MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

VEHICLE PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Submitted by,

ADITHYAN SUBI
(REG NO:210021090395)

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. PRAJITHA K

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Computer Applications of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Department of Computer Applications

SREE SABAREESA COLLEGE, MURIKKUMVAYAL

2022-2025
 SREE SABAREESA COLLEGE, MURIKKUMVAYAL
(Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam)
KARINILAM P.O, MURIKKUMVAYAL, KOTTAYAM(DT),686513
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report “VEHICLE PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” is a
bonafide record of the project done by ADITHYAN SUBI, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Computer Applications from Mahatma Gandhi University for the year 2024-2025.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mrs. PRAJITHA K Mr. AKHILJITH B

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Applications Department of Computer Applications

Viva Voce held on: ……………. /………………../………………..

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I ADITHYAN SUBI, hereby declare that the project work entitled

“VEHICLE PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” an authenticated work carried out under the
guidance of Mrs. PRAJITHA K for the partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Computer
Applications and this work has not been submitted for similar purpose anywhere else expect to SREE
SABAREESA COLLEGE, MURIKKUMVAYAL affiliated to MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,
Kottayam.

ADITHYAN SUBI

PLACE: MURIKKUMVAYAL

DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is the product of the collective guidance from the experienced hand; it is my great pleasure to express my
gratitude to the people who have contributed to my work through their encouragement, guidance and advice.
It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge all those who have helped me in this endeavour.

First and fore most I thank the ALMIGHTY GOD who has showered his blessings and grace on me to
complete this project successfully.

I express my sincere gratitude to my respected Principal i/c Mr. JIJISH M, for this encouragement for all
academic facilities extended to me.

I express my sincere obligations to Mr. AKHILJITH B, Head of the Dept. of Computer Applications, SREE
SABAREESA COLLEGE for granting permission and providing necessary facilities for the presentation of
the project” VEHICLE PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”.

I express deep sense of thankfulness to my guide Mrs. PRAJITHA K, Assistant professor, Dept. of Computer
Applications, SREE SABAREESA COLLEGE, for extending all the possible helps for the project.

I am thankful to all my teaching and non-teaching staffs for their valuable support extended during the
preparation of the project.

I thank my parents, all my friends and all others who helped and encouraged me for the successful execution
of the project.
 ABSTRACT

The Vehicle Parking Management System (VPMS) offers a comprehensive solution to urban parking
challenges. By leveraging modern technologies, VPMS optimizes space allocation, enhances security,
provides real-time information and convenient mobile features, maximizes revenue through dynamic pricing
and value-added services, and generates valuable data insights for strategic decision-making. As technology
advances, VPMS will continue to play a pivotal role in creating efficient, sustainable, and user-friendly
parking environments in cities worldwide.

Existing system of the Vehicle Parking Management System were all made in manual mode so its
unable to make the process easy and smooth. Also, it was made for some special organizations or places,
there is no common system for all. The system does not monitor parking slot availability dynamically, leading
to confusion, poor space utilization, and customer dissatisfaction. The system cannot generate analytical
reports on parking trends.

Proposed system of The Vehicle Parking Management System enhances the management of parking
facilities by providing an efficient, user-friendly platform for handling vehicle entries, exits, and related data.
This system is ideal for parking facility operators looking to streamline their operations and improve
customer service. The platform ensures smoother parking processes, real-time updates, and better utilization
of available parking space, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience. Users can pre-book parking
slots and make secure digital payments using integrated payment gateways. The system has mainly three
modules namely admin, user and dealer. The admin and dealer feature includes the management of vehicle
entries and exits, user account management, managing of parking charges. User feature includes the view of
parking details, access to user account information, and easy retrieval of parked vehicle data. The system is
built fully in PHP in the back-end and HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, JavaScript in the frontend and uses MySQL
as database.
 Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...………….1

1.1 PHP……………………………………………………………...………….2
1.1.1 PHP 3 and PHP 4…………………………………………...…………3

1.1.2 PHP 5 and PHP 6: Unicode Challenges……………………………….3

1.1.3 PHP 7……………………………………………………………...…..4

1.1.4 PHP 8………………………………………………………….…........4

1.1.5 Data Types…………………………………………………….……....5

1.1.6 Functions………………………………..………………………...…..5

1.2 Microsoft SQL Server…………………………..………………………….6

1.2.1 SQL Database Tables………………………………………………….6

1.2.2 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)…………...………………7

1.3 Introduction to HTML………………………………………...……………7

1.3.1 Advantages of HTML……………………………...…………..….…..8

1.4 CSS………………………………………………………………………....8

1.4.1 Advantages of CSS……………………………………...….…………9

1.4.2 Creates and Maintains CSS……………………………..………….…9

1.4.3 CSS Versions………………………...………………..……….……...9

1.5 JAVASCRIPT…………………………………………….………………...10

1.5.1 Why to Use JAVASCRIPT………………………….………….….….10

1.5.2 JAVASCRIPT Properties……………………………...………………10

1.6 Bootstrap…………………………………………………...……...……….10

1.6.1 Why Use Bootstrap………………………………….……….…….…10

 1.7 Wamp……………………………………………………………...……….11

2. SYSTEM STUDY……………………………………………………….…......12

2.1 Feasibility Study………………………………………………….…...…...13

2.1.1 Economic Feasibility…………………………………….…………...14

2.1.2 Behavioural Feasibility……………………………….………………14

2.1.3 Technical Feasibility…………………………….…………...……….14

2.1.4 Operational Feasibility……………………………….……...…...…...14

2.1.5 Legal Feasibility………………………………….…………….….….15

2.2 Existing System……………………………………..…………….….…….15

2.3 Proposed System…………………………………………………...………15

2.4 Techniques for System Study……………………………………...….……15

3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS…………………………………….…….………………17

