MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN WORLD
Prepared by: RONNEL P. DAVIS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
i. Identify the types of data;
ii. Determine procedures on data gathering;
iii. Identify different types of graphical
representation of data; and
iv. Solve the measures of central tendency for
ungrouped and grouped data.
Chapter 1
DATA MANAGEMENT
1.2. Measures of Relative
Position (Grouped and
Ungrouped Data)
MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION:
❑ Statistical tools used to understand the position of a data
point in relation to the rest of the data in a dataset.
❑ provide insights into how one observation compares to
others by identifying its location within the distribution.
❑ These measures are essential for comparing different
datasets or individual values within the same dataset.
QUARTILES
❑ Quartiles divide a dataset into four equal parts,
with each part representing 25% of the dataset.
❑ They are used to understand the spread and
distribution of the data and are particularly useful
for skewed distributions.
QUARTILES
❑ First Quartile (Q1): The 25th percentile (the point
below which 25% of the data lie).
❑ Second Quartile (Q2): The 50th percentile, also
known as the median.
❑ Third Quartile (Q3): The 75th percentile (the point
below which 75% of the data lie).
Note!
1. The first quartile and 25th percentile are the
same, that is 𝑸𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐𝟓 , and 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑷𝟕𝟓 .
2. The median, the second quartile, and the 50th
percentile are the same. Therefore, when asked to
find 𝑸𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝟓𝟎 , use the formula of finding the
median.
Formula:
The quartile rank can be computed similarly to
percentiles. To find the first quartile, for example, you
use:
𝟐𝟓
𝑸𝟏 =( ) × (𝑵 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where 𝑁 is the total number of data points.
Let’s solve for the quartiles step by step for the data
set:
3, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 28
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.
The data is already sorted:
3, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 28.
Step 2: Identify the QuartilesQ2 (Median):
The median is the value that divides the dataset
into two equal parts. Since there are 9 data points,
the middle number (5th value) is the median.
Q2 (Median)=15
Q1 (First Quartile):Q1 is the median of the lower half
of the data (the numbers to the left of the median).
The lower half of the data is: 3, 7, 8, 10
To find Q1, we take the median of this lower half.
Since there are 4 data points, the median will be the
average of the 2nd and 3rd values.
𝟕 + 𝟖 𝟏𝟓
𝑸𝟏 = = = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
Therefore, Quartile 1 or Q1= 7.5
Q3 (Third Quartile):Q3 is the median of the upper half
of the data (the numbers to the right of the median).
The upper half of the data is: 16, 20, 25, 28
To find Q3, we take the median of this upper half.
Similar to Q1, we will take the average of the 2nd and
3rd values.
𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟓
𝑸𝟑 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
Therefore, Quartile 3 or Q3= 22.5
DECILES
❑ Deciles divide a dataset into 10 equal parts.
❑ Each decile represents 10% of the sorted
data.
❑ These are typically used when more granular
analysis is required compared to quartiles.
DECILES
❑ D1 is the 10th percentile
❑ D5 is the 50th percentile (or median)
❑ D9 is the 90th percentile.
DECILES Where:
➢ 𝐷𝑘 is the 𝑘-th decile
Formula: ➢ 𝑘 is the decile number (in
this case, 𝑘=4k=4)
𝐷𝑘 =
𝑘(𝑁+1) ➢ 𝑁 is the number of data
10
points in the dataset.
Example:
Let’s calculate a specific decile (for instance, the 4th
decile) for the following data set:
10, 15, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.
The data is already sorted:
10, 15, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
Step 2: Calculate the Position of D4
Substitute 𝑘=4 and 𝑁=10 into the formula:
𝟒(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏) 𝟒𝟒
𝑫𝟒 = = = 𝟒. 𝟒
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Step 3: Interpolate to Find the Exact Value of D4
To find the exact decile value, we use linear
interpolation between the 4th and 5th data points.
The 4th and 5th data points are 22 and 25. The decile
position is 4.4, so we are 0.4 of the way between these
two data points.
𝐷4=22 + 0.4 × (25−22) = 22+0.4×3 = 22+1.2 = 23.2
Z-SCORES (Standardized Scores)
❑ The z-score is a measure that indicates how many standard
deviations a data point is from the mean of the dataset.
❑ This measure is crucial when you need to compare
observations from different datasets or distributions with
different means and standard deviations.
❑ The z-score helps in normalizing the data.
Z-SCORES (Standardized Scores)
Formula:
𝑿−𝝁
𝒁=
𝝈
Where:
𝑋 is the data point
𝜇 is the mean of the data
𝜎 is the standard deviation.
Z-SCORES (Standardized Scores)
Example:
Suppose a student scored 85 on a test where the mean was
70, and the standard deviation was 10. The z-score would be:
𝟖𝟓 − 𝟕𝟎
𝒁= = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟏𝟎
PERCENTILE
❑ A percentile indicates the percentage of data that falls below
a specific value.
❑ Values of the variable that divide a set of ranked data into
100 equal subsets; each set of data has 99 percentiles.
Formula:
If a data value 𝑥 is at the 𝑷𝒕𝒉 percentile, it means that 𝑃% of
the data values are below 𝑥. The formula to calculate the
percentile rank of a value is:
𝑵𝑳
𝑷= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵
where: P is the percentile rank of a data
point;
𝑵𝑳 is the number of data points
less than the given value;
N is the total number of data
points in the dataset.
Problem: Finding the 70th Percentile in a Data Set
Suppose we have the following data set representing scores:
56, 62, 67, 71, 73, 75, 79, 83, 88, 90, 95, 98
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending order.
The data is already sorted:
56, 62, 67, 71, 73, 75, 79, 83, 88, 90, 95, 98
Step 2: Use the formula for the percentile position and
substitute the values.
12 + 1 13
𝑃70 = 70 = 70 = 9.1
100 100
Therefore, the 70th percentile rank is 9.1
Step 3: Interpret the result.
Since the 70th percentile is at the 9.1th position, it falls
between the 9th and 10th data points in the sorted list. The
9th and 10th data points are 88 and 90.
70th Percentile = 88+0.1×(90−88) = 88+0.1×2 = 88+0.2=
88.2
So, the 70th percentile is 88.2.
The 70th percentile means that 70% of the
scores are below 88.2, and 30% of the scores are
above 88.2 in the data set.
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