Self Management Skills

Self - Management Skills (II)

Self-management is the ability to control the self i.e controlling one’s emotions,
action, behaviours, etc. one who is able to manage him/herself can plan and
execute his/her plans effectively.
Self-management skills include-
a. Self-awareness – Ability to control your values, likes, strength,
dislikes and weaknesses, etc.
b. Self-control- holding the ability to control your behaviour,
discipline, and so on.
c. Self-confidence- Believe in yourself and don’t be scared to take
risks.
d. Problem solving- understanding a problem and finding the
solution.
e. Self-motivation-Try to complete your tasks without any external
help.
f. Personal Hygiene- Be healthy, clean and smart
g. Positive thinking- Expressing certainty or affirmation even in
tough situations.
h. Teamwork-Work in team to complete the goals
i. Time Management – According to your plan, achieve the task on
time.
j. Goal setting – Plan and accomplish the goals within a timeframe.
K. STRESS MANAGEMENT .

Session 1: Stress Management

What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social reaction to any perceived
demands or threats. These demands or threats are called stressors. Stressors are the reason
for stress.
For example,

• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.

• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in the family.

• you are worried about what people would think of you if you don’t dress well or cannot
speak confidently.

Stress Management

Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures.
The ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation, and fun.
By doing this, you are able to deal with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges head-
on.

Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management

A: Adversity or the stressful event

B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event

C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Management Techniques

Here are a few simple stress management techniques.

• Time management: Proper time management is one of the most effective stress-
relieving techniques.
• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Stress is
generally lower in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing yoga, meditation and deep
breathing exercises help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Even taking a walk
or playing in the park will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will help you become
more active.

• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help you reduce stress. Eating a balanced
diet, such as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you the strength to do your daily work
efficiently.

• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life will add more stress. Instead, learn to look
at the good things and stay positive. For example, instead of feeling upset over a scoring less
in a test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look at ways to improve the next time.

• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at least 7 hours so that your brain and body
gets recharged to function better the next day.

• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a relative’s place, such as your grandparents’
house or a new place during your summer vacations can help you break from the normal
routine and come back afresh.

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will have the ability to work
independently, which means.

1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring, and self-correcting.

2. knowing what you need to do.

3. taking the initiative rather than being told what to do.

4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.

5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage one’s own emotions, as well as
the emotions of others.

• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and name one’s own emotions.

• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and
problem solving.

• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s own emotions when necessary and help
others to do the same.

Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as given below.

 • Understand your emotions: Observe your behaviour and note the things you need to work
on. You can then work on the things you need to improve.

• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be rational in your thinking.

• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep yourself calm.

Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and Weakness Analysis

Techniques for Identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses

Finding Strengths (or abilities)

 Think of anything that you are always successful at.

 Think about what others like in you.
 Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses

 Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
 Look at the feedback others usually give you.
 Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it. Take it as an
area of improvement.
Difference between Interests and Abilities (Strengths)

Interests

1. Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy. An acquired or natural
capacity

2. Things you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it.

3. Things you want to learn or would like to do in the future

Ability

1. An acquired or natural capacity

2. able you to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency.

Session 3: Self-motivation

Self-motivation is simply the force within you that drives you to do things. Self-motivation is
what pushes us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our quality of life. In other
words, it is our ability to do the things that need to be done without someone or something
influencing us.
 Qualities of Self-motivated People

1. Know what they want from life

2. Are focussed
3. Know what is important
4. Are dedicated to fulfill their dreams

Building Self-motivation
 Find out your strengths
 Set and focus on your goals
 Develop a plan
 to achieve your goals
 Stay loyal to your goals

Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting

Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example, saving pocket
money to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.

Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on how to
achieve them.

How to Set Goals?

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART stands for:

• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six questions. Who is involved in the goal?
What do I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start and finish? Which means do I use?
Why am I doing this?

Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”

Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching classes after my
schooleveryday, and in six months I will take part in the inter-school debate competition.”

Measureable : A measureable goal answers the questions “How much?”, “How many?” and
“How do I know that I have achieved results?”

Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”

Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have today in my hand at
the
end of this year.”

Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the goal achievable.
Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my school.”
Realistic : A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve and can work
towards.

Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my entire year’s syllabus in one day and get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise my subjects to
get
good marks in the exams.”

• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal needs to be
achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.

Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”

Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”

Session 5: Self-regulation — Time Management

Time Management and Its Importance

Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to

• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.

Four Steps for Effective Time Management Organise

1.Organise: We plan our day to- day activities.
2. Pritortis: We make a to-do list that has all our activities and we rank them in the order of
importance.
3. Control: We have a control over our activities and time.
4. Track: We identify and note where we have spent our time.

Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations
ICT skills help us to communicate, run our business and stay connected with our family and
friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire ICT skills and build them to stay updated with
the latest software and applications (apps).
Computer Hardware and Software
A computer system consists of two main parts—
Hardware- The physical parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the
machinery of a computer. These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
Software: The part which cannot be seen but it makes hardware to work. Example:
Windows, MS office etc.
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts working as soon as we switch on a
computer. It displays the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly used
operating systems for laptops and desktop are Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.

Starting a Computer

To start a computer, press the Power button on the CPU. This will start the operating system
and display the desktop on the monitor.

Basic Functions performed when a computer starts a computer automatically runs a basic
program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) as soon as it is switched on or the power
button is pushed on. The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test shows that the system is
fine, the BIOS will load the Operating System.

Login and Logout

When you login to the computer with your login-ID and password (as shown in Figure 3.5),
the computer knows that you are an authorised person and allows you to work on the
applications in the computer.

Shutting Down a Computer

You can shut down the windows computer clicking Star button at the bottom left corner and
then click Shut Down. When you click Shut down, the Operating System will close all the
applications and turn off the computer.

Using the Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers and commands into the computer.

Function Keys

Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You use them to perform specific functions.

(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK
and TAB, are special control keys
(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN, depending on the
brand of computer that you are using. You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the
cursor to the beginning of a new line.
(c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include keys for punctuation marks, such as colon
(:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation marks (‘ ’), and double quotation
marks (“ ”). (d)
(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE
DOWN are navigation keys.
(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are
command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the right of
thecursor
(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the Start menu

Using a Mouse
A small device that you can use to move, select and open items on your computer screen.
Roll Over or Hover
Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or hovering over an item. When you bring
the mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show the details of that file
Point and Click
As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer moves correspondingly on your
screen.When you click a particular file, it gets selected
Drag and Drop
To move an item, you need to click it, and then holding the mouse button down, move the
item to a new location. After you move the item to the new location, you release the mouse
button. This is called drag and drop.
Double-click
Double-clicking means to quickly click the left mouse button twice. When we double-click
on a file, it will open the file.
Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Files and Folders

All information stored in a computer is kept in files.Each file is given a file name and has
a file name extension that identifies the file type.Example: .txt, .jpg, .mp3.
A folder is a location where a group of files can be stored
Basic Shortcuts
CTRL+z — undo
CTRL+y — redo
CTRL+a — select all
CTRL+x — cut
CTRL+c — copy
CTRL+v — paste
CTRL+p — print
CTRL+s — save.

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance of Computers

Taking care of electronic devices, such as computer and mobiles helps them to work
properly.
Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices
(i) Keyboard: You can clean a keyboard with a soft brush
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks.
(iii) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping
or banging it against a hard surface.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop or mobile device gets overheated, the
internal parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool. We should make
sure the fan is functioning.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes we keep a device plugged in for charging
even after it is fully charged.This reduces the battery life. Always unplug the device once itis
charged 100%.
(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device being connected to a laptop or computer
such as a USB drive or headphones, should be done gently. It should not be forced into the
port.
(viii) Do not run too many programs at a time: When too many programs are running at
the same time, the computer can become slow and even crash.
Prepare a Maintenance Schedule
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan

(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance

(i) Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
(ii) Clean up e-mail contact list
(iii) Update your operating system
(iv) Check for expiry of anti-virus softwareand renew
Backup Your Data
Backing up data means to save the information present on your computer on another device,
such as CD/DVD drives Data can recovered from here in case the computer stops working
completely. Computers can crash, humans can make mistakes and natural disasters, such as
floods can happen
Scanning and Cleaning Viruses
Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer from such attacks we can install anti-virus
software. This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also clean any viruses that
may enter our system before they affect the data.
Increasing Computer Performance If we have been using a computer for a long time wehave
a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as temporary files and images. When they use too
much hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes down. It is important that we
keep cleaning by removing any extra files.
Removing SPAM from your Computer
Sometimes we get emails from companies who are advertising a product or trying toattract
you to their website. Such mails are called SPAM. We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis.
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer without
our knowledge.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of information or hardware. These may be of three types:
• Physical: Where a person may steal your desktop computer or laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals your personal information and assumes your identity.
Using this false identity, the hacker can gain access to your account information or perform
illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing of software and includes using or distributing unlicensed
and unauthorised copies of a computer program or software.
b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can damage the data and software programs or
steal the information stored on a computer. Major types of viruses are Worms and Trojan
Horse.
Worms: These are viruses that replicate themselves and spread to all files once they
Information and Communication Technology Skills 81 attack a computer. This makes it very
difficult to remove them.
Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself i.e., it appears to be a useful software
program but once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and destroying data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people who trap you into inappropriate
relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your age, bullying you into doing illegal
activitiesonline and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive very attractive offers saying you have won
huge money in a lottery and that you can claim the prize by depositing a certain amount of
money. When you deposit the money using credit card or online banking, you not only lose
the deposit money but your card/account information may be misused later.

Protecting your Data

(a) Use passwords to login to your computer: Use passwords that are difficult to guess.
Passwords are difficult to hack if they are a mix of small (For example ‘a b c d’) and capital
letters (For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would prevent unauthorised people from using your
computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses and Firewall monitor the data coming in
and out of a computer and prevent and viruses from entering. Anti-viruses can also detect
and clean viruses that may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks and companies in which important
customer information is stored. They can encrypt their entire hard disk using the encrypting
feature in Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use a decryption password (or
key) before starting the computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or bank account only on secure sites. See in
the address bar of the browser. If the site address starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it
is safe to give your credit card and bank details.

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills

Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society

Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has people who buy products and
services and people who sell them also. When people are buying and selling from each other,
it is helpful for everyone because everyone involved makes money. This is how
entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they live in.
what do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?
Fulfil Customer Needs
Demand means a product or service that people want. Entrepreneurs find out what people
want. Then, they use their creativity to come up with a business idea thatwill meet that
demand.
Use Local Materials
Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them, to make products at low
cost.
Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society. They make profits through activities
that benefit society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the environment, some give
money to build schools and hospitals. This way, the people and area around them becomes
better.
Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for more people to help them. They buy
more material, and from more people. The also hire more people to work forthem. In this
way, more people have jobs. Sharing of Wealth Wealth means having enough money to live
a comfortable life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
Lower Price of Products
As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the product goes down. For
example, when more mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of thephone became
lesser.
Bharti, the Jewellery Queen ( A Story)
Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear earrings. She buys
jute from a farmer and makes earrings from that. Her business is called Manavi Natural
Handicrafts. She sees that most women in her village do not work. So, she hires two women
to help her. As her orders increase, she buys more jute. She hires three more women to work
for her. The farmer, and the women working for her now earn more money.
Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
 Functions of an Entrepreneur

Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

Misconceptions

1. The misconception is that every business idea needs to be unique or special.

2. The misconception we have is that a person needs a lot of money to start a business.
3. A misconception we have is that only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur.
4. A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs are born, not made.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a Career Option

A career is a line of work that a person takes for life. There are two ways a person can earn a
living.

1. self-employment
2. wage employment
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through a career process. This process is
as follows:
ENTER
When an entrepreneur is starting, they are just entering the market to do business.
For example, Sanjana is starting a small grocery store in a locality.
SURVIVE
There are many entrepreneurs in the market. The entrepreneur has to remain in a competitive
market.
For example, there are many other grocery stores in the area. Yet, Sanjana’s store survives
the competition and does well. She also expands the store to two more floors.
GROW
Once the business is stable, an entrepreneur thinks about expanding his or her business.
For example, after five years, Sanjana has opened a chain of four more grocery stores in the
same city. In the next two years, she plans to expand to tow other cities.