3.1 Hardware Specification………………………………………….....………18

3.2 System Configuration……………………………………….…..……….…18

3.2.1 H/W System Configuration……………………...…………...……….18

3.2.2 S/W System Configuration………………………...……...….….........19

4. SYSTEM DESIGN………………………………...………….……….…….….20

4.1 Process Description……………………………...……………..….…….…21

4.2 Modules…………………………………...…………………..….….......…22

4.2.1 Admin Module………………………...……………...…….…...…….22

4.2.2 Dealer Module…………………………...….………………….……..22

4.2.3 User Module………………………………...…………………..…….22

4.3 Input Design………………………………………...………..…….....…....22

4.4 Output Design.………………………………...…….….…………......…...23

 4.5 Database Design……………………………………...……………………23

4.6 Process Design.…….………………………………………………………24

4.7 Table Design……………………………………………….………………24

4.8 Data Flow Diagram.……………………………………….……………….29

4.9 E-R Diagram…………………………………………………….……....…33

5. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION.…………………..…………35

5.1 Testing.……………………………………………………………....……..36

5.1.1 Testing Strategies.……………………………………...…………...…36

5.1.1.1 Black Box.…………………………….……....….…..…....….36

5.1.1.2 White Box.………………………………………….…...…….37

5.2 Types of Testing. …………………………………………………...………37

5.3 Unit Testing...……………………………………………..….…....……….37

5.4 Integration Testing…………………………………………........….………37

5.5 Validation Testing………………………………….………......…….……..37

5.6 Output Testing……………………………………..………...…...….……..38

5.7 User Acceptance Testing………....………………………….……….….....38

5.8 System Implementation….……....……………………...…....……….……38

5.8.1 Implementation Concepts….………………………………...…….….38

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT….…………....…...…..….40

7. BIBILIOGRAPGHY………………………………………………………...….42

8. APPENDIX…………………………………...…………….……………..........44

8.1 Screenshots……………………………………….……….…………...…...45

8.2 Source Code…………………………………………...….…...…………...50

VEHICLE PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1.INTRODUCTION

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In the realm of web development, a powerful group of tools plays a pivotal role in creating dynamic and
interactive websites: PHP, MySQL, BOOTSTRAP and Apache server with Wamp. PHP, a server-side
scripting language, enables the creation of dynamic web pages by embedding code within HTML. MySQL
serves as a robust relational database management system, seamlessly handling data storage and retrieval.
The Apache server, coupled with Wamp (Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP), forms a comprehensive web
development environment, offering a local server setup for testing and debugging applications before
deployment. Together, these tools empower developers to build dynamic and data-driven websites,
facilitating efficient communication between the web server and the database. The seamless integration of
PHP for server-side scripting, MySQL for database management, and the Apache server with Wamp as a
development environment creates a cohesive ecosystem that underpins the foundation of many web
applications and websites.

1.1 PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as a general-
purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference
implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team. PHP originally stood for personal home
page but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor. PHP code may be
embedded into HTML or HTML5 code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems,
web content management systems and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter
implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web
server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data,
including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be executed with a command-line
interface (CLI) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications. The standard PHP
interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License. PHP has been
widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform,
free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014,
leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal
PHP specification. PHP development began in 1995 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He extended them to
work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this implementation "Personal Home
Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI. PHP/FI could help to build simple, dynamic web applications. To
accelerate bug reporting and to improve the code, Leadoff initially announced the release of PHP/FI as
"Personal Home Page Tools (PHP Tools) version 1.0"onthe Usenet discussion group www.authoring.cg
comp.info systems. i.e. on June 8, 1995. This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has as of

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2013. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax
resembled that of Perl but was simpler, more limited and less consistent.
1.1.1 PHP 3 and 4
Zeev Saraki and Andi Gutman's rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3,
changing the language's name to the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor.
Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Saraki
and Gutman's then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999.
They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel. On May 22, 2000, PHP 4,
powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released. As of August 2008, this branch reached
version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be
released.

1.1.2 PHP 5 and PHP 6: Unicode Challenges

On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was unveiled, marked by the introduction of the Zend Engine II and significant
strides in object-oriented programming. This release featured enhanced support for object-oriented
programming, the PHP Data Objects (PDO) extension for consistent database access, and various
performance improvements. By 2008, PHP 5 became the exclusive stable version in development, catalysed
by initiatives like GoPHP5 that urged the transition from PHP 4. Late static binding, a critical addition, was
incorporated in PHP 5.3. Simultaneously, open-source projects phased out PHP 4 support. Throughout this
period, PHP interpreters proliferated across operating systems, with Windows binaries gradually adopting
64-bit builds from PHP 5.5.

Despite these advancements, PHP faced criticism for lacking native Unicode support. In 2005, an ambitious
project under Andrei Milevsky aimed to address this by embedding the International Components for
Unicode (ICU) library into PHP 6, adopting UTF-16 for text string representation. However, development
hurdles, including a scarcity of developers with the required expertise and performance issues with UTF-16
conversion, led to delays. Consequently, a PHP 5.3 release in 2009 absorbed non-Unicode features from
PHP 6, like namespaces. The official abandonment of the PHP 6 project in March 2010 left hopes for a
Unicode integration, plan unfulfilled and subsequent releases, including PHP 5.4, incorporated features
originally intended for PHP 6, such as traits and closure rebinding.

1.1.3 PHP 7

During 2014 and 2015, a new major PHP version was developed, which was numbered PHP 7. The

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numbering of this version involved some debate. While the PHP 6 Unicode experiment had never been
released, several articles and book titles referenced the PHP 6 name, which might have caused confusion if
a new release were to reuse the name. After a vote, the name PHP 7 was chosen. The foundation of PHP 7
is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next generation (PHP ng). It was authored by Dmitry
Stooge, Xicheng Hui and Nikita Popov, and aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend
Engine to use more compact data structures with improved cache locality while retaining near complete
language compatibility. As of 14 July 2014, WordPress based benchmarks, which served as the main
benchmark suite for the PHP ng project, showed an almost 100% increase in performance. Changes from
PHP ng are also expected to make it easier to improve performance in the future, as more compact data
structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a successful migration to a just-in-time (JIT)
compiler. Because of the significant changes, the reworked Zend Engine is called Zend Engine 3, succeeding
Zend Engine 2 used in PHP 5. Because of major internal changes in PHP ng, it must receive a new major
version number of PHP, rather than a minor PHP 5 release, according to PHP's release process. Major
versions of PHP are allowed to break backward-compatibility of code and therefore PHP 7 presented an
opportunity for other improvements beyond PHP ng that require backward-compatibility breaks, including
wider use of exceptions, reworking variable syntax to be more consistent and complete, and the deprecation
or removal of various legacy features. PHP 7 also introduced new language features, including return type
declarations for functions, which complement the existing parameter type declarations, and support for the
scalar types (integer, float, string, and Boolean) in parameter and return type declarations.

1.1.4 PHP 8

PHP 8.0, released in November 2020, marked a significant milestone for the language with notable
improvements in performance and developer experience. One of the key features introduced is the Just
Intime (JIT) Compiler named Apache, significantly enhancing script execution speed. Union types were
also introduced, allowing developers to specify multiple accepted types for function parameters, thereby
contributing to improved static analysis and type safety. Named arguments offer increased code readability
and flexibility in function calls, while attributes provide a standardized way to add metadata to classes,
methods, and properties. The match expression simplifies value comparisons, and the null safe operator
enables chaining method or property calls even when intermediate values are null. Constructor property
promotion streamlines class definitions by allowing the declaration and initialization of constructor
parameters in a single statement. While PHP 8.0 represented a substantial leap forward, developers are
advised to check the official PHP documentation for the latest updates, as subsequent versions may have
introduced additional features and improvements to the language.

