Ist Semester (Cosmology)

Cosmology
Provides several hypotheses about how the universe began
Religious Cosmology
Beliefs from assumption
: Bolsty trom are uipe orother Holy
book
• Undermined by the discoveries of
tools and the use of scientific method
Classifications of Religious Cosmology
Biblical- God is the author of creation and the creation took six days (story from the Genesis)
Mormon- believes that there was a pre-existing mortal life; earth's creation was not ex-nihilo but
came from an existing matter
c. Islamic- the origin of the universe is one with God the universe
d. Buddhist - the universe is passing in and out of existence, with no beginning or end; there is
an infinite number of universes
e. Hindu- creation is timeless and no beginning; the universe is created, destroyed and reverted
in an eternally repetitive cycle
Physical Cosmology: Scientific Theories
Began in 1915 with the development of the general theory of relativity
Albert Einstein
• wrote a paper in 1917 describing theapplication of GTR to the universe
• The equations showed that the universe was either expanding or contracting
George LeMaitre
• Published an article where he proposed the expansion of universe but no data to prove; it soon
got approved by Edwin Hubble
Edwin Hubble
• Observed billions of other galaxies besides Milky way
• Observed that almost all galaxies are moving away from each other
• Made the Hubble Plot: reveals that distant galaxies are moving away from the Earth
Big Bang Theory
• Proposed by George LeMaitre
• Provides the best explanation and is implicitly accepted
• "The universe was formed 13.8
billion years ago from cataclysmic expansion that hurled all matter, energy and time in all
directions of the universe"
Singularity - compact point where all matter and energy are contained; high temperature and
infinite density
Based on two assumptions:
Einstein's GTR and the cosmological principle which can both calculate the history of the
cosmos after a certain epoch called Planck

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quantum theory; the time it takes for light to travel in vacuum It described how the universe
began in a hot and dense state cowhin 83 - 188 dinor cede
Four Fundamental Forces - speculated to be unified into a single force at a very high
temperature but separated when the high temperature dropped (which is called the
spontaneous symmetry breaking).
Big Bang and its Pieces of Evidence
a. Galaxies moving away (Redshift)
By Edwin Hubble
Recessional movement of the galaxies
Proves the expansion of the universe reveals that it was once compacted
b. Cosmic Microwave Background By George Gamow (gave further support to Lemaitre and
Hubble's theory or the universe), 1948
Elements were formed after the big bang
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson 7 accidentally discovered cosmic microwave radiation
Was speculated to be the leftover energy from the formation of universe
Associated with the recombination era
The abundance of light elements
Nucleosynthesis
EARTH SCIENCE
1st Semester (Cosmology)
1963: a new class of astronomical objects called quasars was discovered
Quasar - incredibly bright objects; very small when compared to the size of galaxy Another
piece of evidence:
Radio galaxies were found a long way from the sun at far distances at the space; disproved the
idea that similar bodies are created and found everywhere; implies that the universe is dynamic
Cosmic Inflation Theory
Pronosed by nhvsicists Alan Guth and
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Origin of the Universe
• Refers to the formation of heavier elements from the fusion of lighter elements
Bigbang Nucleosynthesis: Process
One second after the Big Bang:
• The temperature of the universe was roughly 10B degrees celsius
• Filled with a sea of neutrons, electrons, positrons, photons and neutrinos
As the universe cooled:
• The neurons decayed into protons and electrons, or;
• Combined with protons to make deuterium
First 3-5 mins of the universe
• Most of the deuterium combines to make helium
• Trace amounts of lithium were produced
Steady-State Theor, Fred Hoyle
- He believed that the universe was in a steady state, always having the same density,
unchanging in time and is uniform in space
Theory: New matter is constantly created in the universe to keep the density equal all the time
Was debunked because the theory violates the law of conservation of energy
• "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, rather, it can only be
transformed or transferred"
1950: very popular
1960: contradicted by pieces of evidences
Origin

1963: a new class of astronomical objects called quasars was discovered

Quasar - incredibly bright objects; very small when compared to the size of galaxy Another
piece of evidence:
Radio galaxies were found a long way from the sun at far distances at the space; disproved the
idea that similar bodies are created and found everywhere; implies that the universe is dynamic
Cosmic Inflation Theory
Proposed by physicists Alan Guth and Andrei Linde in 1980
"The universe when under rapid expansion in space-time"
Is regarded as an extension of the standard big bang theory
Proposes that:
• The universe was a rapidly expanding bubble of pure vacuum energy
• It did not have any matter or radiation
• A big bang occured because of the extremely hot dense condition of the matter
• The universe continued to expand up to the present time
The Origin of the Solar System
• Galaxy - a gravitationally-bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas and dust and
dark matter; around 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe
EARTH SCIENCE
Ist Semester (Cosmology)
A planet has perihelion and aphelion
Perihelion - is a time when a planet is closest to the sun
Aphelion - is the time when the planet is far from the sun
ー
Closer to the sun = planet has
greater orbital speed
Farther from the sun = slower
orbital speed
All planets revolve around the sun - the orbits around the sun of all planets and most other
objects are prograde
• Prograde - counter-clockwise motion around the orbit
- All planets are located at regular intervals from the sun
A. Was formulated as a mathematical expression by John elert Bode in 1778
The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance from the
• Observable universe - depends on the location of the observer
Milky Way Galaxy
• One of the many galaxies in the universe
• Is a huge disk and spiral-shaped aggregation
• About 100 million light years across
• Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster at the center of which lies a supermassive
blackhole
The Solar System
Member of the milky way galaxy
Is called solar system because we use the word "solar" to describe things related our star, after
the Latin word for sun "solis"
- Located in an outer spiral arm of the milky way galaxy
Large Scale Features
a. Central body and the principle component of solar system is the Sun
Gravitationally holds all the solar system bodies
- Most of the mass of the system is concentrated at the sun
Orbits of the planets are elliptical and are on the same plane
- Planets trace elliptical orbits around the sun
b. The orbital path of every planet is an ellipse (Kepler's law of planetary motion)
- The shape is closer to a circle
Origin of the Universe
Solar System Theories
Various theories were developed
• Scientists gather data as evidence to test the hypothesis
Sun-Comet Encounter Hypothesis
Proposed by George Louis Leclerc
Buffon
• Planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet, resulting debris formed into
planets
Tidal Theory or Sun-Star Encounter
Proposed by James Hopwood
Jeans and Harold Jeffreys
• Explains how planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun
Tidal/Encounter: Loopholes