function of electric and magnetic fields on a charge particle.
Derive an expression for time period of revolution and cyclotron frequency. Show that it is
independent of the speed of charged particles and radius of the circular path.
(b) What is resonance condition? How is it used to accelerated charged particles?
(c) Also find the total KE attained by the charged particle.
(d) Is there any upper limit on the energy acquired by the charged particle? Give reasons.
4. State and explain Bio-Savart’s law. Use it to derive the expression for the magnetic field
produced at a point near a long current carrying straight wire.
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5. (a) Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a current carrying
circular loop and hence find magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of N- turns, radius a,
carrying current I.
(b) Sketch the magnetic field for a circular current loop, clearly indicating the direction of the
field.
6. A long straight wire of a circular cross section of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current I. The
current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply Ampere’s circuital law to
calculate the magnetic field at a point ‘r’ in the region for (i) r < a (ii) r > a . Plot a graph
showing the nature of variation.
7. Using Ampere’s circuital law find an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of
a long solenoid with closely wound turns.
8. State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field
inside an air cored toroid of average radius ‘r’, having ‘n’ turns per unit length and carrying a
steady current I.
9. Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady current I 1 and I2 separated by distance d, if
the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field setup in one
produces an attractive force on the other, obtain the expression for this force. Hence define
one ampere.
10. Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque on the loop.
11. (a) What is the relationship between the current and the magnetic moment of a current
carrying circular loop?
(b) Deduce an expression for magnetic dipole moment of an electron revolving around a
nucleus in a circular orbit. Indicate the direction of magnetic dipole moment? Use the
expression to derive the relation between the magnetic moment of an electron moving in a
circle and its related angular momentum?
(c) A muon is a particle that has the same charge as an electron but is 200 times heavier than
it. If we had an atom in which the muon revolves around a proton instead of an electron, what
would be the magnetic moment of the muon in the ground state of such an atom?
12. (a) Draw a leveled diagram of moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its principle and
working.
(b) Answer the following :
i. Why is it necessary to have uniform radial magnetic field?
ii. Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil?
iii. Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity.
13. With the help of a circuit, show how a moving coil galvanometer can be converted into an
ammeter of a given range. Write the necessary mathematical formula.
14. How a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter?
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MAGNETISM & MATTER

1. Define the terms magnetic dip, magnetic declination & horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field with the help of diagram.
2. Define the terms (i) Magnetization ‘I’ (ii) Magnetic Intensity ‘H’ (iii) Magnetic Susceptibility ‘
χ m (iv) Magnetic permeability ‘μ’ (v) Relative Permeability ‘μr’.
3. Discuss atomic model of magnetism. Explain on the basic of this model the difference in dia,
para & ferromagnetic substances.
4. (a) Show diagrammatically the behavior of magnetic field lines in the presence of (i)
Paramagnetic (ii) diamagnetic and (ii) ferromagnetic substances. How does one explain this
distinguishing feature?
(b) Give four distinguishing features of dia, para, and ferromagnetic materials.
5. Define the term magnetic permeability of a magnetic material. Write any two characteristics
of a magnetic substance if it is to be used to make a permanent magnet. Give an example of
such a material.
6. What is Curie law, Curie temperature & Curie-Weiss law explain.
7. What are hard & soft magnetic materials? Give one example of each.
8. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current passing through a long solenoid and derive the
expression for the magnetic field due to a solenoid of length 2l, radius ‘a’ having ‘n’ number of
turns per unit length & carrying a steady current ‘I’ at a point on the axial line, distance ‘r’
from the centre of the solenoid. How does this expression compare with the axial magnetic
field due to a bar magnet of magnetic moment M?
9. Draw M-H or B-H loop of a ferromagnetic material, also mark on their loop the retentivity and
coercivity. Why coercivity of a material should be high for making permanent magnet.