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1.1.5 Data Types

PHP stores integers in a platform-dependent range, either a 64-bit or 32-bit signed integer equivalent to the
C language long type. Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations; this behaviour
is different from that of other programming languages. Integer variables can be assigned using decimal
(positive and negative), octal, hexadecimal, and binary notations. Floating numbers are also stored in a
platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific
notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++. Using
the Boolean type conversion rules, nonzero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and
C++.The null data type represents a variable that has no value; NULL is the only allowed value for this data
type. Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are
typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the
same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources. Arrays can contain elements of any
type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values
and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supports strings, which
can be used with single quotes, double quotes, new doc or heredoc syntax. The Standard PHP Library (SPL)
attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes.
1.1.6 Functions

PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language, and many are also available in various
extensions; these functions are well-documented in the online PHP documentation. However, the built-in
library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies, as described under history
above. In lieu of function pointers, functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name. In
this manner, normal PHP functions can be used, for example, as callbacks or within function tables. User
defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped. Functions may be defined inside
code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. There is a
function exists function that determines whether a function with a given name has already been defined.

Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero-argument class constructor functions called
with the PHP operator new, in which case parentheses are optional. Until PHP 5.3, support for anonymous
functions and closures did not exist in PHP. While create function () exists since PHP 4.0.1, it is merely a
thin wrapper around eval () that allows normal PHP functions to be created during the program execution.
PHP 5.3 added syntax to define an anonymous function or "closure" which can capture variables from the
surrounding scope. In the example above, the get Adder () function creates a closure using the passed
argument $x (the keyword use imports a variable from the lexical context), which takes an additional

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argument $y and returns the created closure to the caller. Such a function is a first-class object, meaning that
it can be stored in a variable, passed as a parameter to other functions, etc.

Unusually for a dynamically typed language, PHP supports type declarations on function parameters, which
are enforced at runtime. This has been supported for classes and interfaces since PHP 5.0, for arrays since
PHP 5.1, for "callable" since PHP 5.4, and scalar (integer, float, string, and Boolean) types since PHP 7.0.
PHP 7.0 also has type declarations for function return types, expressed by placing the type name after the
list of parameters, preceded by a colon. In PHP 8, additional features and improvements have been
introduced, such as the JIT (Justin-Time) compiler for performance enhancements, attributes for adding
metadata to code elements, and union types, allowing a variable to accept values of multiple types. Keep in
mind that the PHP language continues to evolve, and it's advisable to refer to the latest documentation for
the most recent updates.

1.2 Microsoft SQL Server

The SQL language may be considered as one of the major reasons for the commercial success of relational
database. Because it became a standard for relational database. Users were less concerned about migrating
their database application from other types of data base systems. SQL is a comprehensive database language.
It has statement for data definitions, queries, and update. Hence it is both DDL and DML. In addition, it has
facilities for defining views on the database for security and authorization, for defining integrity constraints,
and for specifying transaction controls. SQL is an ANSI standard computer language for accessing and
manipulating database system. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works
with database programs like MS ACCESS, DB2, Informix, MS SQL server, Oracle etc.

1.2.1 SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL is syntax for executing queries. But the SQL language also includes syntax to update, insert
and delete records. These queries and update commands together form the Data Manipulation
Language part of SQL:

1. SELECT-extract data from a database table.

2. UPDATE -Update data in a database table.

3. DELETE-delete data from a database table.

4. INSERT INTO-insert row data into a database table.

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1.2.2 SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

The Data Definition Language part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. We can also
define indexes, specify links between tables, and impose constraints between database tables.

The most important DDL statements in SQL are:

1. CREATE TABLE - create a new database table.

2. ALTER TABLE - alter a database table.

3. DROP TABLE - delete a database table.

4. CREATE INDEX - create an index.

5. DROP INDEX - drop an index.

1.3 Introduction to HTML

In the fast-changing era of the IT world, it is very important how the web application (desktop or mobile) of
any company looks like. Since the high demand for innovations and creativity in websites, much more than
just text and information, numerous languages have come up in the market providing different features to
the frontend developers for developing an application. HTML stands for Hyper Text Programming Language
which was created by Berners-Lee. HTML first standard specification was published in 1995. It is one of
the globally accepted programming languages for the development of interactive websites and webpages.
Nowadays, HTML is used with other languages like JavaScript, CSS which gives more look and feel to a
website by providing different font colour, font size, and alignment to the whole content.

HTML is a markup language so it uses simple tags to markup and format the content. These tags are enclosed
in angular brackets like <html. Almost all the tags have their closing tags also. The <html> tag informs the
browser that a HTML document has been started similarly </html> tells the end of HTML document. All
the things or code written inside these two tags are represented sent to the browser. The browsers then
display the content wrapped inside the body tag.HTML defines the format of how the web elements should
be displayed. To see your content, you need to save your file with. html or.htm extension and then simply
run it by choosing the option to open with any browser. HTML is one of the best options to develop the
webpage or website for the small or growing business that does not want to invest more in purchasing
software or its license and does not require any advanced programming for their websites.

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1.3.1 Advantages of HTML

HTML is very easy to learn and understand. For the one who is learning web development, HTML is the
first and foremost language that the person will go through. It has simple tags and there is no hectic of case
sensitivity in HTML. It simply has some tags that serve a specific purpose and that's it. One can easily
understand other's code and can make changes in it if required as there is not a lot more to understand in it.
Moreover, it does not throw any error or create any problem like other programming languages if the
developer forgets to close the tags or make some mistakes in code. One of the biggest advantages of HTML
is that it is free of cost and there is no need to purchase specific software. One should not have to deal with
different plugins required to work on any software as HTML does not require any plugins. So, it is very cost
effective as per business perspective as there is no cost of purchasing the license if the whole website is
developed in HTML language.

Almost all the browsers around the globe are supported by HTML. So, there is no need to worry about the
website written in HTML for the browser support as the website would easily show up in all the browsers
if the program keeps in mind to optimize the website for the different browsers. HTML provides an easy
way to optimize the website in HTML according to browsers to the web developers. HTML is one of the
friendliest search engines in comparison to all the programming languages available in the market (Search
Engine friendly means delivering users quality websites with relevant information when searched for a
particular one). It is quite easier to create SEO compliant websites using HTML than other programming
languages. HTML websites are easier to read and accessed by web crawlers and hence reduces parsing time
and the page load time of the website hence improving its performance.
HTML is very easy to edit as there is no need to have a special interface or platform to edit it. It is written
in simple Notepad and hence can be simply edited in any text editor like Notepad, Notepad++, etc. HTML
can be easily integrated with multiple languages and does not create any issues in it. For example, in
JavaScript, PHP, node.js, CSS and many more, we write the code of these languages between the HTML
and it mixes with them very easily. HTML is lightweight language. It has a high signal to noise ratio as
compared to other forms of communication. It is also faster to download HTML code, which means it is
highly compressive also saved and reload. HTML is a user-friendly programming language. One does not
need to have any prior knowledge of any language. Understanding of simple English is sufficient to work
with it. HTML is used in frontend development for over so many years before we have no other languages
available in the market for web development. Although HTML provides all the tags to the user to add
everything in the webpage like a table, images, hyperlink, etc. there were some drawbacks which were
covered in the latest version of HTML, i.e., HTML5 which allows the user to insert a graphic, multimedia,
semantic elements to develop powerful websites and improving UX consistently.

