ME 111

Engineering
Graphics
 Course Plan and Evaluation
Objectives of Course
• Basics of orthographic and solid representation Evaluation Plan
Class work sheets - 20%
• Usage of drawing instruments Home work sheets - 10%
• Annotations and Dimensioning of drawing Mid Sem. Exam - 20%
End Sem. Exam - 50%
• Drawing comprehension and representation
• Development of Surfaces
Tutorials
• Isometric representation of objects. •Class work sheets – 12
•Home work sheets - 12
Skill development of the student expected from the course
• Able to communicate through drawings
• Drawing annotation and dimensioning skill
• Pictorial representation of solids
• Comprehension of solid objects from its drawing

References
•Engineering Drawing - K. R. Gopalkrishna
•Elements of Engineering Drawing - N.D. Bhat
 Course contents
Class No. Topics to be covered Class work Home work
Sheet No Sheet No
1 Introduction, Use of Instruments, Lettering, Geometrical constructions C1 H1

2 Dimensioning & Conventions Projections of Points in all 4Quadrants C2 H2

3 Projections of line - simple positions & inclined to both planes C3 H3

4 Projections of line inclined to both the planes-Traces, Midpoint problems, Practical C5 H5
problems
5 Projections of Planes 1 C6 H6

6 Projections of Planes (Contd.) C7 H7

7 Projections of Solids inclined to one plane C8 H8
8 Projections of Solids inclined to both planes (Change of position method) C9 H9
9 Projections of Solids inclined to both planes (Auxiliary Plane Method) C10 H10

10 Conversion of Isometric views to Orthographic views C11 H11

11 Isometric Projection C12 H12

12 Isometric Projection C13 H13

 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1.
FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B

& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. b’

A Line inclined to Hp B
a’ 
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A b
a
T.V. b
X
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp b’

and a’
parallel to Hp A
Ø
B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
b
H.P.
 For Tv
For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’
(Pictorial presentation)
B
B

 Y
Y
On removal of object a’
a’ i.e. Line AB
Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a T.V. b
a T.V. b
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ 

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes below xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P. b
 Orthographic Projections Note the procedure Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line AB When Fv & Tv known, When True Length is known,
are shown below, How to find True Length. How to locate Fv & Tv.
(Views are rotated to determine (Component a-1 of TL is drawn
with their apparent Inclinations
True Length & it’s inclinations which is further rotated
&
with Hp & Vp). to determine Fv)
V.P. V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b 1’ b’ b1’

FV FV
TL 
a’  a’  a’  1’

X Y X Y X Y

1
a  b2 a
a  TV
Ø


TV TV

H.P. b H.P. b H.P. b b1

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line In this sketch, TV is rotated Here a -1 is component

Hence it’s corresponding FV and made // to XY line. of TL ab1 gives length of Fv.
a’ b’ is not showing Hence it’s corresponding Hence it is brought Up to
True Length & FV a’ b1’ Is showing Locus of a’ and further rotated
True Length to get point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
True Inclination with Hp.
& Similarly drawing component
True Inclination with Hp. of other TL(a’ b1‘) Tv can be drawn.
The most important diagram showing graphical relations 1) True Length ( TL) – a’ b1’ & a b1
among all important parameters of this topic. 2) Angle of TL with Hp -  Important
TEN parameters
Study and memorize it as a CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3) Angle of TL with Vp – Ø to be remembered
And use in solving various problems.
4) Angle of FV with xy –  with Notations

V.P. 5) Angle of TV with xy –  used here onward

Distance between
End Projectors. 6) LTV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)
b’ b1’
7) LFV (length of TV) – Component (a’-1’)
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from xy
9) Position of B- Distances of b & b’ from xy
 10) Distance between End Projectors
 1’
a’
LTV
NOTE this
X Y &  Construct with a’
a LFV 1 Ø&  Construct with a
Ø
b’ & b1’ on same locus.

b & b1 on same locus.