EMI

1. What is magnetic flux? Write its SI unit.

2. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. Figure shows a rectangular
conducting loop PORS in which arm RS
of length 𝓵 is movable. The loop is kept
in a uniform magnetic field B directed
downward perpendicular to the plane
of the loop. The arm RS is moved with a
uniform speed v. Deduce an expression
for
(a) The emf across the arm RS
(b) The external force required to move the arm
(c) The power dissipated as heat.
3. State Lenz’s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. The Lenz’s law is a consequence of
the principle of conservation of energy. Justify this statement.
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4. What is motional emf? A rod of length ‘l’ is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a
direction perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is
acting vertically downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the
rod.
5. Define self-Inductance. Write its SI units.
6. Derive an expression for self-inductance of a long solenoid of length ‘l’, cross sectional area ‘A’
having ‘N’ numbers of turns.
7. Define Mutual-Inductance. Write its SI units.
8. (a) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same
length wound one over the other.
(b) Obtain an expression for the energy stored in an inductance L when it is connected across
a source of emf.
9. What are the factors affecting mutual inductance of a pair of coils? Define coefficient of
coupling.
10. What are hard & soft magnetic materials? Give one example of each.
11. What are the eddy currents? Write their two applications. In what sense are eddy currents
considered undesirable in a transformer and how are they reduced in such a device.
12. A metallic rod of length l is rotated at a constant angular speed ω, normal to uniform
magnetic field B. Derive an expression for the current induced in the rod, if the resistance of
the rod is R.

ALTERNATING CURRENT

1. Principle of AC generator. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is generated in it.

2. Define rms value of AC & derive an expression for it.
3. Define the average value of ac. determine its value over a (i) half cycle and (ii) full cycle.
4. A pure inductance is connected across an AC source, show mathematically that the current in
it lags behind the applied voltage by a phase angle π/2. Draw a graph showing the variation of
inductive reactance with frequency of the AC source.
5. Show that the current leads the voltage in phase by π/2 in an ac. circuit containing an ideal
capacitor & also draw the graph of capacitance vs frequency.
6. An ac source of voltage 𝒗 =V0 Sin ωt is connected to a series combination of L, C and R. use
the phasor diagram to obtain expression for impedance of the circuit and phase angle
between voltage and current. Find the condition when current will be in phase with the
voltage. What is the circuit in this condition called?
7. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source. Using the phasor diagram, derive the
expression for the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph to show the variation of current with
frequency of the source, explaining the nature of its variation.
8. A voltage V = V0 Sin ωt is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the
average power dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated even
though the current flows through the circuit, (ii) maximum power dissipated in the circuit?
9. A voltage 𝒗 = V0 Sin ωt is applied across an inductor. Determine the average power dissipated
over a cycle.
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10. Define & explain wattles current.

11. What do you understand by ‘sharpness of resonance’ for a series LCR resonance circuit? How
is it related with the quality factor ‘Q’ of the circuit? Why should the quality factor have high
value in receiving circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
12. Write the function of a transformer. State its principle of working with the help of a diagram.
Mention various energy losses in this device.
13. Energy stored by elements of A.C. circuits.
14. Power factor, why it is desirable to keep closer to 1.

EMW

1. How are electromagnetic waves produced? What is the source of energy of these waves?
Write mathematical expression for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
propagating along the x-axis. Write any four properties of electromagnetic waves.
2. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor being charged, show how one is required to
generalise Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due to displacement current.
3. Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the order of their increasing wavelength (a)
gamma rays (b) Microwaves (c) X-rays (d) radio waves. How are infrared waves produced?
What role does infrared radiation play in (i) maintaining the Earth’s warmth & (ii) Physical
therapy?
4. Derive an expression for the velocity of em waves in vacuum.
5. How can you establish that the light has the transverse nature?
6. Answer the following questions
(a) Name the waves which are produced during radioactive decay of a nucleus. Write their
frequency range.
(b) Welders wear special glass goggles while working. Why? Explain.
(c) Why infrared waves are often called as heat waves? Give their one application.
(d) Name the em waves which are suitable for RADAR systems used in aircraft navigation.
Write the frequency range of these waves.
(e) If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or
lower than what it is now? Explain.
(f) Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is used to treat muscular strain.
(g) How em wave can be produced
(h) An em wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify
7. Show by giving example, how em waves carry energy & momentum.
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8. (a) How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges?

(b) State clearly how a microwave oven works to heat up a food item containing water
molecules.
(c) Why are microwaves found useful for the radar system in aircraft navigation?