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1.4 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Stands for "Cascading Style Sheet." Cascading style sheets are used to format the layout of Web pages. They
can be used to define text styles, table sizes, and other aspects of Web pages that previously could only be
defined in a page's HTML.CSS helps Web developers create a uniform look across several pages of a Web
site. Instead of defining the style of each table and each block of text within a page's HTML, commonly
used styles need to be defined only once in a CSS document. Once the style is defined in cascading style
sheet, it can be used by any page that references the CSS file. Plus, CSS makes it easy to change styles
across several pages at once. For example, a Web developer may want to increase the default text size from
10pt to 12pt for fifty pages of a Web site. If the pages all reference the same style sheet, the text size only
needs to be changed on the style sheet and all the pages will show the larger text. While CSS is great for
creating text styles, it is helpful for formatting other aspects of Web page layout as well. For example, CSS
can be used to define the cell padding of table cells, the style, thickness, and colour of a table's border, and
the padding around images or other objects. CSS gives Web developers more exact control over how Web
pages will look than HTML does. This is why most Web pages today incorporate cascading style sheets.

1.4.1 Advantages of CSS

• CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML pages.

You can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as you want.

• Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag attributes every time.
Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply it to all the occurrences of that tag.
So, less code means faster download times.

• Easy maintenance - To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in all the
web pages will be updated automatically.

• Superior styles to HTML - CSS have a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so you can give
a far better look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.

• Multiple Device Compatibility-Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than one type of
device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can be presented for
handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or for printing.

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1.4.2 Creates and Maintains CSS

CSS is created and maintained through a group of people within the W3C called the CSS Working Group.
The CSS Working Group creates documents called specifications. When a specification has been discussed
and officially ratified by the W3C members, it becomes a recommendation. These ratified specifications are
called recommendations because the W3C has no control over the actual implementation of the language.
Independent companies and organizations create that software.

1.4.3 CSS Versions

Cascading Style Sheets level 1 (CSS1) came out of W3C as a recommendation in December 1996. This
version describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all the HTML tags.CSS2
became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version adds support for media-
specific style sheets e.g., printers and aural devices, downloadable fonts, element positioning and tables.

1.5 JAVASCRIPT

JAVASCRIPT is most famous scripting language of all time. The main usage of JavaScript is to add various
Web Functions, Validations, Detections, a creation of cookies and so on. JavaScript is the best scripting
language and that is why it is supported by all browsers. It is considered as the most powerful scripting
language in present time. It is used for the client-side web development. It interactive. It is a light weight
programming language and is embedded directly in makes the page to the mark up syntax. JavaScript as the
name defines was affected by many languages, especially Java.

1.5.1 WHY TO USE JAVASCRIPT:

JavaScript is one of the 3 languages all web developers must learn:

• HTML to define the content of web pages

• CSS to specify the layout of web pages

• JavaScript to specify the behaviour of web pages

1.5.2 JAVASCRIPT PROPERTIES:

• Properties are the values associated with a JavaScript object

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• JavaScript object is a collection of unordered properties

• Properties can usually be changed, added and deleted but some are read only

1.6 BOOTSTRAP

Bootstrap is a powerful, open-source front-end framework that accelerates web development by providing
pre-built, responsive UI components. It simplifies the process of creating visually appealing, consistent,
and cross-browser compatible websites.

1.6.1 Why Use Bootstrap?

• Rapid Development: Bootstrap offers pre-built components like buttons, forms, navigation bars,
modals, and more, saving you time and effort in designing and coding them from scratch.

• Responsive Design: It automatically adapts your website's layout to different screen sizes, ensuring
a seamless user experience across devices.

• Cross-Browser Compatibility: Bootstrap is designed to work consistently across various browsers,

reducing the need for extensive testing and debugging.

• Customizable: You can easily customize Bootstrap's default styles and components using CSS to
match your brand and design preferences.

• Large Community and Support: A large and active community provides extensive
documentation, tutorials, and support, helping you resolve issues and learn best practices.

1.7 WAMP

Wamp server refers to a solution stack for the Microsoft Windows operating system, created by Romain
Bourdon and consisting of the Apache Web server, Open SSL for SSL support, MYSQL database and PHP
programming language. Wamp server is a Web development platform on Windows that allows you to create
dynamic Web applications with Apache2, PHP, MYSQL and Maria DB. Wamp server automatically installs
everything you need to intuitively develop Web applications. You will be able to tune your server without
even touching its setting files. Best of all, Wamp server is available for free in both 32- and 64-bit versions.

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2.SYSTEM STUDY

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This stage involves studying the existing system and meeting with the uses, which determine user
requirements and their expectation of the proposed system. Cost of incorporating changes required by the
user is very less at this stage that steeply increases a development advance. System study is general term
that refers to an orderly, structured process for identifying and solving problems. The first phase of software
development is system study. The importance of system study phase is the establishment of the requirements
for the system to be acquired, developed and installed. Analysing the project to understand the complexity
forms the vital part of the system study. Problematic areas are identified and information is collected. Fact
finding or gathering is essential to any analysis of requirements. It is also highly essential that the analyst
familiarize himself with the objectives, activities and functions of organizations in which the system is to
be implemented. System study works with users to identify goals and build systems to achieve them. System
study is an important phase of any system development process. The system is studied to the minute details
and analysed. The system analyst plays the role of an interrogator and dwells deep into the working of the
present system. In system study, a detailed study of these operations performed by a system and their
relationship within and outside the system is done. A key question considered here is, "What must be done
to solve the problem?". One aspect of system study is defining the boundaries of the application and
determining whether or not the candidate application should be considered. The system is viewed as a whole
and the inputs to the system are identified. The outputs from the system are traced various processing.
During system study data are collected on available sources network data centres handled by the present
system. Once system study is completed the analyst has a firm understanding of what is to be done. If the
information gathered in the system study is not enough to make a good software application,

2.1 Feasibility Study

Feasibility is conducted to identify the best system that meets all requirements. It is both necessary and
important to evaluate the feasibility of a project at the earliest possible time. feasibility study includes
an identification description, an evaluation of proposed system and selection of the best system for the
job. During the system is to be carried out, this is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to
other. The feasibility study should be relatively cheap and quick. The results should inform the decision
of whether to go ahead with a more detailed analysis, some understanding of the major requirements
for the system is essential. Key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

• Economic feasibility

• Behavioural feasibility

• Technical feasibility

• Operational feasibility

• Legal feasibility

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2.1.1 Economic Feasibility

Economic feasibility is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of the candidate
system. It is very essential because the main goal of the proposed system is to have economically better
result along with increased efficiency. A cost evaluation is weighed against the ultimate income or product.
Economic justification is generally the bottom-line consideration that includes cost benefit analysis, long
term corporate income strategies, and cost of resources needed for development and potential market
growth. When compared to the advantage obtained from implementing the system its cost is affordable.
Proposed system was developed with available resources. Since cost input for the software is almost nil the
output of the software is always a profit. Hence software is economically feasible.