Also Remember
True Length is never rotated. It’s horizontal component
b b1 is drawn & it is further rotated to locate view.
H.P.
Views are always rotated, made horizontal & further
extended to locate TL,  & Ø
PROBLEM 1)
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 &
400 Inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm b’ b’1
in front of Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
FV
SOLUTION STEPS: TL
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a’ 12mm above xy line
& a 10mm below xy line. 
3) Take 300 angle from a’ & 400 from
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on both
a’
lines. Name those points b1’ and b1 X Y
respectively.
4) Join both points with a’ and a resp. a LFV
5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus) from Ø 1
both points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a b1 from point b1 and name it 1.
( the length a-1 gives length of Fv
as we have seen already.) TV TL
7) Extend it up to locus of a’ and
rotating a’ as center locate b’ as
shown. Join a’ b’ as Fv.
8) From b’ drop a projector down
ward & get point b. Join a & b
b b1
I.e. Tv.
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it’s Fv makes 550.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If line is in 1st quadrant
draw it’s projections and find it’s inclination with Hp.
b’ b’1 LOCUS OF
Solution Steps:-
1.Draw x-y line.
2.Draw one projector for a’ & a
3.Locate a’ 10mm above x-y &
Tv a 15 mm below xy.
4.Draw a line 450 inclined to xy 550
from point a and cut TL 75 mm
on it and name that point b1
Draw locus from point b1
a’
5.Take 550 angle from a’ for Fv
above xy line. X y
6.Draw a vertical line from b1
up to locus of a and name it 1.
It is horizontal component of a LFV
TL & is LFV.
1
7.Continue it to locus of a’ and
rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it b’.This a’ b’
line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from b’ on
locus from point b1 and
name intersecting point b.
Line a b is Tv of line AB.
9.Draw locus from b’ and from
a’ with TL distance cut point b1‘
10.Join a’ b1’ as TL and measure
it’s angle at a’. LOCUS OF b
It will be true angle of line with HP. b b1
 PROBLEM 3:
Fv of line AB is 500 inclined to xy and measures 55
mm long, while it’s Tv is 600 inclined to xy line.
If end A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of
Vp, draw it’s projections,find TL, inclinations of line
with Hp & Vp. b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points. 500
4.Draw Fv 500 to xy from a’ and 
mark b’ Cutting 55mm on it. a’
X
5.Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy
from a & drawing projector from b’
y
Locate point b and join a b.
6.Then rotating views as shown, a

locate True Lengths ab1 & a’b1’ 600
and their angles with Hp and Vp.

b1
b
 PROBLEM 4 :-
Line AB is 75 mm long .It’s Fv and Tv measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections of line AB
if end B is in first quadrant.Find angle with Hp and Vp.
b’ b’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Cut 60mm distance on locus of a’  LTV 1’
& mark 1’ on it as it is LTV. a’
5.Similarly Similarly cut 50mm on X Y
locus of a and mark point 1 as it is LFV.
6.From 1’ draw a vertical line upward
a LFV
and from a’ taking TL ( 75mm ) in 1

compass, mark b’1 point on it.
Join a’ b’1 points.
7. Draw locus from b’1
8. With same steps below get b1 point
and draw also locus from it.
9. Now rotating one of the components
I.e. a-1 locate b’ and join a’ with it
to get Fv.
10. Locate tv similarly and measure
Angles  & 
b1
b
 PROBLEM 5 :-
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
End C is in Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is above Hp.
Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp and Vp. d’ d’1 LOCUS OF d’ & d’1

SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
2.Locate c’ on xy and
c 50mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Draw locus of d 15 mm below xy
5.Cut 50mm & 75 mm distances on c’ 
locus of d from c and mark points X Y
d & d1 as these are Tv and line CD d d1 LOCUS OF d & d1
lengths resp.& join both with c.
6.From d1 draw a vertical line upward
up to xy I.e. up to locus of c’ and
draw an arc as shown.
7 Then draw one projector from d to
meet this arc in d’ point & join c’ d’
8. Draw locus of d’ and cut 75 mm
on it from c’ as TL
9.Measure Angles  &  c 
 GROUP (B)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRACES OF THE LINE.

TRACES OF THE LINE:-

THESE ARE THE POINTS OF INTERSECTIONS OF A LINE ( OR IT’S EXTENSION )

WITH RESPECTIVE REFFERENCE PLANES.

A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES H.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON H.P.( IT IS CALLED H.T.)