RAY-OPTICS

1. (a) What is total internal reflection? Under what conditions does it occur?
(b) Find relation between critical angle and refractive index.
(c) Name one phenomenon which is based on total internal reflection.
(d) Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light propagates through the
optical fibre using this phenomenon. Mention their one practical application.
2. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation δ with the variation of angle of incidence I for a
monochromatic ray of light passing through a prism of refracting angle A. Deduce the relation

μ=
sin ( A +2δ )
m

sin ( A2 )
3. (a) Derive mirror formula. What is the corresponding formula for a thin lens?
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a concave mirror when the object is
kept between its focus and the pole. Using this diagram, derive the magnification formula for
the image formed.
4. With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a point object due to
refraction of light at a spherical surface separating two media of refractive indices μ 1 and μ2
μ2 μ1 μ − μ1
( μ2 > μ1 ) respectively, using this diagram, derive the relation − = 2 Write the
v u R
sign conventions used. What happens to the focal length of convex lens when it is immersed
in water?
5. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R,
separates a rarer and a denser medium as
shown in the figure.

Complete the path of incident ray of light,

showing the formation of a real image.
Hence derive the relation connecting object
distance ‘u’, image distance ‘v’, radius of
curvature R and the refractive indices μ1
and μ2 of two media.
Briefly explain, how the focal length of a convex lens changes, with increase in wavelength of
incident light.
6. Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin double concave lens
having radii of curvature R1 and R2. Hens, derive lens maker’s formula for a double convex
lens. State the assumptions made and sign convention used.
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7. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of real image of the object placed in front of a
converging lens. Using this ray diagram establish the relation between u, v and f for this lens.
1 1 1
8. Derive the lens formula = − for thin lens, using the necessary ray diagram.
f v u

1 1 1
9. Define power of lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation = + for two thin lenses
f f1 f2
kept in contact co-axially.
10. Draw the labelled ray diagram for the formation of image by a compound microscope. Derive
an expression for its total magnification ( or magnifying power),
(a) When the final image is formed at the near point.
(b) When the image is formed at infinity.
Why both objective and eyepiece of a compound microscope must have short focal lengths?

11. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, how is image formed in an astronomical
telescope. Derive an expression for its magnifying power.
Describe briefly the main limitations and explain how far these can be minimised in a
reflecting telescope.
12. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram to obtain the real image formed by an astronomical telescope
in normal adjustment position. Define its magnifying power.
(b) you are given three lenses 0.5 D, 4 D and 10 D to design a telescope.
i. Which lenses should be used as objective and eyepiece? Justify your answer.
ii. Why is the aperture of the objective preferred to be large?
13. Draw a diagram of well labelled reflecting type telescope (casse-grain). Write two advantages
why reflecting type telescopes are preferred over refracting type telescopes.
14. A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R
and made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed
on top of a plane mirror as shown in figure. An optical
needle with its tip on the principal axis of the lens is
moved along the axis until its, inverted image
coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the
needle from
the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid
layer
and repeating the experiment, the distance is found to
be y.
Prove that the expression for the refractive index of
the
liquid in terms of x and y is : μl = ( 2 x x− y )
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WAVE-OPTICS