2.1.2 Behavioural Feasibility

People are inherently resistant to change and computer is known for facilitating the changes. An estimate
should be made of how strongly the user; staff reacts towards the development of the computerized system.
In the existing system more manpower is required and time factor is more. The more manpower for
managing many files for dynamic data replication and more time for search through these files is needed.
but in the proposed system, both manpower and time factors are reduced and also unnecessary burden is
reduced, thus, the remaining people are made to engage in some other important work. Also, there is no
need to wait in case of downloading the data for the users therefore, the system is behaviourally feasible.

2.1.3 Technical Feasibility

A study of function, performance and constrains may improve the ability to create an acceptable system,
technical feasibility is frequently the most different area to achieve at the stage of product. In the proposed
system, data can be easily stored and managed using database management system software, the reports and
the results for various queries can be generated easily. Our proposed system is technically feasible to use by
any users.

2.1.4 Operational Feasibility

The purpose of the operational feasibility is to determine whether the new system will be used if it is
developed and implemented and whether there will be resistance from users that will undermine the possible
application benefits .The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user .this
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently .the user must not feel threatened by
the system, instead must accept it as a necessity the level of acceptance by the user solely depends on the
methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it .his level
of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive. The proposed system is an

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upgrade version of the current systems new fields have been implemented according to the user need, hence
it ensures all the aspects. The proposed system is very much user-friendly and the system is easily
understood by simple training and it is operationally feasible to use by any users.

2.1.5 Legal Feasibility

A determination of any infringement, violation, or liability that could result from development of the system.
Legal feasibility encompasses a broad range of concerns that include contracts, liability, infringement, and
myriad other traps frequently unknown to technical staff.

2.2 Existing System

Today, in most commercial areas like malls, multiplexes, hospitals, offices, market zones, one of the major
challenges that we face is vehicle parking. Thus, to park a vehicle the person has to search for the space for
his or her car at each and every lanes at parking area. It does not take into account the parking opportunities
to show more confusions and have not optimally used the space. There are some challenges such as shortage
of resources, legal issues and difficulty in record keeping.

2.3 Proposed System

The proposed system is the Vehicle Parking Management System (VPMS) which is web-based that are
created employing PHP and MySQL technologies. VPMS was targeted at the parking records from the
vehicle within a parking place in a competent manner. This system offers an easy to use and effective
system for the acceptance of entries of vehicles, their exits and other details. This system will prove
especially useful to parking facility owners and managers who consider efficiency upgrades and enhanced
customer satisfaction. The platform ensures smoother parking processes, real-time updates, and better
utilization of available parking space, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience. Users can pre-
book parking slots and make secure digital payments using integrated payment gateways.

2.4 Techniques for System Study

The most important source information is the end users of the current system, who are often also the potential
users of the new system. They may range from novices to highly- skilled individuals. The information
gathered from end users will be crucial during the analysis and design phases. Later, the analyst will also
discuss technical aspects of the system with programmers, network engineers and other technical staff. A
secondary source of information for the analyst can be found in the existing paper work or document within
the organization. Documents represent the formal information flow through the current system. The analyst
must collect sample copies of all relevant documents, e.g., input forms, output document, report,

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invoices etc to understand how data flows and is used in the current system. This information can be
important in the subsequent design of files for the new system. This analyst will use a range of techniques
to gather information about the current system. The most important are interviewing, questioners and
observation.

In this project I have used observation as a technique for gathering information. Observation is a technique
used to gather information by observing people performing various aspect of their loans. It allows the analyst
to determine what is being done, how it is being done, who does it, when it is done, how long it takes, where
it is done and why it is done.

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3.SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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Analysis is the process of breaking the problem into the successively manageable parts for individual study,
system analysis is the study of various operations that has to be done to solve the problem one aspect of the
system analysis is defining the boundaries of the system and determining whether or not be proposed system
should consider other related systems. One of the main meanings of the feasibility is possibility checking
of the different criteria for success is included in feasibility study section these criteria's are cost, time
,efficiency etc....all these factors play an important role in achieving objective of the system that means the
system should be such it gives optimum performance at minimum cost, time requirements .these system
contributes to the overall objectives of the organization .the system be implemented using current
technology and within given cost and schedule constrains. the system is integrated with systems which are
already in place. It is a general term that refers to a structural process for identifying and solving problems
in a computer-based transformation system SDLC is the structured approach. Analysis implies the process
of breaching something down in to its parts so that the whole may be understood. The definition of system
analysis, but also that of synthesis, which is the process of putting parts together to form a new whole.

3.1 Hardware Specification

Selecting the right hardware for software development is crucial for optimal system performance. A
powerful processor is essential for handling complex operations, ensuring smooth compilation and
execution. Adequate hard disk capacity is equally important for managing databases and extensive
applications. Additionally, sufficient system memory (RAM) supports multitasking and contributes to an
efficient development workflow. In summary, a well-thought-out hardware configuration with a powerful
processor, ample hard disk space, and sufficient RAM is key to creating an optimal environment for software
development. Furthermore, energy-efficient components contribute to sustainability, aligning with
environmentally conscious practices in software development.

3.2 System Configuration

3.2.1 H/W System Configuration

• Processor - Intel i3 or above

• Speed - 1.30GHz/2.1GHz

• RAM - 8GB (minimum)

• Hard Disk - 256GB or above

• Key Board - Standard QWERTY Keyboard

• Mouse - Optical mouse

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• Monitor - LCD/LED monitors

3.2.2 S/W System Configuration

• Operating System : Windows 10,11

• Application Server : Wamp 3.3 or above

• Front End : HTML, PHP, Bootstrap

• Scripts : JavaScript

• Server-side Script : PHP

• Database : MySQL

• Database Connectivity : PhpMyAdmin

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4.SYSTEM DESIGN

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The term design describes the final system and the way in which it is developed. The system design is a
solution, how to approach to the new system. This important phase is composed of several steps. An
emphasis is on translating the performance requirements of our proposed system into design specification.
Design goes through logical and physical stage of development. In the design phase the physical design
producing the working system by defining a particular specification that helps to knowing exactly what the
new system must do. The logical design determines the information flow into and of the system and require
database. Design is a multistep process that focuses on data structure, software, architecture, procedural
details, and interface between modules. The design process translates the requirements into the
representation of the software. Computer software design changes continually because new methods, better
analysis and broader understanding evolved. It provides the understanding and procedure details necessary
for implementing the proposed system .an emphasis is on translating the performance requirement of our
proposed system into design specification. Design goes through logical and physical stage. The system
design is the last phase that indicate the final system and process of design phase. In the designed phase of
maintenance management system, the database tables, input screens and output reports are designed. In
table designing, redundancy is avoided. Design is the only way that we can accurately translate a system
requirement into a software product. In our production management system, all the input screens are
designed as user friendly and understandable.