SIMILARLY, A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES V.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON V.P.( IT IS CALLED V.T.)

V.T.:- It is a point on Vp.

Hence it is called Fv of a point in Vp.
Hence it’s Tv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as v )
H.T.:- It is a point on Hp.
Hence it is called Tv of a point in Hp.
Hence it’s Fv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as ’h’ )
h- HT are always in a straight line
v- VT are always in a straight line
 FV- h- VT
&
TV-v- HT
are always co-linear
 b’

STEPS TO LOCATE HT.

(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.)
1. Begin with FV. Extend FV up to XY line. a’
2. Name this point h’ v h’
( as it is a Fv of a point in Hp) x y
3. Draw one projector from h’.
4. Now extend Tv to meet this projector. VT’ HT
This point is HT a

STEPS TO LOCATE VT.

Observe & note :-
(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.) 1. Points h’ & v always on x-y line. b

1. Begin with TV. Extend TV up to XY line. 2. VT’ & v always on one projector.
2. Name this point v
3. HT & h’ always on one projector.
( as it is a Tv of a point in Vp)
3. Draw one projector from v. 4. FV - h’- VT’ always co-linear.
4. Now extend Fv to meet this projector.
This point is VT 5. TV - v - HT always co-linear.

These points are used to

solve next three problems.
 PROBLEM 7 :
One end of line AB is 10mm above Hp and other end is 100 mm in-front of Vp.
It’s Fv is 450 inclined to xy while it’s HT & VT are 45mm and 30 mm below xy respectively.
Draw projections and find TL with it’s inclinations with Hp & VP. b’ b’1 LOCUS OF b’ & b’1

a’ 450

10 v h’
X Y
30
45
VT’ HT
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and 100
locate a’ 10 mm above xy.
Draw locus 100 mm below xy for points b & b1
a 
Draw loci for VT and HT, 30 mm & 45 mm
below xy respectively.
Take 450 angle from a’ and extend that line backward
to locate h’ and VT, & Locate v on xy above VT.
Locate HT below h’ as shown.
Then join v – HT – and extend to get top view end b. b b1 LOCUS OF b & b1
Draw projector upward and locate b’ Make a b & a’b’ dark.
Now as usual rotating views find TL and it’s inclinations.
MID POINT Problem
MID POINT Problem
 APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTIONS OF LINES
IN SOLVING CASES OF DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SITUATIONS.

In these types of problems some situation in the field

or
some object will be described .
It’s relation with Ground ( HP )
And
a Wall or some vertical object ( VP ) will be given.

Indirectly information regarding Fv & Tv of some line or lines,

inclined to both reference Planes will be given
and
you are supposed to draw it’s projections
and
further to determine it’s true Length and it’s inclinations with ground.

Here various problems along with

actual pictures of those situations are given CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
for you to understand those clearly. WITH THE SOLUTIONS
Now looking for views in given ARROW directions, GIVEN IN THE END.
YOU are supposed to draw projections & find answers,
Off course you must visualize the situation properly.
ALL THE BEST !!
PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.

Ceiling

TV

Bulb

Switch

R.OYYARAVELU
 PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.

6.5m Ceiling

TV
1m b’ b’1 Bulb

3.5m
a’

1.5
x y Switch
a
D

5m b

B- Bulb
A-Switch
Answer :- a’ b’1
PROBLEM 16 :- oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground.

TV

C
A

FV
45 mm

B
 PROBLEM 16 :-
oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
Tv
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground. O
o’
C

TL2 TL1

Fv
b1’ b’ a’ a 1’ c’ c 1’
x y
a B

o Answers:
TL1 TL2 & TL3
b
c
PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1M & 5.5 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 4M & 1.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between them
If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable scale..

TV

B Wall Q

FV
 PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 900. Flower A is 1.5M & 1 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 3.5M & 5.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between
them If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable scale..
b’ b’
1

3,5M
a’
1.5M
x y
Wall P Wall P
B
1.5M
a
3.6M
1M
A
Wall Q
b
5.5M
Wall Q F.V.
PROBLEM 18: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is is due North-West direction of observer and
object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from
observer and from tower also.

O
300

450

A
S

R.OYYARAVELU
B
W
THANK YOU