1. Define the term wavefront. Using Huygen’s wave theory, verify the law of reflection.
2. (a) Use Huygens’ principle to show how a plane wavefront propagates from a denser to rarer
medium. Hence, verify Snell’s law of reflection.
(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to denser medium, explain the following,
giving reasons:
i. Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident
light?
ii. Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave?
3. In Young’s double slit experiment, deduce the condition for (i) constructive, and (ii)
destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing variation of the
resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position ‘X’ on the screen.
4. (a) What are coherent sources of light? State two conditions for two light sources to be
coherent.
(b) Derive a mathematical expression for the width of interference fringes obtained in
Young’s double slit experiment with the help of a suitable diagram.
(c) If s is the size of the source and b its distance from the plane of the two slits, what should
be the criterion for the interference fringe to be seen?
5. What is interference of light? Write essential conditions for sustained interference pattern to
be produced on the screen.
Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity versus position of the screen in Young’s
experiment when (a) both the slits are opened and (b) one of the slit is closed.
6. Consider two coherent sources S1 & S2 producing monochromatic waves to produce
interference pattern. Let the displacement of the wave produced by the S 1 be given by y1 = a
cos ωt and the displacement by S2 be y2 = a cos (ωt + φ) . Find out the expression for the
amplitude of the resultant displacement at a point and show that the intensity at that point
will be I = 4a2 Cos2 φ/2. Hence establish the conditions for constructive & destructive
interference.
7. What is the effect on the interference fringes to a Young’s double slit experiment when
(i) The separation between the two slits is decreased.
(ii) The width of the source slit is increased.
(iii) The monochromatic source is replaced by a source of white light ? Justify your answer in
each case.
8. (a) What do you mean by diffraction of light and state the condition for the diffraction?
Obtain the conditions for secondary maxima and minima. Also draw the intensity distribution
curve versus path difference.
(b) Prove that the width of central maxima is twice the width of the secondary maxima. How
does the width of central maxima depend on the width of the slit?
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9. Write three characteristic features to distinguish between the interference fringe in Young’s
double slit experiment and the diffraction pattern obtained due to a narrow single slit.
10. Explain the following
(a) Brewster’s Angle
(b) Brewster’s Law
(c) Fresnel’s distance
(d) Mallus’s law
11. (a) Describe briefly with the help of a necessary diagram, the polarization of light by
reflection from a transparent medium.
(b) What is linearly polarised light? How does an unpolarised light incident on a polaroid gets
polarized? If this polarised light passes through another polaroid whose pass axis makes an
angle θ with the polariser then write the expression for polarised beam passing through
analyser. Draw a plot showing the variation of intensity when varies from 0 to 2π.
12. Two Polaroids A and B kept in crossed position. How should a third polaroid, C be placed in
between so that the intensity of polarised light transmitted by polaroid, B reduced to 1/8 th
of the intensity of unpolarised light incident on A?
13. What is limit of resolution? How it is related to resolving power? Give the formula for
resolving power of microscope, and telescope.

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER

1. Explain thermionic emission, field emission, photoelectric emission and work function.
2. (a) Describe briefly three experimental observed features of photoelectric effect.
(b) Define the terms (i) Cut-off voltage (ii) Threshold frequency (iii) Threshold wavelength
and (iv) Stopping potential, in relation to photoelectric effect.
3. Using photon picture of light, show how Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be established.
Write two features of photoelectric effect which cannot be explained by wave theory.
4. (a) Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed
in photoelectric effect which can explain on the basis of this equation.
(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the photo-electrons gets doubled when the wavelength of
light incident on the surface changes from λ1 to λ2. Derive the expression for the threshold
wavelength λ0 and work function for the metal surface.
5. (a) Give a brief description of the basic elementary
process involved in the photoelectric emission in
Einstein’s picture.
(b) When a photosensitive material is irradiated with
the light of frequency ν, the maximum speed of
electrons is given by vmax. A plot of v2max is found to vary
with frequency ν as shown in the figure.
Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation to find the
expression formation
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i. plank’s constant and

ii. work function of the given photosensitive material, in terms of the parameters l, n and
mass m of the electron.
6. Why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light? Give
reasons. State and explain de-Broglie relation for matter waves.
7. Describe Davisson and Germer’s experiment to demonstrate the nature of electrons. Draw a
labelled diagram of apparatus used.

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1. Draw a schematic arrangement of Geiger-Marsden experiment for studying α-particle

scattering by a thin foil of gold. Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the scattered α-
particle. How this study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus?
2. (a) In an experiment on α-particle scattering by thin foil of gold, draw a plot showing the
number of particles scattered versus the scattering angle θ.
(b) What is impact parameter? How will it help in estimating (i) the size of atom (ii) the size
of nucleus.
(c) What do you mean by distance of closest approach? Obtain the formula for it with proper
explanation of symbols.
3. What are the main points of Rutherford model of atom? Write its two limitations.
4. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom?
(a) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom. Hence draw the energy level diagram.
(b) How many lines are seen in (i) Absorption spectrum and in (b) Emission spectrum when
the transition occurs between ground state and nth state.
5. Obtain an expression for the frequency (wavelength) of radiation emitted when the atom
makes a transition from the higher energy state with quantum number n i to the lower
energy state with quantum number n f , Where n f is smaller than n i .