4.1 Process Description

A vehicle parking management system incorporates pre-booking and feedback functionalities, ensuring
seamless parking operations and improved user satisfaction. The system begins with user authentication for
both administrators and vehicle owners. Administrators can manage essential tasks such as adding, updating,
or deleting parking slots, setting slot for different vehicle categories and monitoring real-time availability.

Users can pre-book parking slots by specifying slot type. Upon arrival, users can enter a unique ID for
access, ensuring smooth entry. Slot availability is updated dynamically as vehicles enter or exit. The system
records entry and exit times, calculates parking charges, and supports multiple payment modes, including
online payment. Feedback and remarks functionality allows users to rate their parking experience, leave
comments, or report issues. Administrators can review feedback to address concerns and enhance service
quality. By integrating pre-booking and feedback features, the system improves user convenience and
operational efficiency, delivering a reliable and user-friendly parking solution.

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4.2 Modules

4.2.1 Admin Module

• Overall management of the system.

• Monitoring user and dealer checking the feedback and remarks .
• Generation of detailed reports user account management

4.2.3 Dealer Module

• Vehicle registration comprehensive management of vehicle details including entries, exits and user
details category management for different types of vehicles parking slots allocation .
• Updation of slot availability can manage payments for parking slots allocated to users and can set
extra fees according to the duration of the vehicle parked can make remarks

4.2.4 User Module

• User account creation.

• View and manage user profiles.
• View parking details
• Access to account information.
• Easy retrieval of parked vehicle data.
• Can make payments of parking fees using multiple gateways.
• Can add feedback/complaints

4.3 Input Design

Input design is the link that ties the information system into the world of its users. The input design involves
determining what the input is, how the data should be performed, how to validate data, how to minimize
data entry and how to provide a multi user facility, inaccurate input data are the most common cause of
errors in data processing. Errors entered by data entry operator can be controlled by input design. Input
design is the process of converting user originated input to a computer-based format. Input data are collected
and organized into groups of similar data. Once identified, appropriate input media are selected for
processing All the input data re validated in the order and if any data violates any conditions, the user is
warned by a message. If the data satisfies all the conditions, then it is transferred to the appropriate table in
the database. A form is designed to enter the details should be user friendlier so that authorized user with
even less knowledge can enter the data. The form is designed using v b tools like command boxes, text
boxes, labels, option buttons, combo boxes etc.

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4.4 Output Design

Output design is very important concept in the computerized system, without reliable output the user may
feel the entire system unnecessary and avoids using it. The proper output design is important in any system
and facilitates effective decision making. The output design of this system includes various reports. output
requirements are designed during system analysis. An application is successful only when it can provide
efficient and effective reports. The goal of the output design is to capture the output and get the data into a
format suitable for the computer. It is very helpful to produce the clear, accurate and speedy information for
end users. A major form of the output is the harder copy from the pointer and screen reports. Printouts are
designed around the output requirements of the user. Allowing the user to view the sample screen is
important because the user is the ultimate judge of the quality of output. Output of this project is provided
in the form of reports created using crystal report tool.

4.5 Database Design

The fundamental purpose of a database is to provide a structured and efficient means of organizing, storing,
and retrieving data. By treating data as a valuable organizational resource, the development of database
technology has evolved to ensure seamless integration and cohesiveness within the information ecosystem.
A Database Management System (DBMS) plays a crucial role in achieving this objective, allowing for the
secure and organized storage of data independently from other resources. The distinction between logical
and physical data is a key aspect of this approach, where logical data represents the conceptual organization
and relationships, while physical data pertains to the actual storage and retrieval mechanisms.

Moreover, the overarching goal of the database technology is to facilitate easy, quick, cost-effective, and
flexible access to information for users. This is achieved through the implementation of a well-designed
database system that emphasizes integration, data integrity, and independence. The separation of logical and
physical storage further enhances the adaptability and scalability of the system. In practice, databases are
commonly implemented through specialized software packages known as Database Management Systems
(DBMS), which provide a structured environment for creating, managing, and manipulating databases. This
systematic approach ensures that the database aligns with organizational objectives, optimizes data
management, and serves as a reliable foundation for various applications and information retrieval needs.

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4.6 Process Design

Process design represents the structure of data and program components that are required to build a
computer-based system. It considered the architectural style that the system will take, the structure and
properties of the components constitute the system, and the interrelationships that occur among all
architectural components of a system. Although a software engineer can design both and architecture, the
job is often allocated to specialist when large, complex system are to be built. A database or data warehouse
designer creates data architecture for a system. The 'system architect 'select an appropriate architectural
style for the requirements derived during system engineering and software requirement analysis.
Architectural design begins with data design and proceeds to the derivation of one or more representations
of the architectural structure of the system. An architecture model encompassing data architecture and
program structure is created during architectural design. In addition, component properties and the process
by which it is developed. It refers to technical specifications that will be applied in implementing the system.
It includes the construction of program and program testing. The input to design phase is software
requirement specification DFD's, e-r diagrams and structured diagrams depending on analysis. The output
will be designing specification. System design involves designing from layouts for input and reports for
output.

4.7 Table Design

Database design is the logical form of design of data storage in the form of records in a particular structure
in the form of tables with fields which is not transparent to the normal user but it actually acts as the
backbone of the system. As we know database is a collection of data, which helps the system to manage and
store data called database management system. Data base management system builds some form of
constraints like integrity constraints, i.e., the primary key/ unique key and referential integrity which help
to keep data structure storage and access of data from tables efficiently and accurately and take necessary
steps to concurrent access of data and avoid redundancy of data in tables by normalization criterions.

Normalization is the method of breaking down complex table structures into simple table structures by using
certain rules thus reduce redundancy and inconsistency and disk space usage and thus increase the
performance of the system or application which is directly linked to the database design and also solve the
problems of anomalies. The Data Base design of new system's is in second normal form and the second
normal form defines that all non-key fields of the table are fully dependent on the whole key. Each field of
the tables is made to depend only on key attributes and dependency on non-key fields is eliminated. The
organized data into column called fields and rows called reports. There are several different tables are used
in this project. These are;

1. Admin.
2. Dealer

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3. Users
4. Spots
5. Vehicle
6. Payment
7. Remark
8. Feedback

Table Name: Dealer

Description: Manage users, spots and vehicles.

Field Datatype Constraint Description

ID Int Primary Key Dealer id

Username Varchar (120) Not Null User name

MobileNumber Bigint Not Null Mobile number

Email Varchar (200) Not Null Email id

Password Varchar (120) Not Null Password

Regdate Timestamp Current Timestamp Registration date

TABLE NAME: Remarks

DESCRIPTION:
Field Datatype Constraint Description

Date Timestamp Current Timestamp Date

Feedback Varchar (120) Not Null Feedback

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Table Name: Admin

Description: Overall management of the system.