Unit 5: Green Skills

Session 1: Society and Environment
Over the years, with economic development, there has
been an increase in environmental pollution. For
example, with the introduction of high
input agriculture, we can grow more food by using
fertilisers, pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led
to soil and environmental degradation. We need to
plan the use of resources in a sustainable manner so
that we and our future generations can enjoy a good
environment.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development
that satisfies the needs of the present without
compromising the capacity of future generations,
guaranteeing the balance between economic growth,
care for the environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is defined as
‘development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs’ (World
Commission on Environment and Development,
1987). For example, sustainable agriculture consists
of environment-friendly methods of farming that
allow the production of agricultural crops or livestock
without damage to human or natural systems. It also
involves preventing the use of chemicals so as to
avoid adverse effects to soil, water and biodiversity.
Problems Related to Sustainable Development
Three major problems related to
sustainable development are:
(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed
to grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is
becoming less as we are using up more and more land
for other purposes. Soil nutrients are also
getting depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling
the soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and
ponds for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage
into them. The rivers and ponds are getting
polluted. This way after several years, we will have
no clean water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees
as fuels and for construction of homes and
furniture. As more and more trees are being cut, it
is affecting the climate of the place. Extreme
weather conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or
heat, are seen in many places, which affect the
people living there.
Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and
enhancing resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable
resources, especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees; green grassy patches and trees
to be interspersed between concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material
or biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are
environmental friendly and based on efficient use of
resources.
Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ensure
that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were
launched at the United Nations
Sustainable Development Summit in New York in
September 2015, forming the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. It has set targets that the
countries have to should work towards and achieve by
2030.
The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to
take care of important issues facing businesses,
governments and society. Some of these issues are
poverty, gender equality, water use, energy, climate
change and biodiversity. Countries are now making
policies and regulations that will promote sustainable
systems needed in all economic sectors to provide a
secure, affordable and sustainable economy.
Sustainable Development Initiatives
When plastics were banned by the municipal
corporation of Mangalore, an innovator and
entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly
alternative. He made a 100 per cent bio-degradable
bag which can dissolve in hot water and decompose in
natural environment. This is now being used in many
countries and is going to help the environment.
Another innovative idea was to stop the use of plastics
spoons, forks, etc. NarayanaPeesapaty made edible
cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can be
eaten and even if they are not eaten they will
easily decompose in the soil enriching it
Sustainable Processes
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-
composting and rainwater harvesting are being used
to help preserve the environment. Organic farming is
where farmers do not use chemical pesticides and
fertilisers to increase their production. They use
organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow dung to
help in growing crops. This helps in better quality
chemical free crops while at the same
time maintaining the soil quality for future use.
Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable
Sustainable development can actually happen only
when each one of us works towards it. We have to
become responsible environment citizens who can
protect the environment through our own efforts. Here
are some basic ways in which people can help
towards Sustainable Development Goals.

Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for
sustainable development. Children who have gone to
school will be able to do jobs so that they can take
care of themselves and their families. Education helps
us become aware of our role as a responsible citizen.
We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.
Clean Water and Sanitation
We must make efforts to make India free of open
defecation by building toilets and creating awareness
towards sanitation.
Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated using the sun
does not cause pollution as it does not require burning
of non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We are making
efforts to increase the solar power generation so that
our electricity needs are met and at the same time we
do not pollute the environment
Decent Work and Economic Growth
We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves
and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value in
our community.
Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they are
small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class or caste.

Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating Sustainable Cities
1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when
not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy-efficient lights (LED bulbs) and
appliances.
Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own
environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and
vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books,
furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from
local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting
water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.
Protect Life Below Water
Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing
marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans
from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine
life.
Protect Life on Land
Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making
land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more
tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an
important step towards sustainable development.