6. Derive the expression for the magnetic field at the site of a point nucleus in a hydrogen atom
due to the circular motion of the electrons. Assume that the atom is in its ground state and
give the answer in terms of fundamental constants.
7. Using Bohr’s second postulate of quantisation of orbital angular momentum, show that the
circumference of the electron in the nth state in hydrogen atom is n times the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it.
8. Prove that difference in the frequencies of series limit, and first line of Lyman series is equal
to the frequency of the series limit of Balmer series.
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STRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS

1. Write equations of discovery of proton and neutron. Also write the important properties of
neutron.
2. Define nuclear size and nuclear density. Show that nuclear density is the same for all nuclei.
3. (a) What are nuclear forces? Give their important properties.
(b) Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function
of their separation. Indicate the regions in which nuclear force is (i) attractive and (ii)
repulsive.
4. What is mass energy equivalence? Define electron volt and atomic mass unit (amu). Derive
relation between them.
5. Define the mass defect and binding energy of nucleus. How binding energy per nucleon
(BEPN) vary with mass number, give salient features of the curve.
6. What is meant by radioactivity? What type of radiation are emitted? Explain briefly the
nature of these radiations.
7. (a) State Rutherford’s law of radioactive decay. Show that radioactive decay is exponential in
nature.
(b) Define the terms (i) half-life T and (ii) average life (τ). Find out their relationship with the
decay constant (λ ).

8. (a) Define the term ‘Activity’ of a radioactive substance. State its SI unit. Give a plot of activity
of a radioactive species versus time.
(b) Two different radioactive elements with half-lives T 1 and T2 have N1 and N2 (undecayed)
atoms respectively present at a given instant. Determine the ratio of their activities at this
instant.
(c) A radioactive nucleus ‘A’ undergoes a series of decays as given below:

The mass number and atomic number of A2 are 176 and 71 respectively. Determine the mass
and atomic numbers of A4 and A.
i. Write the basic nuclear processes underlying β+ and β‒ decays.
ii. Why is it found experimentally difficult to detect neutrinos?
9. (a) What is α-decay? Discuss briefly by using tunneling effect. Show that kinetic energy of an
α-particle is: K α = A − 4 Q
A
(b) What is β-decay ? How variable energy of β-particles is explained?
(c) Explain the phenomenon of γ-decay.
10. What do you mean by nuclear fission and nuclear chain reaction? What are the conditions for
chain reaction to occur? Also, explain the difficulties encountered in sustaining nuclear chain
reaction.
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11. Explain the process of release of energy in a nuclear reactor. Draw a schematic diagram of a
nuclear reactor and write the function of each part.
12. Discuss nuclear fusion with examples. How nuclear fusion is accompanied with the help of
nuclear fission. How is huge amount of energy produced inside the Sun through proton–
proton and carbon−carbon cycles?

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Distinguish between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity

and on the basis of energy bands.
2. What are the intrinsic & extrinsic semiconductors and? Explain the conduction in N Type and
P Type semiconductor on the basis of band theory.
3. State briefly the processes involved in the formation of p-n junction explaining clearly how
the depletion region & potential barrier is formed.
4. With the help of circuit diagrams, distinguish between forward biasing & reverse biasing of p-
n junction diode. Also draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in forward bias & in
reverse bias.
5. Draw a labelled diagram of a full-wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show the
input-output wave-forms.
6. Why is a zener diode considered as a special purpose semiconductor diode? Draw the I-V
characteristics of Zener diode and explain briefly, how reverse current suddenly increase at
the breakdown voltage?
7. Describe briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how a zener diode works to obtain a
constant DC voltage from the unregulated DC output of a rectifier.
8. (a) How is a photo-diode fabricated? Briefly explain its working. Draw its V–I characteristics
for two different intensities of illumination.
(b) What is a photo-diode? Why is it kept in reverse bias for operation, while the current
available in forward bias happens to be more?
9. Describe briefly using the necessary circuit diagram, the three basic processes which take
place to generate the emf in a solar cell when light falls on it. Draw the I – V characteristics of
a solar cell. Write two important criteria required for the selection of a material for solar cell
fabrication.
10. Describe briefly how light emitting diode is fabricated and explain its working. Write three
important advantages of LED's over conventional incandescent lamps.