Field Datatype Constraint Description

Username Varchar (120) Not Null User name

Password Varchar (120) Not Null Password

Table Name: Users

Description: User can Update parking details.
Field Datatype Constraint Description

ID Int Primary Key User id

Firstname Varchar (120) Not Null First name

Lastname Varchar (120) Not Null Last name

MobileNumber Bigint Not Null Mobile number

Email Varchar (200) Not Null Email id

Password Varchar (120) Not Null Password

Regdate Timestamp Current Timestamp Registration date

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Table Name: Feedback

DESCRIPTION:
Field Datatype Constraint Description

Date Timestamp Current_Timestamp Date

Feedback Varchar (120) Not Null Feedback

Table Name: Vehicle

Description: Used to show details of the vehicle.

Field Datatype Constraint Description

ID Int Primary Key Vehicle id

Reg_no Varchar (120) Not Null Registration number

OwnerName Varchar (120) Not Null Owner name

Category Varchar (120) Not Null Vehicle category

V_name Varchar (200) Not Null Vehicle name

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Table Name: Spots

Description: Used to show number of slots.

Field Datatype Constraint Description

ID Int Primary Key Spot number

Slot_no Int Foreign Key Category id

Date Timestamp Current Timestamp Date

InTime Timestamp Current Timestamp Time in

OutTime Timestamp Current Timestamp Out time

Status Varchar (5) Null Availability

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Table Name: Payment

Description: To manage payment methods.

Field Data Type Constraint Description

ID Int Primary Key Payment id

PaymentMethod Varchar (10) Not Null Payment method

ParkingCharge Varchar (120) Not Null Parking rate

Date Timestamp Current Timestamp Date

4.8 Data Flow Diagram

A DFD, also known as a "bubble chart" has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying
major transformations that will become programs in system design. A DFD consists of a series of bubbles
joined by lines. The bubbles represent data transformations and the lines represents data flow in the system.
A data flow diagram may be used to represent a system or software at any level of abstraction. A DFD is a
diagram that describes the flow of data and the processes that change or transform data throughout a system.
It is a structured analysis and design tool that can be used or flowcharting in place of, or in association with,
information oriented and process-oriented system flowchart. When analyst prepare the, they specify the user
needs at a level of detail that virtually determines the information flow into and out of the system and the
required data resources. This network is constructed by using a set of symbols that do not imply a physical
implementation. The DFD reviews the current physical system, prepare input and output specification,
specifies the implementation plan etc.

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Basic data flow diagrams symbols are:

A "rectangle" defines a source or destination of a system data

An "arrow" identifies data flow. It is a pipeline through which information flows.

A "circle" represents a process that transforms incoming data flow(s) into outgoing data flow(s).

An "open rectangle" is a data store.

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DFD level 0

Level 1 Admin

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Level 1 Dealer

Level 1 User

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4.9 E-R Diagram

The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram. The
relative simplicity and pictorial clarity of this diagramming technique may well account in large
part for the widespread use of E-R model. Such diagram consists of the following major
components:

• Dashed ellipses: which denote derived attributes?

• Double ellipses: which represent multi valued attributes.
• Lines: which link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets.
• Diamonds: which represents relationship sets?
• Ellipses: which represents attributes?
• Rectangles: which represent entity sets?

• Rectangle which represents entity sets.

• Diamond which represents relationship sets.

• Ellipse which represents attributes.

• Lines which link attributes to entity sets and entity.

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ER Diagram

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5.SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

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In the realm of software development, testing emerges as a critical phase, serving to ensure the reliability
and functionality of a system. Testing strategies, encompassing methodologies such as manual and automated
approaches, play a crucial role in validating software functionality. Various types of testing further contribute
to this process. Unit Testing focuses on individual components, Integration Testing examines module
interactions, Validation Testing ensures overall system adherence to predefined requirements, Output Testing
scrutinizes system responses, User Acceptance Testing assesses suitability for end-users, and System
Implementation marks the transition to production. This comprehensive approach ensures that software not
only meets but exceeds user expectations, underscoring the significance of a well-structured and thorough
testing process in delivering high quality and robust applications.

5.1 Testing
Testing is a process of executing a program with the interest of finding an error. A good test is one that has
a high probability of finding the yet undiscovered errors. The primary objective for the test case design is
to drive a set of tests that has the highest likelihood for systematically uncovering different classes of errors
in the software. A series of testing are performed for this project before the system is ready for acceptance.
Some of the testing strategies applied for the system are listed here.

5.1.1 Testing Strategies

• White Box Testing

• Black Box Testing

5.1.1.1 Black Box

Testing Black Box testing also called functional testing, focuses on the functional requirements of the
software. Knowing the specified function that a product designed to perform the test can be conducted to
ensure that each function is fully operational. Black Box tests are carried out to test that input to function is
properly accepted and output is correctly produced. It finds the errors in the following categories,

• Interface errors.

• Performance in data structures or external database access.

• Performance errors. Initialization and termination errors.

• Incorrect or missing functions.

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Black box testing is used to detect errors of type incorrect or missing functions, interface errors, errors in
data structures or external database access, performance, initialization and termination errors.

5.1.1.2 White Box Testing

White box testing, sometimes called “Glass box testing”, and is a test case design uses the control structure
of the procedural design to check the errors. It involves following procedures;

5.2 Types of Testing

• All independent paths within module have been exercised at least once.
• All logical decisions were checked for the true and false values.
• All loops were executed to check their boundary values.
• Internal data structure was tested for their validity.
• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing
• Validation Testing
• Output Testing
• User Acceptance Testing
• Product transitions qualities

5.3 Unit Testing

In this testing we test each module individual and integrated the overall system. Unit testing focuses
verification efforts on the smaller unit of software design in the module. This is also known as „module‟
testing. The modules of the system are tested separately. The testing is carried out during programming stage
itself.

5.4 Integration Testing:

Data can be lost across an interface one module can have an adverse effort on the other sub functions when
combined by May not produce the desired major functions. Integrated testing is the systematic testing for
constructing the uncover errors within the interface. This testing was done with sample data. The need for
integrated test is to find the overall system performance.

5.5 Validation Testing:

Validation testing is a pivotal phase in the software development life cycle, encompassing a comprehensive
examination of the software to verify that it not only adheres to the defined specifications but also aligns
seamlessly with the end users' needs and expectations. This rigorous testing process aims to confirm that
the software functions in a manner that is not only technically sound but also practically viable and user

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friendly. By successfully undergoing validation testing, a software product gains the necessary assurance
that it meets the desired quality standards and is poised for acceptance by the customer, ultimately enhancing
its overall reliability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

5.6 Output Testing:

After performing the validation testing, the next step is output testing of the proposed system since no
system could be useful if it doesn’t produce the required data in the specific format. The output displayed
or generated by the system under consideration is tested by, asking the user about the format displayed.
The output format on the screen is found to be correct as the format was designed in the system phase
according to the user needs. Hence the output testing doesn’t result in any correction in the system.

5.7 User Acceptance Testing:

User Acceptance of the system is the key factor for the success of the system. The system under
consideration is tested for user Acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with prospective system at the
time of developing and making change wherever required. This is done with regard to the following points

• Output Screen design.

• Input Screen design.
• Menu driven system.

5.8 System Implementation

5.8.1 Implementation Concepts

Implementation is the stage of the project when theoretical design is turned into a working system. The
implementation stage is a system project in its own right. It includes careful planning, investigation of
current system and its constraints in implementation, design of methods to achieve the changeover, training
of the staff in the changeover procedure and evaluation of changeover method. The first task in
implementation is planning deciding on the methods and time-scale to be adopted. Once the planning has
been completed, the major effort is to ensure that the program in the system are working properly. At the
same time concentrate on training the staff. When the staff have been trained, the complete system, involving
both computer and user can be executed effectively.

When the manager’s system is linked to terminal on remote sites, the telecommunication network along
with the system are also included under implementation. Depending upon the nature of the system, extensive
user training may be required. Programming itself is a design work. The initial parameters of the
management information system should be modified as a result of programming efforts; programming
provides a Reality test for the assumptions made by the analyst. System testing checks the readiness and

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accuracy of the system access update and retrieve data from new files. Once the program becomes available,
the test data are read into the computer and processed. In this system, conventional parallel Run was
conducted to establish the efficiency of the system. Implementation is used here to mean the process of
converting a new or a revised system design into an operational one. Conversion is one aspect of
implementation. Conversion means changing from one system to another. The objective is to put the tested
system into operation while holding costs, risks and personal irritation to a minimum. Changeover is the
process of adopting the new system. The new system has to be introduced however. This is done after the
system has been developed and tested completely. There is a set of methods like Direct Changeover, parallel
Changeover, pilot running etc. pilot running is intended here. Data from one or more previous periods for
the whole or part of the system is run on the new system after results have been obtained from the old system
and both are compared. It is performed till the completion of one system life cycle. When the changeover
has taken place there will be a need for amendment to correct or improve the new system. When the user
wants to add any new records, some fields will automatically get their default values. If the user desires to
change these default values he can do it.

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6.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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In conclusion, navigating the dynamic realm of vehicle parking management systems demands a strategic
approach that addresses the complex challenges and opportunities in this domain. The critical dimension of
efficiency and user convenience is paramount, given the increasing urbanization and demand for optimized
parking solutions. Delays in deploying efficient systems may lead to congestion and dissatisfied users, while
rushed implementations could compromise reliability and scalability. The system, meticulously designed
with specific objectives, features a resilient architecture that addresses current parking challenges while
accommodating future expansions and technological integrations.

The future of vehicle parking management holds immense potential for innovative advancements that
promise to revolutionize the industry. Envisioned enhancements include AI-driven analytics to predict
demand patterns, optimize space utilization, and reduce wait times. Smart parking sensors integrated with
IoT technology will provide real-time data on space availability, enhancing accuracy in parking guidance
systems. Dedicated EV charging facilities within parking zones will support the growing adoption of electric
vehicles. Dynamic pricing models based on demand, location, and time will maximize revenue and user
satisfaction. Seamless connectivity will expand mobile app functionalities, offering route navigation to
available spaces, multi-location parking reservations, and loyalty reward systems. Automated vehicle
identification using ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition) and RFID technologies will enable faster
entry and exit processes

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7.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. PHP and MySQL Web Development" by Luke Welling and Laura Thomson (Latest edition: 2019)
2. "Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript" by Robin Nixon (Latest edition: 2018)
3. "Web Development with PHP and MySQL" by David Powers (Latest edition: 2020)
4. "PHP Objects, Patterns, and Practice" by Matt Zandstra (Latest edition: 2017)
5. "Modern PHP: New Features and Good Practices" by Josh Lockhart (Latest edition: 2015)
6. W3Schools PHP Tutorial: https://www.w3schools.com/
7. GitHub Repository for PHP Projects: https://github.com/
8. Stack Overflow: https://stackoverflow.com/
9. " Database Management Systems" Author: Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke.
10. "HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites" Author: Jon Duckett.
11. "The System Design and Implementation of Vehicle Management" Author: Jr-Jen Huang, Yi-Yu
Chu, and Yen-Jen Chen.

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8.APPENDIX

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8.1Screenshots
Home page

User login

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Dealer login

Manage category

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Add category

Manage incoming vehicles

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Overview of the parking management

Visualisation of slots

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Remarks adding column

Categories of Vehicle

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8.2 Source Code

Dashboard-admin

<?php

session_start(); error_reporting(0);

include('includes/dbconnection.php');

error_reporting(0); if

(strlen($_SESSION['vpmsuid']==0)) {

header('location:logout.php');

} else{ ?>

<!doctype html>

<html class="no-js" lang="">

<head>

<title>VPMS - User Dashboard</title>

<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i.imgur.com/QRAUqs9.png">

<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://i.imgur.com/QRAUqs9.png">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/normalize.min.css">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">

<style>

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#weatherWidget. currentDesc {

color: #ffffff!important;

.traffic-chart { min-

height: 335px;

#flotPie1 {

height: 150px;

#flotPie1 td {

padding:3px;

#flotPie1 table {

top: 20px!important;

right: -10px!important;

.chart-container {

display: table; min-

width: 270px ; text-

align: left; padding-

top: 10px; padding-

bottom: 10px;

$. plot("#flotBarChart", [{ data: [[0, 18], [2, 8], [4, 5], [6, 13],[8,5], [10,7],[12,4],

[14,6],[16,15], [18, 9],[20,17],

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[22,7],[24,4], [26,9],[28,11]],

bars: {

show: true,

lineWidth: 0,

fillColor: '#ffffff8a'

} }], {

grid: {

show: false

});

// Bar Chart #flotBarChart End

});

</script>

</body>

</html>

<?php } ?>

Add vehicle category

<?php

session_start(); error_reporting(0);

include('includes/dbconnection.php'); if

(strlen($_SESSION['vpmsaid']==0)) {

header('location:logout.php');

} else{

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if(isset($_POST['submit']))

$catname=$_POST['catename']; $slot=$_POST['slot'];

$query=mysqli_query($con, "insert into tblcategory(VehicleCat, slot) value('$catname', '$slot')");

if ($query) { echo "<script>alert('Category added successfully');</script>"; echo

"<script>window.location.href='manage-category.php'</script>";

else

echo "<script>alert('Something Went Wrong. Please try again');</script>";

?>

<div class="card-body card-block">

<form action="" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"

class="formhorizontal">

<div class="row form-group">

<div class="col col-md-3"><label for="text-input" class=" form-

controllabel">Category Name</label></div>

<div class="col-12 col-md-9"><input type="text" id="catename"

name="catename" class="form-control" placeholder="Vehicle Category" required="true"></div>

</div>

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<div class="row form-group">

<div class="col col-md-3"><label for="text-input" class=" form-controllabel">No

of Slots</label></div>

<div class="col-12 col-md-9"><input type="text" id="slot" name="slot"

class="form-control" placeholder="No of slots for the Category." required="true"></div>

</div>

<p style="text-align: center;"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btnsm"

name="submit" >Add</button></p>

</form>

</div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

<?php } ?>

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